2. Behaviorism focuses on the idea that
all behaviors are learned through
interaction with the environment. This
learning theory states that behaviors
are learned from the environment, and
says that innate or inherited factors
have very little influence on behavior.
4. Behaviorism was formally established with the
1913 publication of John B. Watson's classic
paper, "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views
It."3 John B. Watson, is often considered the
father of behaviorism:
5. Simply put, strict behaviorists believe
that all behaviors are the result of
experience. Any person, regardless of
their background, can be trained to act
in a particular manner given the right
conditioning.
.
6. In simple terms, according to this school of
thought, also known as behavioral
psychology, behavior can be studied in a
systematic and observable manner regardless
of internal mental states. Behavioral theory
also says that only observable behavior
should be studied, as cognition, emotions,
and mood are far too subjective.
7. Pavlov’s Dogs is a popular behaviorism
experiment. A group of dogs would
hear a bell ring and then they would be
given food. After enough time, when
the bell would ring the dogs would
salivate, expecting the food before they
even saw it.
8. This is exactly what behaviorism
argues—that the things we
experience and our environment
are the drivers of how we act.
9. The stimulus-response sequence is a key element of
understanding behaviorism. A stimulus is given, for
example a bell rings, and the response is what happens
next, a dog salivates or a pellet of food is given.
Behavioral learning theory argues that even complex
actions can be broken down into the stimulus-response.
11. A. Methodological Behaviorism
states that observable behavior should be
studied scientifically and that mental states
and cognitive processes don't add to the
understanding of behavior
12. B.Radical Behaviorism
Radical behaviorism is rooted in the theory
that behavior can be understood by looking at
one's past and present environment and the
reinforcements within it, thereby influencing
behavior either positively or negatively. This
behavioral approach was created by the
psychologist B.F. Skinner.5
14. The classical conditioning process works by
developing an association between an
environmental stimulus and a naturally
occurring stimulus.
In physiologist Ivan Pavlov's classic
experiments, dogs associated the presentation
of food (something that naturally and
automatically triggers a salivation response) at
first with the sound of a bell, then with the sight
of a lab assistant's white coat. Eventually, the
lab coat alone elicited a salivation response
from the dogs.
15.
16. Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning, sometimes referred to as
instrumental conditioning, is a method of learning that
occurs through reinforcement and punishment. Through
operant conditioning, an association is made between a
behavior and a consequence for that behavior.
This behavioral approach says that when a desirable
result follows an action, the behavior becomes more
likely to happen again in the future. Conversely,
responses followed by adverse outcomes become less
likely to reoccur.9
17. For example, when lab rats press a
lever when a green light is on, they
receive a food pellet as a reward.
When they press the lever when a
red light is on, they receive a mild
electric shock. As a result, they learn
to press the lever when the green
light is on and avoid the red light.
18.
19. Reinforcement in Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement is any event that
strengthens or increases the behavior
it follows.
There are two kinds of reinforcers. In
both of these cases of reinforcement,
the behavior increases.
20. Positive reinforcers are favorable events or
outcomes that are presented after the behavior. In
positive reinforcement situations, a response or
behavior is strengthened by the addition of praise
or a direct reward. If you do a good job at work
and your manager gives you a bonus, that bonus
is a positive reinforcer.
21. Negative reinforcers involve the removal of an
unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a
behavior. In these situations, a response is
strengthened by the removal of something considered
unpleasant. For example, if your child starts to scream
in the middle of a restaurant, but stops once you hand
them a treat, your action led to the removal of the
unpleasant condition, negatively reinforcing your
behavior (not your child's).
22. Conclusion:Behaviorism is a
theory of learning based on the
idea that all behaviors are
acquired through conditioning,
and conditioning occurs
through interaction with the
environment.
25. Social cognitive theory is a learning theory
developed by the renowned Stanford
psychology professor Albert Bandura. The
theory provides a framework for understanding
how people actively shape and are shaped by
their environment. In particular, the theory
details the processes of observational learning
and modeling, and the influence of self-
efficacy on the production of behavior.
26. Born:
December 4, 1925 Canada
Died:
July 26, 2021 (aged 95) California
Subjects Of Study:
aggressive behaviour social
cognitive theory
27. Bandura was the first to demonstrate (1977) that self-
efficacy, the belief in one’s own capabilities, has an
effect on what individuals choose to do, the amount of
effort they put into doing it, and the way they feel as
they are doing it. Bandura also discovered that
learning occurs both through those beliefs and through
social modeling—thereby originating social cognitive
theory (1986), which holds that a
person’s environment, cognition, and behaviour all
interact to determine how that person functions, as
opposed to one of those factors playing a dominant
role.
28. •The theory views people as active
agents who both influence and are
influenced by their environment.
29. •A major component of the theory is
observational learning: the process of
learning desirable and undesirable
behaviors by observing others, then
reproducing learned behaviors in order to
maximize rewards.
32. One of the best-known
experiments in the history of
psychology involved a doll named
Bobo. Bandura demonstrated that
children learn and imitate behaviors
they have observed in other people.
33. The children in Bandura’s studies
observed an adult acting violently toward
a Bobo doll. When the children were later
allowed to play in a room with the Bobo
doll, they began to imitate the aggressive
actions they had previously observed.
34. Bobo doll experiment demonstrated
that children are able to learn social
behavior such as aggression
through the process of observation
learning, through watching the
behavior of another person.
35. The following steps are involved in the
observational learning and modeling
process:
Attention: In order to learn, you need to be
paying attention. Anything that distracts your
attention is going to have a negative effect on
observational learning.
36. Retention: The ability to store
information is also an important part
of the learning process. Retention
can be affected by a number of
factors, but the ability to pull up
information later and act on it is vital
to observational learning.
37. MotorReproduction: the individual must
be able (have the ability and skills) to
physically reproduce the observed
behavior. This means that the behavior
must be within their capability. If it is not,
they will not be able to learn it (Bandura,
1998).
38. Motivation: the observer must be
motivated to perform the behavior.
This motivation can come from a
variety of sources, such as a desire
to achieve a goal or avoid
punishment
39. As Bandura observed, life would be
incredibly difficult and even dangerous if
you had to learn everything you know from
personal experience. Observing others
plays a vital role in acquiring new
knowledge and skills. By understanding
how social learning theory works, you can
gain a greater appreciation for the powerful
role that observation plays in shaping the
things we know and the things we do.
Editor's Notes
Systematic,experience, observable- Dog- Food
When we apply this to classroom setting, ositive reinforcement is key in the behavioral learning theory. Without positive reinforcement, students will quickly abandon their responses because they don’t appear to be working. For example, if students are supposed to get a sticker every time they get an A on a test, and then teachers stop giving that positive reinforcement, less students may get A’s on their tests, because the behavior isn’t connected to a reward for them.
Motivation plays an important role in behavioral learning. Positive and negative reinforcement can be motivators for students. For example, a student who receives praise for a good test score is much more likely to learn the answers effectively than a student who receives no praise for a good test score.
his particular perspective on psychology concentrated only on the observation of observable cause and effect reactions without consideration of the mental components of behavior and the intellectual workings of the subject's mind
(To be clear, it embraced empirical, observation-based research methods and rejected introspective methods which focused on mental activity.)
During the first part of the classical conditioning process, known as acquisition, a response is established and strengthened. Factors such as the prominence of the stimuli and the timing of the presentation can play an important role in how quickly an association is formed.
When an association disappears, this is known as extinction. It causes the behavior to weaken gradually or vanish. Factors such as the strength of the original response can play a role in how quickly extinction occurs. The longer a response has been conditioned, for example, the longer it may take for it to become extinct.8
While classical conditioning is training dogs to salivate to the sound of a metronome,(beat) operant conditioning is training them to sit by giving them a treat when they do. B.F.
That leads us to positive reinforcement and negative reinformcent
For example, if a parent rewards their child with praise every time they pick up their toys, the desired behavior is consistently reinforced and the child will become more likely to clean up messes.
Behaviorism can be used to help elicit positive behaviors or responses in students, such as by using reinforcement. Teachers with a behavioral approach often use "skill and drill" exercises to reinforce correct responses through consistent repetition, for instance.
Other ways reinforcement-based behaviorism can be used in education include praising students for getting the right answer and providing prizes for those who do well. Using tests to measure performance enables teachers to measure observable behaviors and is, therefore, another behavioral approach.16
In addition, boys were more likely to be aggressive than girls, especially if they had been exposed to an aggressive male model.
It is important to note that not all observed behaviors are effectively learned. Why not? Factors involving both the model and the learner can play a role in whether social learning is successful. Certain requirements and steps must also be followed.
Reinforcement and punishment play an important role in motivation.