TOOTH

1. ANATOMY OF TOOTH
DR JAMESR

2. Apical foramen
Lateral canals
Pulp horn
Pulp chamber
Furcation canals
Floor
Roof

3. Anatomical Apex:
It is the most tapered portion of the
root

4. Apical Foramen: (Major
diameter)
It is the terminal end of pulp space by which
it communicates with the periapical region

5.  APICAL FORAMEN
In young incompletely developed teeth the apical
foramen is funnel shaped with wider portion extending
outward
As root develops the apical foramen becomesnarrower
Apical foramen is not the most constricted part of root
apexapical foramen is not always located at the centre
of the root apex

6. Apical constriction:
(Minor diameter)
The AC is mostly located either in dentin or at
the CDJ level and less frequently in cementum.[

7.  LATERAL CANALS AND
ACCESSARY FORAMINA
Lateral canals frequently occur in apical third of root
May occur in areas of bifurcation and trifurcation of
multirooted teeth
With increasing age, number of accessory foramina
reduce due to calcification of contained soft tissue

13. Type I : Single canal extending
from pulp chamber to
the apex.
Type II: Two canals leave the
pulp chamber and joins short
of the apex to form one canal.
Type III :One canal leaves the
pulp chamber, divides into
two,within the root and then
merges to unite as one canal.
One Canal at apex

14. Type IV : Two separate canals
from chamber to apex.
Two Canals at apex
Type V :Leaves pulp chamber as
one and divides short of the
apex into 2 separate apical
foramina.
Type VI : Two separate canals leave the
pulp chamber and merge in the
middle body of the root then r e-
divides short of the apex.

15. Type VII : One canal leaves the pulp chamber divides and
then rejoins within the body and finally re-divides into
2 distinct canals short of the apex

16. Type VIII : Three separate and distinct canals
extend from pulp chamber to the apex.
THREE CANAL AT APEX.

24. INFLUENCE OF
AGING
YOUNGER
INDIVIDUALS
OLDER INDIVIDUALS
Pulp chambers Large Smaller in height rather than width
Pulp Horns Long Recede
Root canals Wide Narrower due to deposition of secondary and
reparative dentin
Apical foramina Broad Deviate from anatomic apex; minor diameter
becomes narrower; major diameter becomes
wider (deposition of dentin and cementum)
Dentinal tubules Wide, regular and
filled with
protoplasmic fluid
Narrower or obliterated with deposition of
peritubular dentin, forming sclerotic dentin/
irregular and torturous

26. Maxillary Central Incisor
 Central incisor-23 mm.
 It has a single canal and a single apical foramen.
 The canal form is usually Type I.
 The pulp in young patients normally has 3 pulp horns.
 The pulp chambers is noticeably wider in the faciolingual
direction than in the mesiodistal.

27. Maxillary Lateral Incisor
• The canal form is usually Type I.
• In young patients have two only pulp horn and is wider in labiopalatal dimension.
• The canal is tapered and the apex is often curved generally in distal direction.
• It is shorter than central incisor.
• Average length of 21- 22 mm.
• It has a single canal and a single apical foramen.

28. Maxillary Canine
• The pulp chamber is quite narrow M- D, and there is
one pulp horn pointed to the incisal angle.
• The pulp space is much wider labiopalatally and the
pulp space follows this outline.
• Oval Type I root canal.
• The root apex is often tapered and very
thin.
• The canal is usually straight but may show a distal
apical curvature.
• It is the longest tooth (26.5 mm)

29. Mandibular Central and Lateral Incisors
 Average length is 21 mm, but the central incisor may
be shorter than the lateral.
 The root canal morphology may be place into 1 or 3
configurations. Type I
CENTRAL
LATERAL
 Canal form is most prevalent, Types II and III are less
prevalent.
 The pulp chamber is smaller replica of the upper
incisors.
 When the tooth has a single root canal it is normally
straight but may curve to the distal.

30. 2
4
Mandibular Canine
 Smaller than the maxillary canine.
 The average length is 22.5 mm.
 Type I canal form is most prevalent.
 Rarely has 2 roots, but fewer of mandibular display the Type IV canal
form with 2 separates apical formina.

31. Maxillary First Premolar
 2root has 2 canals which open in a common
apical foramen.
 Many types of canal configurations.
 Average length 21.5 mm.
 The pulp chamber is wide B-P with 2 distinct
pulp horn.
 M-D, the pulp chamber is much narrower.

32. Maxillary Second Premolar
 The typical second premolar has one root and one canal and sometimes
has an apical distal curvature.
 The Type I canal form is prevalent with a frequency of 48%, approximately the same as
types II and IV-VII combined.
 The pulp chamber is wider B-P and narrower M- D and has 2 well define pulp horns.
 Thecanal orifice is directly in the centre of the tooth.
 Average length: 21 mm.

33. Mandibular Premolars
 As a rule, both teeth have a single canal.
 The coronal pulp is wide B-L with a large buccal horn and a small
lingual horn.
 The shape of the canal is similarin first and second premolars.
 Its buccolingual extension is broad until the middle third of the
canal, but is very narrow in the apical third.
 Usually has a single delicate root with a mesial concavity, but
occasionally present a division of the root in the apical half.
 Average Length: 22mm

34. Maxillary First Molars
 Generally three rooted with 3 canals. Additional canal is located in the MB root.
 Large pulp chamber, triangular in shape, with the base toward the buccal and the apex toward the lingual
surface.
 Slightly curved buccal roots.
 DP curvature of the MB root.
 Apical-buccal curvature of the palatal root (55%)
 Average Length:
 MB: 20mm DB: 19.5mm P: 20.5mm

35. •It has 3 or 4 pulp horn, the MB is the longest.
•The floor of the pulp chamber is normally just apical to the
cervix and is rounded and convex to the occlusal.
•The MB canal opening is closer to the buccal wall
than is the DB orifice.
•The DB canal is closer to the middle of the tooth than to
the distal wall, and is the shorter and finest of the 3 canals.

36. Maxillary Second Molar
• is similar of the first molar:
 Gradual curvature of all three canals.
 “Flattened” triangular outline form.
 The DB canal orifice is nearer the centre of the
cavity floor.

37. Mandibular First Molar
 Usually has 2 roots one mesial and one distal.
 The Distal root is smoller and vertical.
 Distal curvature of the mesial root (84% of the time) which has two canals.
 The distal canal is larger and more oval.
 The MB is the most difficult canal to instrument because its tortuous
path.
 The cavity is primarily within the mesial half of the tooth but is extensive enough to allow positioning of instruments
and filling materials.
Triangular outline form reflects the anatomy of the pulp chamber, with the base toward mesialand the apex toward the
distal surface.
 Average Length: 21 mm

38. Mandibular Second Molar
 average length of 20mm.
 The mesial root has 2 canals and the distal one.
 The mesial canals tend to fuse in the apical third to give
rise to one main apical foramen.
 Commonly has fused roots.

39. METHODS OF DETERMINING PULP
ANATOMY
1. Anatomy studies
2. Radiovisuography(RVG)
3. Compound tomography
4. Orthopantomography(OPG)
5. IOPA- intra oral periapical,
6. BITEWING Radiography

40. sectioning of teeth
use of dyes
Contrasting media
Scanning electron microscope analysis

41. VARIATIONS IN INTERNAL ANATOMY
Gemination Fusion
Concrescence
Taurodontism
Talon’s cusp
Dilaceration
Dens evaginatusDens invaginatus

46. Conclusion
• The root apex is morphologically the most complex region so endodontist
should have a detailed knowledge of the anatomic variations and challenges
involved in the treatment of apical third of root for effective and efficient
management during endodontic therapy

47. THANK
YOU !