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Film institutions and audiences
The document discusses the film industry process from development through distribution. It begins with the four main stages of a film: production, distribution, marketing, and exhibition. Production includes developing the script, pre-production, shooting, and post-production. Distribution gets the film to audiences through deals with cinemas. Marketing promotes the film. Exhibition is how audiences view the film. The six major Hollywood studios that dominate the industry through ownership are Disney, Warner Bros., Fox, Universal, Sony, and Paramount. Ownership occurs through horizontal integration of acquiring similar companies, and vertical integration of owning all aspects of filmmaking under one parent company.
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Film institutions and audiences
- 1. The Film Industry Todaywe are: Learning and understanding the processes that are taken in order for a film to be shown to the public Learning the key terms for Institutions and Audiences at every stage of the creation of a film
- 2. THE START: Creatinga Film… • Write down the different processes involved between someone coming up with the idea for a film and it being watched by an audience. • You could write this as a flowchart or mindmap it
- 3. The Life ofA Film...
- 4. Where do WeStart? •The 4 Stages of A Film: •Production •Distribution •Marketing •Exhibition/Exchange
- 5. Production • The creationof the film • 1. Development—The script is written and drafted into a workable blueprint for a film. • 2. Pre-production—Preparations are made for the shoot, in which cast and crew are hired, locations are selected, and sets are built. • 3. Production—The film footage is shot. • 4. Post-Production—The film is edited; production sound (dialogue) is concurrently (but separately) edited, music tracks (and songs) are composed, performed and recorded; sound effects are designed and recorded; and any other computer-graphic 'visual' effects are digitally added, all sound elements are mixed into "stems" then the stems are mixed then married to picture and the film is fully completed ("locked").
- 6. Distribution • Describes everythingbetween production (Making the film) and how the film gets to an audience (People watching the film in cinemas/dvd etc). • The film is screened for potential buyers (distributors), is picked up by a distributor, and a marketing and release plan are developed. The film is duplicated as required for distribution to cinemas. • The business of getting films to their audiences by booking them for runs in cinemas and getting them there eg digital screens/reel films. • It includes all of the financial deals done to get films shown and promoted.
- 7. Marketing • This isthe business of creating campaigns to promote the film, eg posters, apps, television interviews. • Press kits, posters, and other advertising materials are published and the film is advertised. Films are usually released with a launch party, press releases, interviews with the press, press preview screenings, and film festival screenings. Most films have a website and a trailer.
- 8. Exhibition • The waypeople consume films - eg showing films in cinemas or renting/buying DVD’s or downloading films, piracy. • About how the audience see the film, box office intake, reviews, awards etc • The film is released to cinemas for exhibition (or at this point occasionally straight to DVD, Blu-Ray, or direct download from a provider), in order to reach its cinema and/or home media audience. The film plays at selected cinemas and the DVD typically is released a few months later.
- 9. The Aim ofA Film and the Production Company! The Primary Aim of the production company making the film is: To make a profit = good business You want the audience to spend their money seeing it and gain money back on it! They will make money by: Having a Distribution Plan, Marketing and Promoting the Film and Selling it to Audiences through cinematic release and DVD/Television release
- 10. Conglomerates • A conglomerateis when two or more companies engage in a multi-industry company. • This means they combine media activities in at least three different sectors. For example - In The USA, all the main television networks are owned by NBC Universal. • Although the corporations seem to compete, they also cooperate on joint ventures and may invest in each others companies through cross ownership
- 11. Ownership and theFilm Industry • The Film industry is dominated by major studios, each of which are subsidiaries of major media conglomerates. • The American film industry makes more money from international revenue ($30 billion) than domestic revenue ($10 billion). • What are the implications of this ownership structure? • Concentration of media ownership (bias, stealth marketing) • Ability to take bigger risks – bigger budgets – spectacle
- 12. RESEARCH… • Find outthe names of the Six Biggest Hollywood Studios. • Write them down in your notebook • Bear in mind that some big companies may own smaller well known companies too! • (10 minutes)
- 13. The Big Six… Studioparent (Main Conglomerate) Major film studio unit Date founded Arthouse/Indie Genre Movie/B Movie (Subsidary Company owned by the Parent Company) Animation Other divisions and brands US/CA market share (2016) Walt Disney Studios (The Walt Disney Company) Walt Disney Pictures 1923 •Disneynature •Lucasfilm •Marvel Studios •DisneyToon Studios •Lucasfilm Animation •Marvel Animation •Pixar •Walt Disney Animation Studios •WDSMP •ESPN Films (80%) •Miravista Films •Touchstone Pictures •UTV Pictures 26.09% Warner Bros. Entertainment (Time Warner) Warner Bros. Pictures 1923 New Line Cinema DC Films •Cartoon Network Studios •Warner Bros. Animation •Warner Animation Group •Castle Rock •CNN Films •Flagship (49%) •HBO Films •Turner Entertainment 16.86%
- 14. Studio parent (Main Conglomerate) Major film studiounit Date founded Arthouse/Indie Genre Movie/B Movie (Subsidary Company owned by the Parent Company) Animation Other divisions and brands US/CA market share (2016) Fox Entertainment Group (21st Century Fox) 20th Century Fox 1935 Fox Searchlight Pictures Blue Sky Studios 20th Century Fox Animation •Fox 2000 Pictures •Fox Star Studios •Kudos Film and Television (50%) •New Regency (20%) 12.92% Universal Studios (Comcast) Universal Pictures 1912 Focus Features Working Title Films Gramercy Pictures •Big Idea Entertainment •Bullwinkle Studios (50%) •DreamWorks Animation •Illumination Entertainment •Universal Animation Studios •Amblin Partners (minority) •Focus World •High Top Releasing •Awesomeness Films (51%) •NBCU Ent. Japan •Oriental DreamWorks (45%) 12.50%
- 15. Studio parent (Main Conglomerate) Major film studiounit Date founded Arthouse/Indie Genre Movie/B Movie (Subsidary Company owned by the Parent Company) Animation Other divisions and brands US/CA market share (2016) Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group (Sony) Columbia Pictures 1924 Sony Pictures Classics Destination Films Screen Gems Affirm Films Stage 6 Films Sony Pictures Animation Sony Pictures Imageworks •Sony Pictures Releasing •TriStar Pictures •TriStar Productions •Left Bank Pictures •SPWA •Triumph Films 8.07% Paramount Motion Pictures Group (Viacom) Paramount Pictures 1912 Paramount Vantage Nickelodeon Animation Studio Paramount Animation •Paramount Players •Comedy Central Films •MTV Films •Nickelodeon Movies •Paramount Famous Production •Viacom 18 Motion Pictures (50%) 7.50%
- 16. Ownership • Ownership isall about different film companies owning each other and providing each other with money, ideas for films and finance • Major companies own others (smaller institutions) within the industry in order for more films to be produced • Ownership Types: • Horizontal Integration • Vertical Integration
- 17. Vertical Integration • Whenthe Production Company has ownership of the means of production, distribution and exhibition of the film by the same company as they receive all of the profit
- 18. Horizontal Integration • Whenthe Production Company expands into other areas of one industry. It can acquire or merges with other companies that do the same thing to help eliminate competition. The profits will be shared amongst each company.
- 19. Advantages Disadvantages The companycan have a lot more control over quality and deadlines; they get used to working with the same people. The film production process is cheaper – all the profits stay with the 1 company, rather than lots of smaller companies all taking a slice. Films can call in favours with related businesses to access the best talent, production and marketing for their film – whether or not it’s any good. Individuals and small businesses have less control over their work. Individuals and small businesses earn less and the big customers can give them lots of work or none at all. Studios can be bullies – eg. Film stars in 1920s – 1960s. Art sacrificed for money. Studios may ‘pull in favours’ by getting their films the best actors, directors, more screen time, better ads in newspapers etc. NOT because they’re the best films, but because the deals are more profitable for ‘their team.’
- 20. Quick Recap…. • Whatare the 4 Processes of a Film? • Who are the 6 Biggest Hollywood Studios? • What is Horizontal Integration? • What is Vertical Integration?