3. Bony Joints
Two separate bones fused and become
immovable joints
Synostosis
Complete union of two bones, parietal
bones
4. Fibrous
Joints
Two bones that are held together with connective tissue fibers
Little or no movement
Suture
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Gomphosis
Teeth in the alveoli of the maxialla & mandible
Syndesmosis
Connection between interosseous membranes of the tibia
and fibula
Limited movement
5. Cartilaginous (Synchondrosis) Joints
Cartilage between the bones
Immovable or slightly moveable
Synarthrosis
If the cartilage is thin between the bones, it is
immoveable
Epiphyseal Plate
Humeral head and shaft
Costal Cartilages
Ribs sternum
Symphysis
Fibrocartilaginous pad found between the
pubic bones and intervertebral discs
Limited movement
6.
7. Endochondral Growth Zones
Zone of reserve
Quiescent chondrocytes are found at the
epiphyseal end
Zone of proliferation
Chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis under
influence of growth hormone
Zone of maturation and hypertrophy
Chondrocytes stop mitosis, and begin
to hypertrophy by accumulating glycogen,
lipids, and alkaline phosphatase
Zone of calcification
Chondrocytes undergo apoptosis.
Cartilagenous matrix begins to calcify.
Zone of ossification
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts from the
diaphyseal side break down the calcified
cartilage and replace with mineralized bone
tissue.
10. Synovial Joints
Most complex structure including a
joint capsule, an inner membrane, and
synovial fluid
Most MOVEABLE
Joint capsule is made out of an outer
Fibrous Capsule and an inner
Synovial Membrane
Synovial Fluid
Secreted by the synovial membrane
Helps with lubrication of the joint
Synovial Cavity
Space inside the joint
Bursae & Tendon Sheaths
Modified synovial structure
14. Hinge
Joints
Allow for angular movement
You can increase or decrease the angle of two bones
EX: Knee, Elbow, or between the phalanges of the
fingers
15. Pivot Joints
Allows for rotational movement
between the Atlas & Axis
Also found in the proximal
radius and ulna
16. Condylar Joints
Allows significant movement in two
planes
Move well with anterior to posterior
or medial to lateral
Do NOT move well at angles of 45°
angle to these planes
Consist of a convex surface paired with
a concaved surface
EX: At the base of the fingers between the
metacarpals and phalanges
EX: Junction between the radius &
scaphoid bone and between the atlas &
the occipital bone
17. Saddle
Joints
Two concave surfaces that articulate with one
another
EX: Between the trapezium and the first metacarpal
of the thumb
Provides more movement of the thumb than the
condylar join of the wrist
18. Ball-and-
Socket
Joints
Consist of a spherical head in a round concavity
There is extensive movement of the joint, yet they are
less stable due to the freedom of movement
EX: Hip and the shoulder
19. Jaw Joint
Temporomandibular Joint
(TMJ)
Only diarthrotic joint of the
skull
Articular Disc
Pads of fibrocartilage that
provide cushioning between the
condylar process of mandible
and the temporal bone
Ligaments that strengthen the
joint
20. Humeral
(Shoulder) Joint
Humeral Joint is known as the
Glenohumeral Joint
Glenoid cavity articulates with
the head of the humerus
Glenoid Labrum
Cartilaginous ring that
surrounds the cavity
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Stabilize this joint along with
numerous bursae, ligaments,
and a tough joint capsule
21. Elbow Joint
Consist of the humeroulnar joint and the
humeroradial joint
Ulnar joint: provides for a hinge
mechanism
Radial joint: provides for rotational
movement of the joint
Radial and Ulnar collateral ligament
Strengthen the bony fit of the joint,
along with tendons from the biceps
and triceps
Annular Ligament
Wraps around the head of the radius
and is subject to dislocation when the
forearm is pulled (Nursemaid’s elbow)
22. Tibiofemoral Joint
Knee Joint
Largest most complex joint on the body
Hinge joint with little lateral movement
Major Ligaments:
Tibial (Medial) Collateral Ligament (MCL)
Fibular (Lateral) Collateral Ligament (LCL)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
Medial and Lateral Meniscus
Wedge-Shaped pads of fibrocartilage that provide
cushioning between the tibia and femur
23. Knee Joint
Ligaments and
Tendon
Patellar Tendon
Runs from quadriceps
muscle to the tibial
tuberosity
Patellar Ligament
Connection between
the patella and the
tibial tuberosity
24. Levers
3 parts to a lever system
Fulcrum
Point of movement or rotation
Resistance (Load)
Part of the lever that is to be moved
Effort (Input)
Part of the lever which an action is applied to move the lever
25. 3 Classes of Levers
First Class Lever
Second Class Lever
Third Class Lever
26. First Class
Lever
First Class Lever
Effort is on one side of the fulcrum and the resistance is on the
other
See-Saw or junction between the head & atlas
28. Third Class
Lever
Third Class Lever
Fulcrum at one end, the effort in the middle, and the
resistance at the other end
Opening a trap door from the top
Most joints in the body; elbow joint
29. Movements at Joints
Flexion
Decreasing the joint angle
Extension
Returning to anatomical position after flexion
Abduction
To take away from midline
Adduction
To return back to midline
Rotation
Lateral & medial rotation
Supination
Lateral rotation of hand
Pronation
Medial rotation of hand
Circumduction
Movement of a muscle in a conical shape
Elevation
Move superiorly
Depression
Move inferiorly
Protraction
Horizontal movement in the anterior direction
Retraction
Moves from anterior to posteriorly horizontal
Inversion
Turning soles medially to face each other
Eversion
Turning soles laterally away from each other
Fixing
Prevents movement in either direction
Opposing muscle contracting simultaneously
Agonist- muscle that is doing the main force
Antagonists- Muscle that is doing opposite
30.
31.
32.
33. Know For The Lab Exam
Know the difference from
Bony
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial Joints
Structures of the
Knee
Hip
Jaw
Elbow
Shoulder
List the synovial joint types
Describe actions at the joints
