The study of language. Chapter 11

1. The study of
language
By George Yule
College: ISFD N°41
Subject: Language and Written Expression IV
Student: Gianella Jacqueline, Melgarejo Erica, Delgado
Gisela, Ríos Florencia, Lagrotta Daniela, Jiménez Ariel.
Teacher: Saubidet, Stella
Date: September, 2020

2. Unit 11.Discourse Analysis
-Discourse analysis.
-Interpreting discourse. Cohesion, coherence & speech events.
-Conversation analysis.
-The co-operative principle. Hedges and implications.
-Background knowledge.

3. Discourse Analysis
Discourse analysis.Its analysis concerns the study of language in texts and conversation.
Interpreting discourse.It is a key element because as language-users we try to arrive at a reasonable
perception of what the speakers want to provide despite ungrammatical forms.
● Cohesion:The ties and connections that exist within texts.
● Coherence: Our ability to make sense of what we perceive or experience in the world.
For example: - That’s the telephone
- I’m in the bath.
- OK
● Speech events:Any situation in which we take part in conversation (debate, interview, disccussion)

4. Conversation Analysis
A conversation occurs when two or more people take turn at speaking.
● Turn taking :Different expectations of conversational style and different strategies of
participation.
You can mark your turn as complete:
-By asking a question. -By pausing at the end of a completed syntactic structure.
To indicate you want to take the turn:
-You can start to make short sounds, or use body shifts or facial expressions.
To keep the turn:
-Do not pause at the end of sentences -Make your sentences run on by using connectors -Place
your pauses where the message is clearly incomplete -”Fill” the pause with a hesitation marker.

5. The cooperative Principle
● In most conversational exchanges ,participants are co-operating with each other.
The QUANTITY maxim : That is to make contributions as informative as required.
The QUALITY maxim : DO NOT SAY that what you believe may be false
The RELATION maxim : BE RELEVANT
The MANNER maxim Clear Brief ordery
● Hedges : To express that we follow the cooperative principle
● and implicatures : The message behind words

6. Background knowledge
We interpret based on our expectations of what normally happens.
● Schemas is conventional knowledge which exist in memory.
● Scripts is essentially a dynamic schema which conventional actions takes place.