This document discusses preparing for and anticipating a speaker as an interpreter. It recommends gaining familiarity with the subject matter, attending advance meetings, observing speaker gestures, and obtaining speeches or statements in advance when possible. An interpreter must remain mentally alert to handle unexpected changes or additions from the speaker. Dealing with untranslatable words may require considering the intended idea, context, or finding an equivalent expression rather than a direct translation.

1. Submitted to Fulfill
Principle of Interpreting Task
Lecturer: Mahmud, S.Pd.I., M.Pd.
Chapter2
Preparation/Anticipatingthe Speaker
Created By:
Group 2
Class: 2H
1. Ajeng Puji Lestari
(114060064)
2. Ajeng Nur Agisha
(114060072)
3. Yusi Susilawati (114060054)
4. Rani Wulanti Rini (114060188)
5. Alam Mahardika (114060174)
6. Sella Nadhila S. (114060123)DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHING AND EDUCATION SCIENCES
Chapter6
Untranslatability

2. Descriptive of Preparation/Anticipating
the Speaker
• Consistently good performance in conference interpreting
depends on sustained mental alertness.
• In conference interpretation research, anticipation is usually seen
as the oral production of a particular part of a message in special
circumstances. In psychophysiological research, however,
anticipation is a mental process.
• An interpreter must also adopt an attitude of intellectual modesty
and willingness to learn.

3.  Gaining familiarity with the subject matter
 Attending a meeting in advance
 Careful observation of speakers' gestures and demeanor
 Knowing the specific themes of a conference in advance and obtaining
 Prepare the speeches from the speaker well in advance of delivery
 Copies of formal speeches and policy statements by public officials
 Sometimes a translation of the speech to be delivered will also be made
available by the speaker or the institution .
Preparation/Anticipating the Speaker

4. A speaker may change his or her mind at the last minute,
Preparation/Anticipating the Speaker discard or amend prepared
remarks, and say something quite unexpected. (Be especially alert to this
when the speech is marked "Check Against Delivery".) And even an
experienced interpreter can be caught off guard by a novel idea, an
unusual turn of phrase, a breakthrough in the debate, an eccentric
speaker, a spur-of-themoment argument, an impenetrable accent, a
mispronounced key word, a halting delivery, poor sound quality, an
obscure reference or acronym, or a deliberately ornate way of saying a
perfectly simple thing. Overcoming problems of that kind involves a
certain amount of intuition. Although an interpreter should avoid wild
guesses, it is often possible, relying on the context,

5. Chapter6
Untranslatability
“untranslatable" residue of meaning that cannot be brought out in the target language which
leads some linguists to proclaim that in a theoretical sense translation is "impossible".
The problem of "untranslatability" arises from the fact that different cultures divide up the
universe in different ways, and that their languages therefore contain ideas, words, and
expressions to describe those different concepts and culture-specific features.
linguists have shown (e.g. with experiments on color preception) that the vocabulary of our
native language only determines what we can say about the world, not whether we can
perceive it.
There are many ways to translate words and expressions that do not travel well from one
language to another, and quite often "untranslatability" is a misnomer, because an exact or
complete translation is not necessary, and an approximate equivalent may be all that is needed
in a given context.

6. Dealing with the problem of "untranslatable" utterances requires
one to bear in mind that the same idea may find expression in
different ways from one culture to another. It involves asking
questions like the following:
• What am I translating?
• A word? An idea?
• The name of a concrete object or of an abstraction?
• The title of a person?
• The name of a cultural institution or artifact?
• A technical term?
• A specialized use of an ordinary word?
• An archaic word?
• An idiomatic expression?
• The expression of an emotion?
• An image?
• A figure of speech?
• A newly-coined term?

7. Sometimes an apparent case of "untranslatability" can
be solved by finding the equivalent register, or level of
language. For example, the speeches of Winston Churchill
might provide a good model to help you translate a speech
by Charles de Gaulle; or, at the other end of the spectrum,
American urban "rap" or old Chicago gangster-slang might
provide an equivalent register with which to translate a
French screenplay containing Marseilles "argot du milieu".

8. Because meaning is largely contextual, the context in
which a word appears may at first make the word seem
"untranslatable". But this is often a problem of "not
seeing the forest for the trees". The French word corde
may variously mean "cord" or "string" or "rope", but if
you are translating the French expression "Il pleut des
cordes", you need not wonder which to choose,
because what you are actually translating is a French
colloquial idiom conveying the idea of very heavy
rainfall, and the best translation would be the English
or Spanish idiom commonly used in that situation: "It's
raining cats and dogs" / "Llueve a cântaros".

9. • Similarly, equivalents can often be found for seemingly "untranslatable" recent
coinages or neologisms if one pauses to consider the social context in which
they are used.
• If a French speaker tried to translate the contemporary American coinage
"yuppie" by searching for a one-word equivalent in French, he probably would
never find one. "yuppie": a young, ambitious, stylish social-climber.
• A translation or interpretation does not have to use the same parts of speech
as the original. If we ask ourselves what English words are usually used in the
context of discussions about government regulation of business, we find at
least one possible equivalent noun phrase: "command economy", as well as
two adjectives, “prescriptive" or "directive", which are fairly close in meaning.
So a phrase like "une économie dirigiste" could be translated as "a command
economy" (and "une réglementation écologique trop dirigiste" could be
translated as "an overly prescriptive set of environmental regulations").

10. • Read the following excerpt from an article about the Same language of
Finland. Are any of the various Same words for "snow" translatable into
English, Spanish, French, or your other working language(s)?
• The Lyricism of Same
• To give you an idea of how beautiful and expressive Same can be, here's
an abbreviated list of some lule-Same words for snow:
1. Muotta - snow in general
2. Slievar - new snow, dry, soft and powdery, stirred by the wind Sakkih - new
snow with cold weather, creating tough skiing conditions
3. Nuvar - powder snow on top of previously trampled paths
4. Siebbor - soft, fluffy snow in which skis sink deep, resulting in difficult skiing
with occasional icing underneath and snow accumulations on top of the skis
5. Skarta - snow layers that were frozen to moss and lichen in the fall, resulting in
inferior grazing conditions for reindeer
6. Suorve - snow that clings to objects, clothing and trees, creating difficult
conditions and impeding movement
7. Galav - deep, soft snow to wade through
8. Hablek - snow falling in very large flakes
9. Cieggat - slush or snow mush that skis sink down in.

11. The untranslatability is caused by the translator who only replaces
English translation (SL) into Indonesian translation without paying
attention in some factors which have to be followed to produce a good
Indonesian translation (TL). Before English translation (SL) is translated, it
has to be processed using process of translation: analysis, diversion and
reconstruction. Analysis is done with paying attention in English
translation (SL) meant. Then, the translator translates each direct – speech
word by word. In reconstruction process of translation, word by word
translation is reconstructed into Indonesian structure however Indonesian
cultural context produced is not considered.
For the next researchers who want to analyze the untranslatability in
translating direct – speech, syntax can be included in analyzing process.
Using syntax analysis, the next researchers can give more understanding
about word formation which has to be considered by the translator to
produce an appropriate target language (TL) dealing with meaning and
style which belong to cultural context follows.

12. QUESTION
1.What are we going to do before do
interpreting?
2.How do translate the untranslateable
word in order to the listerner can
understand what we talk about?

13. THANK YOU