This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiological systems. It defines different levels of organization in the body from atomic to organism. There are 11 organ systems including the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems. Anatomic position, directional terms, body cavities, planes of sectioning, and abdominal regions are also described.
2. Exercise 1: Organs,
Systems, and Organization
of the body
Levels of organization with Examples:
Atomic----------------------Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen
Molecular/chemical----Protein, lipid, carbohydrate
Organelle-------------------Mitochondrion, ribosome
Cellular-----------------------Fibrocyte, red blood cell
Tissue--------------------------Epithelial, muscular
Organ-------------------------Stomach, kidney
Organ system--------------Digestive system, urinary system
Organism--------------------Homo sapiens
3. Systemic Anatomy vs Regional
Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
Study of organ systems
Skeletal system
Nervous system
Regional Anatomy
Study of areas of the body
Head and Neck
Abdomen
9. Anatomic Position
Refers to the position of the human body
Anatomic Position:
Head is erect
Eyes open
Arms straight and by the sides
Palms facing forward
Knees straight
Feet together and flat on the ground
10. Directional Term
Superior: Above Inferior: Below
Medial: Towards
Midline
Lateral: Towards
the side
Superficial:
Towards the
surface
Deep: Towards
the core
Ventral or
Anterior: To the
front
Dorsal or
Posterior: To the
back
Proximal:
Extremities only,
near the trunk
Distal: Extremities
only, away from
trunk
Craniad: Towards
the head
Caudad: Towards
the “tail”
11.
12. Planes of
Sectioning X5
Transverse plane or Horizontal plane
• Divides the body into superior or inferior parts
• Cross section
Frontal plane or Coronal plane
• Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
• Back from front
Sagittal plane
• Divides the body into left and right portions
Midsagittal or Median
• Divides the body equally into left and right halves
Parasagittal plane
• Divides the body unequally into left and right halves
13.
14. Body cavities X9
BrainCranial cavity
Spinal cordVertebral canal
Heart and Lungs
Pleural cavities, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum
Thoracic cavity
Specific cavities for lungsPleural cavities
HeartPericardial cavity
Between the pleural cavities
Heart, esophagus, and vessels
Mediastinum
Below the diaphragm
Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Stomach, SI, most of LI, and various digestive organs (liver and pancreas)Abdominal cavity
Terminal part of LI and some reproductive organs (uterus and ovaries)Pelvic cavity
18. Regions of
the Body
Arm
Region between
shoulder and elbow
Forearm
Distal to the elbow
Leg
Region between knee
and ankle
Thigh
Knee to the hip
20. Abdominal
Regions X9
Right hypochondriac
Left hypochondriac
Epigastric
Right lumbar (Lateral
abdominal)
Left lumbar (Lateral
abdominal)
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Right iliac (inguinal)
Left iliac (inguinal)