The document outlines the historical timeline and key events of the Middle Ages from 476 AD to 1492 AD, focusing on the Visigoths' reign and the subsequent Muslim conquest that led to the establishment of Al-Andalus. It describes the cultural and economic developments introduced by Muslims, such as new irrigation techniques, crops, and architecture, while highlighting the coexistence of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in this period. Key vocabulary terms related to the era and its governance are also presented.

1. THE MIDDLE AGESTHE MIDDLE AGES
476 AD – 1492 AD476 AD – 1492 AD

2. VOCABULARYVOCABULARY
 ARABIC = árabeARABIC = árabe
 CALIPHATE = califatoCALIPHATE = califato
 CLERGY = cleroCLERGY = clero
 EMIRATE = emiratoEMIRATE = emirato
 FEUDAL SYSTEM = feudalismoFEUDAL SYSTEM = feudalismo
 GOTHIC = gótico (estilo arquitectónico)GOTHIC = gótico (estilo arquitectónico)
 ROMANESQUE = románico (estiloROMANESQUE = románico (estilo
arquitectónico)arquitectónico)
 HORSESHOE ARCH = arco de herraduraHORSESHOE ARCH = arco de herradura

3. VOCABULARYVOCABULARY
 ISLAM = islamISLAM = islam
 KINGDOM = reinoKINGDOM = reino
 LATIN = latín (lengua)LATIN = latín (lengua)
 MIDDLE AGES = Edad MediaMIDDLE AGES = Edad Media
 MONASTERY = monasterioMONASTERY = monasterio
 MUSLIMS = musulmanesMUSLIMS = musulmanes
 NOBLEMAN = nobleNOBLEMAN = noble
 PEASANT = campesinoPEASANT = campesino
 SERF = siervoSERF = siervo
 SOUK = zocoSOUK = zoco
 TAIFA = taifa, reino.TAIFA = taifa, reino.

4. The VisigothsThe Visigoths
 In 476 AD Germanic invaders deposedIn 476 AD Germanic invaders deposed
the last Roman Emperor = The End of thethe last Roman Emperor = The End of the
Roman Empire.Roman Empire.

5. A New KingdomA New Kingdom
 The Visigoths (from Germany) enteredThe Visigoths (from Germany) entered
The Peninsula and founded a newThe Peninsula and founded a new
kingdom, the capital was TOLEDOkingdom, the capital was TOLEDO

6. VisigothsVisigoths
 Their language was LATIN (as in theTheir language was LATIN (as in the
Roman Empire)Roman Empire)
 They were expert metalworkers.They were expert metalworkers.
 They converted the Territory toThey converted the Territory to
Christianity.Christianity.

7. 711 AD711 AD
 The reign of the Visigoths in Toledo lastedThe reign of the Visigoths in Toledo lasted
until 711 AD.until 711 AD.
 The last King, Roderic was defeated byThe last King, Roderic was defeated by
the Muslims (from the North of Africa)the Muslims (from the North of Africa)
 In 711 AD the Visigoths Kingdom ended.In 711 AD the Visigoths Kingdom ended.

8. The Muslim ConquestThe Muslim Conquest
 A new religion = ISLAM expanded through theA new religion = ISLAM expanded through the
Middle East and North Africa.Middle East and North Africa.
 In 711 AD, Muslims from North Africa enteredIn 711 AD, Muslims from North Africa entered
the Peninsula and defeated The Visigoths.the Peninsula and defeated The Visigoths.
 The Muslims conquered most of the PeninsulaThe Muslims conquered most of the Peninsula
except of some mountain areasexcept of some mountain areas in the northin the north..

9. Al-AndalusAl-Andalus
 Muslims founded a new kingdom calledMuslims founded a new kingdom called
Al- Andalus,Al- Andalus, the capital wasthe capital was
CÓRDOBACÓRDOBA..
 The Caliph = the highest political andThe Caliph = the highest political and
religious authority.religious authority.

11. Economic activityEconomic activity
 Muslims introduced new irrigationMuslims introduced new irrigation
techniques.techniques.
 Muslims introduced new crops (cotton,Muslims introduced new crops (cotton,
rice)rice)
 Merchants trade products such as pottery,Merchants trade products such as pottery,
leather and jewellery.leather and jewellery.

12. The CultureThe Culture
 There were amazing architectureThere were amazing architecture
examples, as for example: MEZQUITA DEexamples, as for example: MEZQUITA DE
CÓRDOBA, ALHAMBRA DE GRANADACÓRDOBA, ALHAMBRA DE GRANADA
and ALCÁZAR DE SEVILLA.and ALCÁZAR DE SEVILLA.

13. Mezquita de CórdobaMezquita de Córdoba

14. Alhambra de GranadaAlhambra de Granada

15. Alcázar de SevillaAlcázar de Sevilla

16. Muslims, Christians and Jews.Muslims, Christians and Jews.
 They allThey all lived togetherlived together in Al-Andalusin Al-Andalus
althoughalthough they had different religionsthey had different religions ..
 Christians in the Muslim Kingdom wereChristians in the Muslim Kingdom were
called MOZÁRABES.called MOZÁRABES.

18. Rulers in Al-AndalusRulers in Al-Andalus
 CALIPH = ruler.CALIPH = ruler.
 CALIPHATE = the territory.CALIPHATE = the territory.
 EMIR = important person under the rule ofEMIR = important person under the rule of
the caliph.the caliph.
 EMIRATE = territory.EMIRATE = territory.

19. Cities in Al-AndalusCities in Al-Andalus
 Cities in Al-Andalus were protected by aCities in Al-Andalus were protected by a
wall.wall.
 Streets were narrow and winding.Streets were narrow and winding.
 The main part of the city was TheThe main part of the city was The
MEDINAMEDINA
 Muslims built libraries and universities.Muslims built libraries and universities.

20. Muslim lands/Christian landsMuslim lands/Christian lands