Old new words, cognates, derived words, abbreviations, colocations, eponyms, phrasal verbs, transferred words, acronyms and pseudo-neologisms.

1. By Jorge Chuva G.
Student of ESPE

2.  New word or a new meaning for an old word: Such words like lube for lubricating oil and co-ed
for coeducational; like to teback-formations levise from television; artificial or made-up
formations like carborundum, cellophane.
 Existing words with new senses, these don't normally refer to new objects or processes and
therefore are rarely technological. For example, a Le Petit Termophile point out that
refoulement is used in English as 'return of refugee' but may also mean 'refusal of entry'
'deportation.' It is a loose term, dependent on its context.
 There is hardly a single translation of a SL neologism, because there are different types of
readership: (1) expert, (2) educated generalize, who may require extra explanation, (3)
ignorant, who need linguistic, technical, and cultural explanations.
To summarize, old words with new senses tend to be non-cultural and non-technical. Usually translated
either by a word that already exists in the TL, or by a momentary functional or descriptive time.
Existing collocations with new senses are a setup for translators., they may be cultural
or non cultural, if the word exists in the TL, there is a recognized translation, if it doesn’t
exist or if TL speakers aren’t aware of it yet, the translator has to give an economical descriptive
equivalent.

3.  Coinage is the word formation process in which a new word is created
either deliberately or accidentally without using the other word formation
processes and often from superficially nothing. For example:
 The following list of words provides some common coinages create in
everyday English: Aspirin; escalator; Google; Kleenex; nylon; quark;
zipper ,etc
 Coinages are also referred to simply as neologisms, the word neologism
meaning "new word."

4.  The derived of words by analogy from ancient Greek and Latin morphemes, usually
with suffixes such as: -ismus, -ismo, etc., and naturalized in the appropriate
language.
 The word-forming procedure is employed mainly to designate (non-cultural)
scientific and technological, the advance of these internationalisms is extensive.
 The translator have first to assure that is not in competition with another. He has to
consult the appropriate ISO glossary, to find out whether there is already a recognized
translation; secondly, whether the referent yet exists in the TL culture; thirdly it is worth
'transplanting' at all. He should put it in inverted commas.

5.  The collocation is that at least one of the collocates moves from its primary to a
secondary sense, so, word for word translations are usually not possible.
 New collocations (noun compounds or adjective plus noun), are public in the social
sciences and in computer linguistic.
 Computer terms are given their recognized translation, and if they don’t exist, you
should transfer them and complement a functional descriptive term, you can’t invent
your own neologism.
 English collocations are difficult to translate concisely.
 Non-British collocations are easier to translate as they are less arbitrarily.

6.  Any word derived from a proper
name
 Refer directly to the person or may
refer to the referent's ideas or
qualities,
 They are usually Brand names, and
can be transferred only if they are
equally known in the TL. (e.g. ' nylon,'
but 'durex' is an adhesive tape in
Australian English).
 Restricted to English's facility in converting
verbs to Nouns
 New ‘phrasal words’ are limited to English’s
facility in converting verbs to nouns, i.e. ‘work-
out’, ‘check out’.
 Phrasal words are regularly more economical.
 In the translation usually occupy the peculiarly
English between ‘informal’ and ‘colloquial’, so
their translations are more formal.

7.  Transferred words into SL.
 In relation at the technological, concepts or
products, they may be common to several
languages, whether they are cultural or have
cultural connections, but have to be given a
functional-descriptive equivalent for a less
sophisticated TL readership.
 Newly imported products, clothes ('Adidas,'
'Sari'), cultural manifestations ('Kungfu') are
translated like any other cultur-bound words,
usually transferred together with a generic term
and the requisite specific.
 Acronyms are an all the time more common of all non-literary
texts, for reasons of brevity , and to give the referent an artificial
respect to move people to find out what the letters stand for.
 In science the letters become internationalisms ('laser,' 'maser'),
needing analysis only for a less educated TL readership.
 Acronyms formation is just one of the abbreviation, processes that
are increasingly common in the world as a means of word
formation. E.g.: UNESCO, UNICEF, etc.
 Acronym is pronounced as a word. You do not pronounce it letter
by letter. All acronyms are abbreviations, but not all
abbreviations are acronyms

8.  Pseudo-neologism is ―a generic word stands in for a specific
word
 The translator has to be careful of pseudo-neologisms.
 The translator should be neither favorable nor unfavorable in his
view of new words, e.g.: rapports (d´engrenage)

9. Works Cited:
Newmark, P. A Textbook of Translation