Genomics its types and applications in different fields of life

1. GENOMICS

2. Course Radiation and Molecular Biology
Semester MPhil 3rd
Section Morning
Department of Zoology Wildlife and Fisheries
University of Agriculture Faisalabad

3. Group members
• M. Ehsan Maqbool 2020-ag-1056
• Amna Tehreem 2020-ag-1029
• Muhammad aseem 2020-ag-1025
• Umaira Kanwal 2020-ag-1026
• Saeed Akhtar 2020-ag-1024
• Iqra Sarwar 2020-ag-1020

4. Tom Roderick
Hans Winkler
• The word Genome
was coined by Hans
Winkler in 1920.
• The term Genomics was coined
by Tom Roderick.m Roderick
• Genome- Total DNA of an
organism
• Omics-means collectively or set
of things

5. Genetics V/S Genomics
• The study of heredity.
• “Gene” refers to the
specific sequence of
DNA on a single
chromosome.
• It involves study of
function and structure
of a “single gene” at a
time.
• It is the study of entire
genome of an organism.
• “Genome” refers to an
organism's entire
genetic makeup.
• It involves study all
genes.

6. Frederick Sanger
1918-2013
 Sequenced the entire
genome of a virus
Bacteriophage fX174
 He and His colleagues
introduced many techniques
in genomics like gene
mapping
 Awarded by Noble Prize in
1980.
History of
Genomics

7.  1990---Human Genome Project launched.
 In 1995--- the genome of first
prokaryote, Haemophilus influenza, was
sequenced.
 1996--- First eukaryotic genome (yeast)
was sequenced.
 2003---HGP was completed.
 2004--- Genome of mouse was sequenced.

8. Why to Sequence
Genome?
• Finding Sequence of whole Genome
• Genes interaction with one another
• To understand how genes function
• Helps to deal DNA more precisely and quickly
• Comparison of normal sequence in DNA with
mutated DNA sequences

9. Types of Genomics
Structural Genomics Functional Genomics
Mutational
Genomics
Comparative
Genomics

10. 1-Structural Genomics
• Describes 3-Dimensional
structure of every protein
that can be encoded by
genome
• knowledge of 3D structure
is important to understand
the function of protein.

11. Methods use in
Structural Genomics
Experimental
method
Sequence based
modeling
Modeling based
method
Threading

12. DNA
mRNA
Proteins
Central Dogma
• It describes the ‘biological function’ of
genes and their products (protein).
• Data is generated by transcriptomics
such as RNA sequencing.
• The goal is to identify the processes
and ‘pathways’ involved in normal and
abnormal state of genes.
• Helps in the identification of functions
of many ‘unknown proteins’ in our
body.
2-Functional Genomics

13. 3-Comparative Genomics
• Compares the complete genome sequences
of ‘different species’.
Goals
1. Evolutionary changes among species
2. identification of conserved genes
3. Highlights genes of unique characteristics
• ‘Computational tools’ are used to compare
the sequence the genomes.
• Online websites like BlueJay Genome
Browser, Map view and Ensembl are used

14. 4-Mutational Genomics
• Deals with “mutation
associated genes”
Principle
Identifies
• cancer pathways
• causes
• types of mutation (point
mutation and frame shift
mutation)

15. • International scientific
research project
• World's first largest
collaborative biological
project
• Aimed to determine
complte gene map of
human DNA .
• Project launced--- 1990
• Project completed---2003

16. GOALS of HGP
• Identification of all genes
of human DNA
• Determining Sequence of
all 3 billion bases of
human DNA
• To store obtained
information in databases.
• To develop tools for data
analysis

17. Applications
In Health field
In Agriculture
Forensic analysis
Diagnosis of
infectious disease

18. Healthcare
• A disease can be detected long
before symptoms appear.
• If Symptom develops, it helps in
its diagnosis.
• By finding specific alternation in
genome for a disease, specific
medicine can be made for that
alternation.

19. Applications in Agriculture
Genetically engineered plant
(GMOs) strains are possible to
develop
New strains have more
productivity and more
nutritional value
More productivity means
herbicide tolerance, pest
repellent and immunization to
various infections

20. Applications in
Forensic field
• Has replaced the traditional testing methods
• New fast and valid techniques have been introduced,
For example
• DNA isolation techniques
• Mitigation of non-human contaminants
• Bio-informatics methods for defining genetic relationships
• DNA sequencing and next generation sequencing

21. Diagnosis of infectious diseases
• Sequencing the genome of
microrganism which is the cause of
infection
• Helps to identify the exact disease
causing pathogen.
• Helps in prediction of suitable
medicine for effective treatment

22. Success Story
Advancement in Cancer
• Large-scale research projects, such as The Cancer Genome Atlas have
started
• Have used DNA sequencing to investigate many types of cancer.
• Genetic tests have been introduced for assessing cancer risk in
individuals with a family history of cancer
• New tests are also being developed to find and treat cancer at an
earlier stage.
• Many targeted cancer therapies have been introduced
• Drugs that block the growth and spread of cancer are available

23. Thank
You