I share this important information for Translation, the concept, process, methods, and techniques. From Spanish to English and vice-versa.

1. TRANSLATION
What is translation?
What is the translation process?
What are the translation methods?

2. What is translation?
Translation is the transmittal of written text from one language into another. Although
the terms translation and interpretation are often used interchangeably, by strict
definition, translation Refers to the written language, and interpretation to the spoken
word. Translation is the action of interpretation of the meaning of a text, and
subsequent production of an equivalent text, also called a translation, that
communicates the same message in another language. The text to be translated is
called the source text, and the language it is to be translated into is called the target
language.

3. What is the translation process?
Translation is a process during which the translator:
a) makes a number of decisions on how to interpret the sour
b) uses resources and apply technical skills to render the text
c) and re-expresses that same meaning in the target text (TT)
Therefore, translation is perceived as a problem-solving proc
That may give us an idea of the process, which can also be il

4. What are the methods?
Direct or Literal Oblique
What are the techniques of this method? What are the techniques of this method?
Click to see! Click to see!

5. What are the methods?
Direct or Literal Oblique
 Borrowing  Transposition
 Calque
 Literal translation
 Modulation
 Equivalence
 Adaptation
Click on a technique to see description

6. Borrowing Technique
 Borrowing is the idea of taking the word from the source language (SL) and
maintaining it in the target language (TL). It is considered the simplest of the
procedures and tends to be employed in two situations: either when discussing a new
technical process for which no term exists within the TL, or when maintaining a word
from the SL for stylistic effect, in which the translator uses the foreign term to add
flavor to the target text (TT).
 Example: Margaritas, tortillas, sushi, machete, spaghetti

7. Calque Technique
 A calque is when an expression from the source text (ST) is transferred literally into
the TT. Calques either follow the syntax of the TL while translating each word literally or
ignore the syntax of the TL and maintain the syntax of the SL, rendering the calque in an
awkward syntactical structure in the TT.
l Football → Fútbol → Balompié
l 4 X 4 → cuatro por cuatro (4 X 4)
l Basquetball → Básquetbol
l Quarter → Cora
l Whiskey→ wiski

8. Literal Technique
 The third translation method is only to be used under certain circumstances
according to Vinay and Darbelnet. The idea of translating word for word in a way that
does not alter the meaning is considered an acceptable use of literal translation by the
two scholars. Literal translation, put simply, expands the scope of a calque but in a much
more acceptable way.
The girl is sick → La niña está enferma
How are you? → ¿Cómo está usted?
Good morning → Buenos días

9. Transposition Technique
Transposition is the first technique or step towards oblique translation.
It operates at the grammatical level
It consists of the replacement of a word class by another word class without changing the
meaning. Here we have some example, there are more grammatical categories!
1. ADVERB/VERB
• I´m sure Paul will be here late. Estoy seguro que Paul tardará en llegar.
2. ADVERB/NOUN
• The students actively participated. Los estudiantes participaron con estusiasmo.
3. ADVERB/ADJECTIVE
• He learns quickly. Es veloz para aprender.

10. Modulation Technique
A variation of the form of the message obtained by a change in the
point of view. Although the main characteristic of modulation is a change of point of view,
it may involve also a change of grammatical categories.
She does a lot senseless stuff to remain young.
Hace muchas cosas sin sentido para no envejecer.
At arm´s length.
Al alcance de la mano.
Here and there.
Por todas partes.
Peace of mind.
Tranquilidad espiritual..

11. Equivalence Technique
Used to render expressions using different stylistic and structural methods.
Most equivalences are fixed, and include idioms, clichés, proverbs, nominal or adjectival
phrases, onomatopoeia, etc.
 Stop splitting hairs → Deja de buscarle cinco patas al gato.
 Bite off more than you can chew → El que mucho abarca, poco aprieta.

12. Adaptation Technique
Used when the limit to translation is been reached, i.e. when a simple translation
would not work or it would produce a result that is shocking in the target language
and culture.
Titles of books, movies, and characters often fit into this category
Despicable Me → Mi villano favorito.
The Sound of Music → Sonrisas y lágrimas