A RAWE Presentation for final year B.Sc. Agriculture

1. SESSION: -2016-2020
PRESENTATION ON RURAL AGRICULTURE WORK
EXPERIENCE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
To –Dr. By- Mukesh k.
gola
Assistant Professor B.S Ag 4Th
Year

2. UNIT -1
APICULTURE

3. INTRODUCTION
• Beekeeping (apiculture, forms from latin Apis - bees) isthe mainatance of the honey bee colonies,
commonly in humans by hive.
• AApiartist (beekeepers) keeps bees in order to collect honey and other products including bee wax,
pollen(Plant male gametophyte), royaljelly(the glandular secretions of young worker bees (4-10 days
old), produced bythe hypopharyngeal in the head,)
• Alocation of the bees are kept iscalled bee yard
Beecolonies
• A colony of bees consists of three castes of bee
• a queen bee, which is normally the only breeding female in the colony;
• a large number of female worker bees, typically 30,000–50,000 in number;
• a number of male drones, ranging from thousands in a strong hive in spring to very few during
dearth or
cold season
• The queen is the only sexuallymature female in the hiveand allof the female worker bees and
male drones are her offspring, The queen maylivefor up to three years or more and maybe
capable of layinghalf amillion eggs or more in her lifetime.

4. HONEY
• Produced from plant nectar
• Primarily from flowers
• Also extra-floral nectaries
• Precursor of nectar is:
• Phloem sap
• Most often a dilute solution of sucrose
• Essentially bees do two things:
• Dehydrate
• Enzymatic “inversion” of sucrose to glucose &fructose
• Asaturated solution of carbohydrate
Bee WaxAndItsUses
• Produced from four pairs of sub-dermal glands on the underside of the abdomen of a workerbee.
• When the bee is 10to 18days old
• Produced as small, translucent flakes
Precursor is honey & nectar (carbohydrates)
USES-
COSMETICS-creams,lotions, lipstick
• CANDLES-liturgical, Jewish,Greek Orthodox, but most of allthe RCC.
• BEEKEEPING- foundation beeswax

5. ROYALJELLY
• Definition
• the glandular secretions of young worker bees (4-10 days old), produced by the
hypopharyngeal in the head, used as food for larval bees.
• Composition
• 66% water
• 14% protein
• 14% carbohydrate
• 5% lipid (fats & sterols)
Honey bee classification
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Insecta
Order Hymenoptera
Family Apidae
Genus Apis

7. Productionof honey
1. Production of honey: It is a not direct plant product
because the nectar, pollen and cane sugar bearing
secretions of flowers are ingested by honey bees and get
mixed with the saliva and undergo certain chemical
changes due to enzyme action.
2. Some ingredients are added to the mixture and reduce the
water content .
3. The whole mixture is collected in thehoney sac until it
reaches the hive.
4. Honey is concentrated by a strong current of air produced
by the rapid beating of worker’s wings, crawling over the
cells.

8. UNIT -2
MUSHROOMCULTIVATION

9. INTRODUCTION
MUSHROOM ?
1-fruiting body of Macro fungus
2- Epigeous (above) / Hypogeous (Below)
3- Seen with unaided eye
4- Picked by hand
5- Saprophyte ( needs substrate)
6-Mushroom Science – principles and practices of mushroomcultivation
CATEGORIESOFMUSHROOM
1. EDIBLE MUSHROOMS –
2 types Fleshy and Edible i. Cultivable ii. Noncultivable
Edibility
 No poisonous effects on humans
 desirable taste and aroma .
 Nutritive value
Edible mushrooms include many fungal species that are either harvested
wild or cultivated
2. MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS – MedicinalApplications
3. POISONOUS MUSHROOMS – Fatal / Health hazard.
Truffle mushroom

10. MORPHOLOGY

11. RAW MATERIALS WHEAT STRAW
CHOPPING (3 TO 5 CM)
SOAKING IN WATER WITH FORMALIN(125 ML) &
BAVISTIN (4GM) FOR 15 TO18 HRS
DRAIN OF EXCESS WATER
PREPARED BED
FILL UP IN GUNNY BAG
PINNING THE BAG
SPAWN RUNNING
PIN HEAD APPEARANCE
HARVESTING
Flow chart of oyster Mushroom cultivation

12. HEALTH BENEFITS OF OYSTER MUSHROOM:-
A) Immunity System Increase
B) Cardiovascular Conditions
C) Maintain The Level of Blood Sugar
D) Cures Anaemia
E) Provides Energy
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF OYSTER MUSHROOM:-
Nutrient Quantity
1) Water 77.00gm
2) Energy 30.00kcl
3) Protein 03.00gm
4) Lipid 00.40gm
5) Ash 00.90gm
6) Carbohydrate 05.25gm
7) Fiber 02.00gm
8) Sugar 00.98gm

13. CONCLUSION
1. Mushroom production is indoor hence does not need agriculture land, thus
suited to small farmers and landless labourers.
2. Many agriculture worker can be utilized to produce qualified food and
organic manure for field crops.
3. Spent mushroom substrate can be used to produce organic manure.
4. It can generate self employment.
5. Families living below poverty line can be brought through mushroom
production and improving their socioeconomic status.
6. It can be provide nutritional security particularly to poor people through
incorporating mushroom in their diets…

14. UNIT -3
VERMICOMPOSTING

15. Definition
• Vermicomposting is a simple biotechnological process of composting, in
which certain species of earthworms are used to enhance the process of
waste conversion and produce a better product.
• Vermicomposting is a method of preparing enriched compost with the
use of earthworms. It is one of the easiest methods to recycle
agricultural wastes and to produce quality compost.
Vermicompost is stable fine granular organic manure, which enriches soil quality by
improving its physiochemical and biological properties
Highly useful in raising seedlings and for improving crop production
• Earthworm consumes biomass and excrete it in digested form called
worm caste/black gold
• The caste are rich in nutrients, growth promoting substance , beneficial
soil micro flora.

16. DECOMPOSABLE ORGANIC WASTES SUCH AS
ANIMAL EXCRETA, KITCHEN, WASTE, FARM
RESIDUES AND FOREST ARE COMMONLY USED AS
COMPOSTING MATERIALS.
IN GENERAL, ANIMAL DUNG MOSTLY COW DUNG
AND DRIED CHOPPED CROP RESIDUES ARE THE KEY
RAW MATERIALS.
MIXTURE OF LEGUMINOUS AND NON LEGUMINOUS
CROP RESIDUES ENRICHES THE QUALITY OF
VERMICOMPOST.
Vermicomposting Material

17. Nutrient Content
Organic carbon 9.15 to 17.98 %
Total nitrogen 1.5 to 2.10
%
Total phosphorus 1.0 to 1.50
%
Total potassium 0.60 %
Ca and Mg 22.00 to 70.00 m.e / 100
g
Available S 128 to 548 ppm
Copper 100
ppm
Iron 1800 ppm
Zinc 50
ppm
NUTRIENT CONTENT IN VERMICOMPOST

18. Earthworms belong to phyllum Annelida of Animal Kingdom.
They are long and cylindrical in shape and size having a large
number of grooves. There are about 3000 species of earthworms
in the world which are adapted to a range of environment. More
than 300 species have been identified in India. Although,
hermaphrodite , two mature earthworms are required to
propagate. At the time of egg laying, the clitellum is transformed
into hard, girdle like capsule called cocoon. Shedding of cocoon
ranges from 1 to 5, only a few of them survive and hatch. The
juveniles and again formation of cocoons takes a period of 50-60
days. Normally, the average life span of earthworms varies with
species ranging from 1 to 10 years.
TYPES OF EARTHWORM

19. Characters Eisenia foetida
Body length 3-10 cm
Body weight 0.4-0.6 cm
Maturity 50-55days
Conversion rate 2.0 q/1500worms/2
months
Cocoon production 1 in every 3 days
Incubation of cocoon 20-23days
Eisenia foetida

20. Vermicompost preparation
Basic raw material: Any organic material generated
in the farm like bhusa, leaf fall etc., Horse dung,
due to the risk of Tetanus virus, lethal to human
beings is not advisable to be used as feeding
material for earthworms. Paddy husk, mariegold
and pine needles have also not advised to be used as
feeding materials for earthworms. Starter: Cow
dung , Biogas slurry, or urine of cattle Soil animal:
Earth worms (Species: Eisenia foetida) Thatched
roof/vermished

21. STEPSIN VERMICOMPOSTING
 Vermicomposting unit should be in a cool, moist and shady
site .
 Cow dung and chopped dried leafy materials are mixed in
the proportion of 3:1 kept for partial decomposition for 15 –
20 days.
 A layer of 15-20cm of chopped dried leaves / grasses
should be kept as bedding material at the bottom of the bed.
 Beds of partially decomposed material of size 6x2x2 feet
should be made
 Each bed should contain 1.5-2.0q of raw material and the
number of beds can be increased as per raw material
availability and requirement.

22. PREVENTIVE MEASURES
1. The floor of the unit should be compact to prevent
2. earthworms’ migration into the soil.
3. 15-20 days old cow dung should be used to avoid excess heat.
4. The organic wastes should be free from plastics, chemicals,
pesticides and metals etc.
5. Aeration should be maintained for proper growth and
multiplication of earthworms.
6. Optimum moisture level (30-40 %) should be maintained 18-25°C
temperature should be maintained for proper decomposition.

23. CONCLUSION
1. Vermicompost is rich in all essential plant nutrients.
2. Provides excellent effect on overall plant growth, encourages the growth of new
shoots / leaves and improves the quality and shelf life of the produce.
3. Vermicompost is free flowing, easy to apply, handle and store and does not have
bad odour.
4. It improves soil structure, texture, aeration, and water holding capacity and
prevents soil erosion.
5. Vermicompost is rich in beneficial micro flora such as a fixers.P- solubilizers,
6. cellulose decomposing micro-flora etc in addition to improve soil environment.
7. Vermicompost contains earthworm cocoons and increases the population and
activity of earthworm in the soil..
8. It prevents nutrient losses and increases the use efficiency of chemical
9. fertilizers.
10. Vermicompost is free from pathogens, toxic elements, weed seeds etc.
11. Vermicompost minimizes the incidence of pest and diseases.
12. It enhances the decomposition of organic matter in soil.
13. It contains valuable vitamins, enzymes and hormones like auxins, gibberellins