The document summarizes three major civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. The Byzantine Empire emerged in the eastern half of the former Roman Empire and had its capital in Constantinople. It experienced a period of decline after the reign of Justinian I until being conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Germanic Kingdoms developed after various tribes conquered the western half of the Roman Empire, establishing powers like the Franks and Visigoths. The Islamic civilization originated from the religion of Islam founded by Muhammad in the 7th century in the Arabian Peninsula and expanded throughout the Middle East.
The document summarizes three major civilizations during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, its greatest period under Justinian I, and its eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the formation of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and the expansion of the Frankish Kingdom into the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne. Finally, it introduces the rise of Islamic civilization originating from the teachings of Muhammad in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula.
The document summarizes three major civilizations during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and cultural influences from Greek and Christian traditions. It describes the fall of the Western Roman Empire and formation of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths, which had Roman cultural influences but economies based on agriculture. It outlines the Visigoth kingdom in Iberia and its conquest by the Islamic civilization beginning in 711.
The document provides an overview of three major civilizations during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It describes the division of the Roman Empire between the Eastern and Western halves, with the Eastern half becoming the Byzantine Empire based in Constantinople. It then summarizes the political structures, economies, societies, and cultures of the Byzantine Empire and major Germanic kingdoms like the Franks. It also discusses the establishment of the Carolingian Empire and its division after Charlemagne. Finally, it introduces the emergence of Islamic civilization from the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century under the prophet Muhammad.
The document summarizes three civilizations that occupied the area of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the Germanic kingdoms that arose in the western half of the empire, including the Franks under Charlemagne who established the Carolingian Empire, and the Visigoths who established a kingdom in Iberia with its capital in Toledo. Finally, it introduces the rise of Islamic civilization originating in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad.
The document summarizes three civilizations that occupied the area of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the Germanic kingdoms that arose in the western half of the empire, including the Franks under Charlemagne who established the Carolingian Empire, and the Visigoths who established a kingdom in Iberia with its capital in Toledo. Finally, it introduces the rise of Islamic civilization originating in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad.
The document provides an overview of the three main civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It describes the political structures, societies, economies, and cultures of each. The Byzantine Empire emerged from the eastern half of the Roman Empire and was centered around Constantinople. The Germanic Kingdoms developed following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, with important kingdoms including the Franks and Visigoths. The Islamic civilization originated from the religion of Islam founded by Muhammad and rapidly expanded across North Africa and into Spain.
The document summarizes three major civilizations that occupied the territories of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the establishment of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Visigoth Kingdom of Toledo controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula until the Muslim conquest in 711. The rise of Islam in the 7th century under Muhammad is also briefly outlined.
The document summarizes the three main civilizations that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages following the fall of the Western Roman Empire: the Byzantine Empire, the Germanic kingdoms, and the Islamic caliphates. It provides details on the political, social, economic, and cultural aspects of each civilization. The Byzantine Empire originated from the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. Several Germanic tribes like the Franks and Visigoths established kingdoms throughout Europe. The Frankish kingdom later expanded into the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne. The Visigoths ruled most of the Iberian Peninsula until the Umayyad conquest in 711.
The document summarizes three major civilizations during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, its greatest period under Justinian I, and its eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the formation of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and the expansion of the Frankish Kingdom into the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne. Finally, it introduces the rise of Islamic civilization originating from the teachings of Muhammad in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula.
The document summarizes three major civilizations during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and cultural influences from Greek and Christian traditions. It describes the fall of the Western Roman Empire and formation of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths, which had Roman cultural influences but economies based on agriculture. It outlines the Visigoth kingdom in Iberia and its conquest by the Islamic civilization beginning in 711.
The document provides an overview of three major civilizations during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It describes the division of the Roman Empire between the Eastern and Western halves, with the Eastern half becoming the Byzantine Empire based in Constantinople. It then summarizes the political structures, economies, societies, and cultures of the Byzantine Empire and major Germanic kingdoms like the Franks. It also discusses the establishment of the Carolingian Empire and its division after Charlemagne. Finally, it introduces the emergence of Islamic civilization from the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century under the prophet Muhammad.
The document summarizes three civilizations that occupied the area of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the Germanic kingdoms that arose in the western half of the empire, including the Franks under Charlemagne who established the Carolingian Empire, and the Visigoths who established a kingdom in Iberia with its capital in Toledo. Finally, it introduces the rise of Islamic civilization originating in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad.
The document summarizes three civilizations that occupied the area of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the Germanic kingdoms that arose in the western half of the empire, including the Franks under Charlemagne who established the Carolingian Empire, and the Visigoths who established a kingdom in Iberia with its capital in Toledo. Finally, it introduces the rise of Islamic civilization originating in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad.
The document provides an overview of the three main civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It describes the political structures, societies, economies, and cultures of each. The Byzantine Empire emerged from the eastern half of the Roman Empire and was centered around Constantinople. The Germanic Kingdoms developed following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, with important kingdoms including the Franks and Visigoths. The Islamic civilization originated from the religion of Islam founded by Muhammad and rapidly expanded across North Africa and into Spain.
The document summarizes three major civilizations that occupied the territories of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the establishment of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Visigoth Kingdom of Toledo controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula until the Muslim conquest in 711. The rise of Islam in the 7th century under Muhammad is also briefly outlined.
The document summarizes the three main civilizations that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages following the fall of the Western Roman Empire: the Byzantine Empire, the Germanic kingdoms, and the Islamic caliphates. It provides details on the political, social, economic, and cultural aspects of each civilization. The Byzantine Empire originated from the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. Several Germanic tribes like the Franks and Visigoths established kingdoms throughout Europe. The Frankish kingdom later expanded into the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne. The Visigoths ruled most of the Iberian Peninsula until the Umayyad conquest in 711.
1. The document discusses three civilizations that emerged during the Middle Ages after the fall of the Western Roman Empire: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations.
2. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, its reconquest of territory under Justinian I, and its characteristics including the Greek language and Orthodox Christian religion.
3. It also summarizes the Germanic Kingdoms that formed in the territories of the fallen Western Roman Empire, including the Franks and Visigoths, and the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne.
Feudalism developed in Western Europe between the 9th and 10th centuries as a political, social, and economic system. Power was decentralized as kings granted land to nobles in exchange for military service. Society was strictly stratified with kings, nobles, clergy, and peasants. Peasants or serfs were bound to work lands granted by lords and owed labor services and taxes. The feudal system predominated until the 15th century and was characterized by hierarchies of reciprocal obligations between lords and vassals.
The document summarizes three major civilizations that occupied the territories of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the establishment of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Visigoth Kingdom of Toledo controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula until the Muslim conquest in 711. The rise of Islam in the 7th century under Muhammad is also briefly outlined.
The document provides information about Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It discusses the resurgence of cities during this period, including increased populations and agricultural productivity which led to commercial growth in cities. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds organized craftsmen. Politically, the papacy and Holy Roman Empire held power while monarchies sought to limit feudal nobility and gain support from cities. The document then focuses on the Iberian Peninsula during this period, covering political situations, expansion through repopulation, and social/economic transformations from crisis and conflicts.
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It discusses the resurgence of cities during this period as rural populations migrated to urban areas, increasing their size and commercial importance. Urban society maintained the feudal structure but city dwellers had more freedom. New social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds emerged. Politically, the papacy and Holy Roman Empire vied for power and influence while monarchies sought to limit feudal nobility and gain power. The late 14th century brought a crisis from the Black Death pandemic, religious schisms, war, and resulting social upheaval. The Renaissance then spread new humanist ideas and thinking. Regarding the Iberian Peninsula, several Christian
The document summarizes the three major civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages in Europe: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the political organization, society, economy, and culture of each civilization. The Byzantine Empire emerged after the division of the Roman Empire, with its capital in Constantinople. The Western Roman Empire fell, giving rise to various Germanic kingdoms. The Islamic civilization expanded rapidly after the prophet Muhammad established the religion of Islam in the 7th century.
Feudalism developed in Western Europe from the 9th-15th centuries as a political, social, and economic system. Kings lost power and shared it with nobles and the church. Society was divided into estates - nobility and clergy at the top, and peasants at the bottom. Peasants (serfs) were bound to manors and had to pay taxes and labor services to lords in exchange for land. The feudal system established hierarchies and obligations between kings, lords, and serfs and was based on a rural, agricultural economy with low productivity.
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries, focusing on the Iberian Peninsula. It describes the political situation and divisions of power between kingdoms like Castile, Aragon, Navarre and Portugal. It discusses the Reconquista against the Moors, including major victories like the conquest of Toledo in 1085 and the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Socially, it outlines the systems of repopulation used to claim lands from the Moors and the establishment of representative bodies like the Cortes. Economically, it notes the demographic and economic crises of the 14th century from plague, war and conflict between social groups.
1. This document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It focuses on political, economic, and social developments.
2. Key developments included the resurgence of cities as the rural population grew and agricultural productivity increased, allowing cities to regain commercial importance. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds.
3. Political institutions at this time included the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and the growth of royal power as monarchs sought alliances with cities to limit the power of feudal nobles.
The document discusses the Germanic migrations and the decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th-6th centuries AD. As the Roman Empire faced economic and military crises, Germanic tribes attacked from the north. By 476 AD, the last Western Roman emperor was deposed and the empire was divided among Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Ostrogoths. These kingdoms struggled with organization at first but eventually adopted aspects of Roman culture like Christianity and the Latin language. Concurrently, Anglo-Saxon tribes invaded Britain, establishing kingdoms in the east while Celtic peoples remained in the west.
Charlemagne united much of Western Europe for the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire in the 800s. He conquered new lands and spread Christianity. In 800, Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the Pope, symbolizing the joining of Germanic power and the Roman Catholic Church. Charlemagne led a revival by limiting noble authority, encouraging education, and regularly visiting his kingdom. After his death, the Carolingian Empire was divided, which contributed to the rise of feudalism in Europe.
The document summarizes the decline of the Western Roman Empire between the 5th and 10th centuries AD. It describes how the Empire was suffering economic, political, and social crises in the 4th-5th centuries and was unable to stop attacks from the Huns and Germanic tribes. In 395 AD, the Emperor Theodosius divided the Empire into Western and Eastern halves. The Western Empire fell in 476 AD, leaving the Eastern Empire, known as the Byzantine Empire, which lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The document also discusses the Germanic tribes that overran the Western Empire and established kingdoms in its territories.
The document discusses the Barbarian invasions of Europe between 300-700 CE. It outlines several goals related to evaluating the invasions and their impact. It then provides details on various invading tribes, including the Goths, Huns, Lombards, Franks, Angles/Saxons, Vikings, and Magyars. It discusses the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE and the political developments that followed, including the Merovingian and Carolingian Empires led by figures like Clovis, Charles Martel, and Charlemagne.
The document summarizes the Catholic Church reforms and Crusades between the 900s and 1400s. It describes how monastic reforms strengthened the Church's power and new religious orders formed. Problems like corruption prompted reformers. The Crusades launched to retake Jerusalem from Muslims, with the first capturing it in 1099. Later Crusades had varying successes, and the spirit eventually dwindled as failures mounted. The document outlines several Crusades and their outcomes.
The document summarizes the history of several European kingdoms and the Byzantine Empire between 900-1453 CE. It discusses the establishment of kingdoms in England, France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Russia. It then focuses on the Byzantine Empire, describing its characteristics and capital of Constantinople under Justinian. The document also covers the Crusades launched by European Christians to retake the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
The Visigoths were a Germanic tribe that originally came from Scandinavia and worked as mercenaries for the Roman Empire. After sacking Rome in 410, they were given the province of Gaul by the Roman emperor. They established their capital in Toulouse and eventually conquered most of Hispania as well. In 507, the Franks defeated the Visigoths, forcing them to retreat to Hispania where they established their kingdom in Toledo. This Visigothic Kingdom was eventually destroyed by the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711.
The document provides information on the Middle Ages in Europe, including the rise of feudalism and the feudal system. It discusses how the invasions of groups like the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings influenced the development of Europe by leading to the establishment of manors and castles for protection and undermining trade and towns, reinforcing the feudal system. It also summarizes key aspects of feudal society like the relationship between lords and vassals.
The document provides an overview of three major civilizations during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It discusses the origins and characteristics of each, including their political structures, economies, and cultures. Specifically, it outlines the division of the Roman Empire that led to the establishment of the Byzantine Empire, the formation of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths in former western Roman territories, and the origins and spread of Islam starting in the 7th century.
The document summarizes the fragmentation of the ancient world following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE. It describes how Germanic tribes invaded and established kingdoms across Europe as the empire dissolved. One such kingdom was the Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania. Meanwhile, the Eastern Roman Empire, centered in Constantinople, managed to survive as the Byzantine Empire for another 1000 years by repelling invaders. It also covers the emergence of Islam in the 7th century and the expansion of Muslim rule across former Roman territories in North Africa and the Middle East.
1. The document discusses the development of medieval civilization in Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Germanic kingdoms were established and the Christian Church provided unity.
2. It describes how a feudal system developed in the absence of strong central rulers, with lords granting land to vassals who then owed military service.
3. Key figures like Charlemagne and the Franks expanded their power, with Charlemagne being crowned Holy Roman Emperor, but his empire broke apart after his death. This led to the rise of the feudal system across Europe.
1. The document discusses three civilizations that emerged during the Middle Ages after the fall of the Western Roman Empire: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations.
2. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, its reconquest of territory under Justinian I, and its characteristics including the Greek language and Orthodox Christian religion.
3. It also summarizes the Germanic Kingdoms that formed in the territories of the fallen Western Roman Empire, including the Franks and Visigoths, and the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne.
Feudalism developed in Western Europe between the 9th and 10th centuries as a political, social, and economic system. Power was decentralized as kings granted land to nobles in exchange for military service. Society was strictly stratified with kings, nobles, clergy, and peasants. Peasants or serfs were bound to work lands granted by lords and owed labor services and taxes. The feudal system predominated until the 15th century and was characterized by hierarchies of reciprocal obligations between lords and vassals.
The document summarizes three major civilizations that occupied the territories of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the establishment of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Visigoth Kingdom of Toledo controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula until the Muslim conquest in 711. The rise of Islam in the 7th century under Muhammad is also briefly outlined.
The document provides information about Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It discusses the resurgence of cities during this period, including increased populations and agricultural productivity which led to commercial growth in cities. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds organized craftsmen. Politically, the papacy and Holy Roman Empire held power while monarchies sought to limit feudal nobility and gain support from cities. The document then focuses on the Iberian Peninsula during this period, covering political situations, expansion through repopulation, and social/economic transformations from crisis and conflicts.
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It discusses the resurgence of cities during this period as rural populations migrated to urban areas, increasing their size and commercial importance. Urban society maintained the feudal structure but city dwellers had more freedom. New social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds emerged. Politically, the papacy and Holy Roman Empire vied for power and influence while monarchies sought to limit feudal nobility and gain power. The late 14th century brought a crisis from the Black Death pandemic, religious schisms, war, and resulting social upheaval. The Renaissance then spread new humanist ideas and thinking. Regarding the Iberian Peninsula, several Christian
The document summarizes the three major civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages in Europe: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the political organization, society, economy, and culture of each civilization. The Byzantine Empire emerged after the division of the Roman Empire, with its capital in Constantinople. The Western Roman Empire fell, giving rise to various Germanic kingdoms. The Islamic civilization expanded rapidly after the prophet Muhammad established the religion of Islam in the 7th century.
Feudalism developed in Western Europe from the 9th-15th centuries as a political, social, and economic system. Kings lost power and shared it with nobles and the church. Society was divided into estates - nobility and clergy at the top, and peasants at the bottom. Peasants (serfs) were bound to manors and had to pay taxes and labor services to lords in exchange for land. The feudal system established hierarchies and obligations between kings, lords, and serfs and was based on a rural, agricultural economy with low productivity.
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries, focusing on the Iberian Peninsula. It describes the political situation and divisions of power between kingdoms like Castile, Aragon, Navarre and Portugal. It discusses the Reconquista against the Moors, including major victories like the conquest of Toledo in 1085 and the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Socially, it outlines the systems of repopulation used to claim lands from the Moors and the establishment of representative bodies like the Cortes. Economically, it notes the demographic and economic crises of the 14th century from plague, war and conflict between social groups.
1. This document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It focuses on political, economic, and social developments.
2. Key developments included the resurgence of cities as the rural population grew and agricultural productivity increased, allowing cities to regain commercial importance. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds.
3. Political institutions at this time included the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and the growth of royal power as monarchs sought alliances with cities to limit the power of feudal nobles.
The document discusses the Germanic migrations and the decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th-6th centuries AD. As the Roman Empire faced economic and military crises, Germanic tribes attacked from the north. By 476 AD, the last Western Roman emperor was deposed and the empire was divided among Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Ostrogoths. These kingdoms struggled with organization at first but eventually adopted aspects of Roman culture like Christianity and the Latin language. Concurrently, Anglo-Saxon tribes invaded Britain, establishing kingdoms in the east while Celtic peoples remained in the west.
Charlemagne united much of Western Europe for the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire in the 800s. He conquered new lands and spread Christianity. In 800, Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the Pope, symbolizing the joining of Germanic power and the Roman Catholic Church. Charlemagne led a revival by limiting noble authority, encouraging education, and regularly visiting his kingdom. After his death, the Carolingian Empire was divided, which contributed to the rise of feudalism in Europe.
The document summarizes the decline of the Western Roman Empire between the 5th and 10th centuries AD. It describes how the Empire was suffering economic, political, and social crises in the 4th-5th centuries and was unable to stop attacks from the Huns and Germanic tribes. In 395 AD, the Emperor Theodosius divided the Empire into Western and Eastern halves. The Western Empire fell in 476 AD, leaving the Eastern Empire, known as the Byzantine Empire, which lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The document also discusses the Germanic tribes that overran the Western Empire and established kingdoms in its territories.
The document discusses the Barbarian invasions of Europe between 300-700 CE. It outlines several goals related to evaluating the invasions and their impact. It then provides details on various invading tribes, including the Goths, Huns, Lombards, Franks, Angles/Saxons, Vikings, and Magyars. It discusses the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE and the political developments that followed, including the Merovingian and Carolingian Empires led by figures like Clovis, Charles Martel, and Charlemagne.
The document summarizes the Catholic Church reforms and Crusades between the 900s and 1400s. It describes how monastic reforms strengthened the Church's power and new religious orders formed. Problems like corruption prompted reformers. The Crusades launched to retake Jerusalem from Muslims, with the first capturing it in 1099. Later Crusades had varying successes, and the spirit eventually dwindled as failures mounted. The document outlines several Crusades and their outcomes.
The document summarizes the history of several European kingdoms and the Byzantine Empire between 900-1453 CE. It discusses the establishment of kingdoms in England, France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Russia. It then focuses on the Byzantine Empire, describing its characteristics and capital of Constantinople under Justinian. The document also covers the Crusades launched by European Christians to retake the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
The Visigoths were a Germanic tribe that originally came from Scandinavia and worked as mercenaries for the Roman Empire. After sacking Rome in 410, they were given the province of Gaul by the Roman emperor. They established their capital in Toulouse and eventually conquered most of Hispania as well. In 507, the Franks defeated the Visigoths, forcing them to retreat to Hispania where they established their kingdom in Toledo. This Visigothic Kingdom was eventually destroyed by the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711.
The document provides information on the Middle Ages in Europe, including the rise of feudalism and the feudal system. It discusses how the invasions of groups like the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings influenced the development of Europe by leading to the establishment of manors and castles for protection and undermining trade and towns, reinforcing the feudal system. It also summarizes key aspects of feudal society like the relationship between lords and vassals.
The document provides an overview of three major civilizations during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It discusses the origins and characteristics of each, including their political structures, economies, and cultures. Specifically, it outlines the division of the Roman Empire that led to the establishment of the Byzantine Empire, the formation of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths in former western Roman territories, and the origins and spread of Islam starting in the 7th century.
The document summarizes the fragmentation of the ancient world following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE. It describes how Germanic tribes invaded and established kingdoms across Europe as the empire dissolved. One such kingdom was the Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania. Meanwhile, the Eastern Roman Empire, centered in Constantinople, managed to survive as the Byzantine Empire for another 1000 years by repelling invaders. It also covers the emergence of Islam in the 7th century and the expansion of Muslim rule across former Roman territories in North Africa and the Middle East.
1. The document discusses the development of medieval civilization in Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Germanic kingdoms were established and the Christian Church provided unity.
2. It describes how a feudal system developed in the absence of strong central rulers, with lords granting land to vassals who then owed military service.
3. Key figures like Charlemagne and the Franks expanded their power, with Charlemagne being crowned Holy Roman Emperor, but his empire broke apart after his death. This led to the rise of the feudal system across Europe.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe was divided. In the East, the Byzantine Empire emerged with Constantinople as its capital, maintaining Greco-Roman culture and Christianity. In the West, Europe entered the Middle Ages characterized by invasions, warfare, and the rise of feudalism. Without Roman unity, Germanic kingdoms developed and the Catholic Church expanded its influence. By 1000 CE, Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars invaded Europe further destabilizing the region.
- By 500 AD, the Western Roman Empire had fallen and Germanic tribes had begun migrating into the region, intermarrying with Romans and establishing new states ruled by Germanic kings. The Franks eventually established the kingdom of France.
- The Roman Catholic Church grew powerful during the Middle Ages, establishing authority over Western Christians and becoming the most influential institution through the 1100s. Monks helped spread Christianity in Europe.
- Feudalism emerged as a political and economic system characterized by obligations between lords and vassals in which peasants and serfs worked lands in exchange for military protection. Manors and castles defined social hierarchies across fragmented kingdoms.
The Frankish Kingdom was established in the 5th century by Merovech and expanded by his grandson Clovis. After Clovis' death, the kingdom was divided among his sons. Power later fell to the Mayors of the Palace, most notably Charles Martel, before Pippin the Short established the Carolingian dynasty in 751. Charlemagne conquered much of Western Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope in 800. His empire did not long survive his death and was divided among his grandsons in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun.
1) Charlemagne united many of the Germanic kingdoms that had succeeded the Western Roman Empire under his empire in the late 8th and early 9th centuries.
2) Charlemagne helped spread Christianity and Christian civilization throughout Northern Europe, which had a permanent cultural impact.
3) Charlemagne's large empire did not last after his death, as his successors divided it and lost central authority, leading to the decline of the Carolingian Empire.
The Byzantine Empire was the eastern half of the Roman Empire that continued even after the western half fell to invaders. In the 4th century AD, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western halves to make it easier to govern. The eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire and had its capital at Constantinople. It preserved Greek and Roman culture for centuries until Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
The Byzantine Empire was the eastern half of the Roman Empire that continued even after the western half fell to invaders. In the 4th century AD, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western halves to make it easier to govern. The eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire, with its capital at Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire preserved Greek and Roman culture for centuries and influenced the development of Orthodox Christianity and Slavic states like Kievan Rus and eventually Russia. It lasted until 1453 when the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, marking the fall of the Byzantine Empire.
264 CHAPTER 9 Medieval Empires and Borderlands The Latin West.docxeugeniadean34240
264 CHAPTER 9 Medieval Empires and Borderlands: The Latin West
was followed by a period of anarchy as Europe faced
further incursions of hostile invaders. During the
eleventh century, however, the Latin West recov-
ered in dramatic fashion. By the end of the century
the Latin kingdoms were strong enough to engage
in a massive counterassault against Islam, in part in
defense of fellow Christians in Byzantium. These
campaigns against Islam, known as the Crusades,
produced a series of wars in the Middle East and
North Africa that continued throughout the Middle
Ages. But the ideals of the crusaders lasted well into
modern times, long after the active fighting ceased.
The transformations in this period raised this ques-
tion: How did Latin Christianity help strengthen
the new kingdoms of the Latin West so that they
were eventually able to deal effectively with both
barbarian invaders and Muslim rivals?
THE BIRTH OF LATIN
CHRISTENDOM
• H o w d i d L a t i n C h r i s t e n d o m — t h e new
k i n g d o m s of western E u r o p e — b u i l d o n
Rome's legal and governmental legacies
and h o w d i d C h r i s t i a n i t y spread i n these
new kingdoms ?
By the time the Roman Empire collapsed in the
West during the f i f t h century, numerous Germanic
tribes had settled in the lands of the former
empire. These tribes became the nucleus for the
new Latin Christian kingdoms that emerged by
750 (see M a p 9.1).
Germanic Kingdoms on Roman
Foundations
The new Germanic kingdoms of L a t i n Christen-
dom created a new kind of society. They bor-
rowed f r o m Roman law while establishing
government institutions, but they also relied on
their o w n traditional methods of rule. Three ele-
ments helped unify these kingdoms. First, i n the
Germanic kingdoms personal loyalty rather than
legal rights unified society. Kinship obligations to
a particular clan of blood relatives rather than
citizenship, as in the Roman Empire, defined a
person's place in society and his or her relation-
ship to rulers. Second, Christianity became the
dominant religion i n the kingdoms. The common
faith hnked rulers w i t h their subjects. A n d
t h i r d , L a t i n served as the language of worship,
learning, and diplomacy in these kingdoms.
German kingdoms based on Roman foundations
appeared in Anglo-Saxon England, Prankish
Gaul, Visigothic Spain, and Lombard Italy.
A N G I O - S A X O M ENGLAisSD Roman civilization
collapsed more completely i n Britain during the
f i f t h century than it did on the European conti-
nent, largely because of Britain's long distance
f r o m Rome and the small number of Romans
who had settled there. A b o u t 400, the Roman
economic and administrative infrastructure of
Britain fell apart, and the last Roman legions left
the island to fight on the continent. Raiders f r o m
the coast of the N o r t h Sea called Angles and
Saxons (historians referred to them as Anglo-
Saxons) took advantag.
The document provides an overview of key events and developments during the Early Middle Ages in Europe:
1. It describes the Germanic migrations into the Western Roman Empire beginning in the 3rd century CE due to Roman weakness, and the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern halves in 395 CE.
2. It discusses the Visigoths, a Germanic tribe that entered the Roman Empire to escape the Huns, later receiving land in Gaul before being expelled by the Franks and establishing a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula.
3. It outlines the Byzantine Empire, the continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire with its capital of Constantinople, and its gradual territorial losses over subsequent centuries under
The Byzantine and the Carolingian empiresalmusociales
The document summarizes the division and decline of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire and other kingdoms that replaced it. It discusses how the Western Roman Empire was divided into several kingdoms after being invaded by barbarians in the 5th century AD. Meanwhile, the Eastern Roman Empire, also called the Byzantine Empire, continued on and had its capital at Constantinople until it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It then summarizes the rise of the Frankish kingdom under Clovis and the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne.
This document summarizes the key events and developments of the Middle Ages in Europe from approximately 500-1500 CE. It describes how the fall of the Western Roman Empire led to fragmented political systems, economic disruption, and a decline in cities, learning, and infrastructure. Feudalism emerged as localized lords provided protection in exchange for loyalty from knights and labor from peasants. The Catholic Church remained as a centralized institution and became an influential political and social force. The Frankish kings and Charlemagne helped rebuild authority but their weak successors contributed to the growth of feudal systems across Europe during this period.
The document summarizes key political, social, and economic developments in Europe during the Middle Ages, from 800-1450 CE. It describes how Charlemagne's empire fragmented after his death, leading to the rise of feudalism and manorialism across Europe. It also discusses the invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims during this period. The document outlines the growth of centralized monarchies in places like England and France, as well as increased papal power and reforms within the Catholic Church. Other topics covered include the Crusades, expansion of trade and rise of cities, developments in education and architecture, and crises like the Black Death in the 14th century.
The document provides an overview of life in medieval Europe from 500 to 1500 AD. It describes the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of feudalism and the manorial system. Key events included the growth and influence of the Catholic Church, the founding of the Holy Roman Empire by Charlemagne, the development of languages and kingdoms in Europe, and the Crusades between Christians and Muslims for control of the Holy Land. The period ended with the devastation of the Black Death pandemic in the late Middle Ages.
The document provides an overview of developments in Europe and surrounding regions from 300-1200 CE. It discusses the emergence of the Byzantine Empire and its strengths including religious and political unity. It then describes threats the empire faced from foreign invaders and its eventual loss of power and territories. The document also summarizes the rise of feudalism and manorialism in early medieval Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
The document summarizes the Early Middle Ages in Europe from the 5th to 10th centuries. It describes the decline of the Western Roman Empire due to economic, political and military crises. In 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into Western and Eastern halves. Germanic tribes like the Huns and Visigoths invaded the Western Empire, leading to its collapse in 476 AD. Meanwhile, the Eastern Empire, centered in Constantinople, survived as the Byzantine Empire until 1453. The document also discusses the establishment of Germanic kingdoms in former Roman territories in places like Gaul, Iberia and Italy.
The document provides an overview of life in Medieval Europe from 500-1500 AD, known as the Middle Ages or Medieval period. It summarizes that the period began with the collapse of the Roman Empire and was characterized by the rise of feudalism and manorialism, the growing power of the Catholic Church, and the conflicts between Christians and Muslims, such as the Crusades. Key developments included the establishment of monarchies and nation-states, the spread of Christianity, and the founding of universities that helped revive learning.
The document discusses the Barbarian invasions of Europe during the fall of the Roman Empire and the early Middle Ages. Major invasions came from Germanic tribes from northern Europe like the Goths, Huns, Lombards, and Franks, as well as the Huns and Magyars from Asia. These invaders settled across Europe and established new political entities, with varying levels of adoption of Roman culture. Significant leaders that arose included Clovis who established the Frankish kingdom and Charlemagne who founded the Carolingian Empire. Vikings also raided much of Europe in this period. Feudalism developed as a political and economic system in response to these invasions and the need for protection.
The document summarizes the political and social changes in Europe during the Dark Ages and early Middle Ages. When the Western Roman Empire fell in the 5th century, Germanic tribes like the Visigoths and Ostrogoths invaded and took control of the former Roman territories, disrupting trade, government, and education. Latin culture and language declined as new Germanic dialects emerged. Figures like Charles Martel helped establish new kingdoms like the Franks and defended against invaders like the Muslims. Charlemagne later united much of Western Europe under the Holy Roman Empire in 800 AD, though this unity was disrupted by later Viking invasions, leading people to turn to feudal systems for protection.
Similar to Unit 1. Middle Ages: three civilisations (20)
Este documento explica los conceptos de conjugación verbal, verbos regulares e irregulares. Define la conjugación como la acción de conjugar un verbo en sus diferentes formas según modo, tiempo, persona y número. Explica que existen tres modelos de conjugación y da ejemplos de verbos regulares e irregulares. Finalmente, insta a los estudiantes a estudiar los verbos modelo para un próximo control.
El documento contiene los horarios semanales de la asignatura de Geografía e Historia para el curso 1o ESO durante tres semanas consecutivas. La profesora Anabel presenta diferentes temas cada día a las clases 1oA y 1oB, como la introducción al tema 7, el proceso de hominización, el Paleolítico, el Neolítico y la Edad de los Metales. Los estudiantes ven las presentaciones, subrayan lo más importante y realizan actividades para enviar a la profesora.
El documento resume la era Paleolítica, que abarcó desde hace 2.5 millones de años hasta hace 10,000 años. Durante este período, los humanos vivían una vida nómada de caza y recolección, usando principalmente herramientas de piedra. Hace unos 100,000 años, comenzaron a producir las primeras manifestaciones artísticas como pinturas rupestres en cuevas. La sociedad paleolítica estaba formada por grupos pequeños unidos por lazos familiares.
La Prehistoria es el período desde la aparición de los primeros humanos hace 2.5 millones de años hasta la aparición de la escritura hace unos 5,500 años. Durante este tiempo, los homínidos evolucionaron desde seres similares a los simios con cerebros pequeños como los Australopithecus hasta convertirse en Homo sapiens a través de un proceso llamado hominización que incluyó caminar erguidos, manos con pulgares separados y aumento del tamaño cerebral. La arqueología estudia los restos materiales dejados
A biome is defined as an area with a specific climate and characteristic plants and animals. There are different types of biomes categorized by climate, including polar, alpine, equatorial, tropical, desert, and temperate biomes. Students will create an ebook using BookCreator about biomes on Earth and in Spain, including information on specific biomes and some risks they face. They will have class time over several sessions to work on their ebooks with photos and videos to represent each biome without writing too much text.
Este documento define y describe varios géneros literarios narrativos como el cuento tradicional, la fábula y la leyenda. Explica que el cuento tradicional suele transmitirse oralmente de generación en generación y distingue entre cuentos maravillosos, de animales y de fórmulas. También define la fábula como una historia con animales que actúan como personas y termina con una moraleja, mientras que la leyenda narra hechos imaginarios en un contexto histórico real con personajes reconocidos.
El documento presenta dos actividades sobre la dignidad humana. La primera instruye analizar la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos, incluyendo una breve descripción, identificar el artículo que refleja la dignidad y seleccionar un artículo notable con ejemplos de vulneraciones. La segunda actividad pide leer el Artículo 10 de la Constitución española sobre la dignidad, responder preguntas sobre su definición y encontrar ejemplos de vulneraciones en el informe anual de Amnistía Internacional.
El documento resume diferentes géneros literarios narrativos como el cuento tradicional, la fábula y la leyenda. Explica que el cuento tradicional suele transmitirse oralmente de generación en generación y distingue entre cuentos maravillosos, de animales y de fórmulas. Además, describe la estructura típica de un cuento con introducción, nudo y desenlace y proporciona ejemplos como La Bella Durmiente. Por otro lado, define la fábula como una historia con animales y plantas que actúan como
This document discusses economic activities and sectors of the economy. It defines economic activity as the process of satisfying human material needs through production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The three main sectors of the economy are described as the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. The primary sector involves obtaining natural resources and includes agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fishing. Different types of agriculture and livestock farming techniques are outlined. The secondary sector involves industry and manufacturing raw materials into finished goods. The tertiary sector produces intangible goods and services.
The document discusses economic concepts and sectors. It defines economic activity as the process through which human needs are satisfied through production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The economy is divided into three sectors - the primary sector involves obtaining natural resources, the secondary sector converts raw materials into finished goods through manufacturing and industry, and the tertiary sector provides intangible services. Key economic systems are also outlined, including traditional, capitalist, centrally planned, and mixed economies.
This document provides an overview of the Earth's atmosphere and climate. It discusses the different layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It describes properties of air like composition, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and humidity. It explains concepts of weather and climate, factors that influence weather like pressure, temperature, wind, and precipitation. It also outlines the Earth's climate zones of cold, hot, and temperate, and identifies nine climate types based on temperature and precipitation patterns. Climographs are introduced as a way to graphically represent annual temperature and precipitation data to identify a location's climate.
Students are assigned a project to learn about their city of Ciudad Real. The project has two parts: first, creating a poster with a short history of the city, photos of important buildings and streets, and a map marking the locations. Second, students will interview 3 citizens, asking their opinions on living in the city and possible disadvantages and solutions. Students will turn in their posters between specific dates in January and conduct interviews on January 30th. The completed project is due on February 6th.
Este documento describe diferentes recursos literarios como la comparación, metáfora, personificación, lenguaje figurado, hipérbole y juego de palabras. Proporciona ejemplos de cada recurso y ejercicios para practicar su identificación y uso.
The document summarizes the major river systems of Europe. It divides the rivers into four watersheds: 1) Arctic Ocean, which includes the Pechora and Northern Dvina rivers; 2) Atlantic Ocean, such as the Elbe, Rhine, and Seine rivers; 3) Mediterranean, including the short and irregular Rhône and Po rivers; 4) Black Sea and Caspian Sea, home to Europe's longest rivers like the Volga, Ural, Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, and Don rivers that run through Central Europe's plains.
The document summarizes the major rivers in Spain. It divides the rivers into three watersheds: the Cantabrian watershed in the north which consists of short rivers with large flows that empty into the Cantabrian Ocean, the Atlantic watershed along the western coast whose rivers mostly empty into the Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean watershed in the east whose rivers are also short except the Ebro and empty into the Mediterranean Sea. It also lists some of the major rivers within each watershed and provides some additional details on notable lakes within Spain.
The document summarizes the hydrosphere, or Earth's water system. It describes the three states water can be in - solid, liquid, and gas. Most water is found as liquid in oceans and seas, which covers about three quarters of the planet's surface. Water also exists as solid ice in glaciers and polar ice caps, and as a gas in the form of water vapor in the atmosphere. The water cycle describes how water is continuously circulated and recycled between these states through evaporation, transportation by wind and air currents, precipitation, and collection in rivers, lakes, oceans, and underground. Fresh water makes up a small percentage and is found in rivers, lakes, wetlands, and underground aquifers and glac
This document discusses the concepts of cities and urban settlements. It defines rural and urban settlements based on factors like population size, building structure, and economic activities. Cities are characterized by large populations, tall buildings close together, and economies focused on secondary and tertiary industries. The document also examines the functions, morphology, and structure of cities. It explores concepts like grid plans, central areas, and outskirts. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of what defines and characterizes urban areas compared to rural settlements.
This document lists various physical features to locate on a map of Asia, including major mountain ranges like the Himalayas, peninsulas such as the Arabian Peninsula, deserts such as the Gobi Desert, plains like the North China Plain, plateaus including the Tibetan Plateau, island groups such as the Indonesian Archipelago, seas and oceans bordering Asia, and various gulfs, bays, and capes. It provides an overview of the diverse topographical elements found across the continent of Asia.
The document lists various physical features to locate on a map of Oceania, including mountain ranges, peninsulas, deserts, islands and archipelagos, capes and gulfs, rivers, lakes, and seas and oceans. Some of the key features mentioned are the Great Dividing Range, Bismarck Archipelago, Great Sandy Desert, Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania, Gulf of Carpentaria, Murray River, Lake Eyre, Coral Sea, and Pacific Ocean.
The document lists various physical features to locate on a map of Africa, including mountain ranges like the Atlas Mountains and Kilimanjaro, deserts such as the Sahara and Kalahari, the Somali Peninsula, the Rift Valley, island groups including Madagascar and the Seychelles, capes and gulfs like Cape Verde and the Gulf of Guinea, straits such as the Strait of Gibraltar, and surrounding seas and oceans.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
1. UNIT 1. THE MIDDLE AGES:
THE THREE CIVILISATIONS
BYZANTINE CIVILISATION
GERMANIC KINGDOMS
ISLAMIC CIVILISATION
2. MIDDLE AGES: DEFINITION
• The Middle Ages is the historical period that
lasted from the fall of the Roman Empire (476)
to the 15th century (1492 or1453).
– The event that marked the end of this age was the
discovery of America in 1492.
– Other historians claim that the end of this period
came in 1453, when the Byzantine Empire
disappeared.
3. An important event:
THE DIVISION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
• The eastern half was inherited by
Arcadius, who established the
capital in Constantinople (present-
day Istanbul).
– This city had been built over the
Greek city of Byzantium. Therefore,
the Eastern Roman Empire was
known by the name of the Byzantine
Empire.
• The western half of the Empire
was inherited by Honorius, who
kept the capital in Rome.
– The Western Roman Empire
continued to suffer pressure
from Germanic tribes.
– In 476, the tribes conquered the
West Roman Empire and established
their own kingdoms in the territory.
Emperor Theodosius’ empire was divided among his children after his death in ad 395.
4. THREE CIVILISATIONS:
The period of three important civilisations
1. Byzantine civilization
2. Western Christian civilization
3. Islamic Civilization
After the end of the Roman Empire, three civilisations occupied
the area of the former Empire during the Middle Ages.
5. 1. BYZANTINE EMPIRE (476-1453)
• The period of greatest splendour of the Byzantine Empire took
place during the reign of Emperor Justinian I (527-565).
Justinian wanted to
reconquer the territory of
the Roman Empire.
He managed to occupy the
entire Italian Peninsula
and some isolated areas in
the south of the Iberian
Peninsula and North of
Africa.
6. • After the death of Justinian, the Empire underwent a period
of crisis, as it began to lose territories, until the Ottoman Turks
(Mehmed II) occupied the capital in 1453. This marked the
end of the Byzantine Empire.
7. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
• Political organisation.
– The empire was led by an emperor, also called basileus, who exercised
absolute power and was attributed with a divine origin.
– There was a highly organised administration and legislation system
based on Roman law. An example, the set of laws of Justinian I: Corpus
Iuris Civilis (Compilation of laws to give uniformity to the right).
• The economy. The main economic activities: agriculture, craft
activity in cities and trade. Constantinople became an important
intermediary in routes carrying products from the East and West.
For instance, silk route.
• Culture. Hellenistic culture had a very important role. This meant
that the Latin was replaced by Greek as the official language of the
Empire. The most important tradition was Christianity, so Byzantine
art was mainly religious. The main buildings were churches
decorated with paintings and mosaics with religious themes.
8. IMPORTANT:
Oriental Schism (1054)
• The Christian Church gained great
influence in the Byzantine Empire.
• Its main representative, the
patriarch of Constantinople, was
chosen by the emperor, causing
tensions with the head of the
Western Church, who was the
Pope of Rome.
• This fact led the Byzantine Church
to split from Rome.
• This separation, known as the
Oriental Schism, took place in
1054 and marked the start of the
Orthodox Christian Church.
PRESENT-DAY IMAGE:
Patriarch of Russia
9. ACTIVITY
• Look for information about the Orthodox
Christian Church and the differences with the
Catholic Christian Church.
10. 2. GERMANIC KINGDOMS
The fall of the Western Roman Empire.
http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancient-rome/videos/the-fall-of-rome
• Despite the Germanic invasions, the Western Roman Empire managed
to stay in place, although in a very weakened form, until the German
chieftain (jefe tribu) Odoacer deposed the last emperor of Rome,
Romulus Augustus, in 476.
• The western half of the empire disappeared and a series
of kingdoms was formed in its place. Some of the most important
Germanic kingdoms were:
The Burgundians.
The Ostrogoths.
The Franks
The Visigoths
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5pWLP_Eebk
11. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GERMANIC KINGDOMS
• They were monarchies. At first, kings were elected but over time
the position became hereditary. Kings were weak and had little
power as they were in the hands of an increasingly
powerful warrior aristocracy.
• A majority Romanised population was dominated by a minority
Germanic population. Germanic laws were gradually introduced, so
Roman law ceased to be used.
• Some features of Roman culture were imposed.
– This was the case with the language, Latin, which remained.
– Likewise, Christianity, which had spread throughout the Roman
Empire, also spread among the Germanic tribes.
• Economically, the tendency towards ruralisation increased. The
basis of the economy was very rudimentary agriculture practised by
peasants and slaves on large estates that belonged to an aristocratic
minority. Meanwhile, cities and trade almost completely
disappeared.
12. THE FRANKISH KINGDOM AND
THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE
• One of the most important Germanic kingdoms was the Frankish Kingdom
and one of the most important dynasties, Carolingian dynasty, took the
French throne in 751.
• The most important figure of the Carolingian dynasty was Charlemagne
(742-814), who was crowned king in 771. He carried out intense military
activity and conquered many territories.
Charlemagne was considered an heir to
imperial Rome and defended
Christianity. He promised to convert
pagan peoples like the Saxons to
Christianity and defend the Pope, who
needed to establish a strong power base
against Islam and the Byzantine Empire.
As a result of these relationships,
Charlemagne was crowned emperor by
the Pope in 800.
13. Administration:
• The capital: in Aachen (Aquisgrán). From there, officials like the
chamberlain led the administration in the name of the emperor.
• Extensive laws (capitularies) were passed throughout the Empire.
• The territory of the Empire was organised into (p.17 book):
– Counties (condados), led by counts named by the king
– Marches (marcas), in the border areas, led by a military commander,
the marquis.
• Missi dominici (palace inspectors): ensured that the counts and
marquises complied with the capitularies and did not govern
independently.
Culture:
• Study plans were developed in the monastery school, where
students learnt:
– Trivium: Grammar, Rhetoric and logic.
– Quadrivium: arithmetic, astronomy, geometry and music.
14. The division of the Carolingian Empire.
• Despite building up a vast territory, the Carolingian Empire
was short lived. Charlemagne’s grandsons therefore divided
up the Empire in the Treaty of Verdun in 843.
15. GERMANIC TRIBES ON THE IBERIAN PENISULA (476-711)
• The Germanic tribes reached the Iberian Peninsula in 409.
• These peoples were the Suebi, Vandals and Alans.
• Therefore, in 418 the Romans signed a treaty with another Germanic tribe
that was already inside the Empire as an ally of Rome: the Visigoths. This
pact stipulated that the Visigoths should aim to reduce the influence of
the other Germanic tribes in the area in exchange for being allowed to
settle in certain Hispanic territories.
The Visigoths expelled the
Vandals and Alans from
Hispania. The Suebi, however,
resisted and formed a
kingdom in the northwestern
part of the peninsula, until
Leovigildo occupied this
kingdom in 585
16. • After the fall of Rome in 476, the Visigoths formed
the kingdom that covered Gaul and Hispania.
• Its capital was Tolosa, known today as Toulouse in France.
• However, they were defeated (derrotados) by the Franks in 507,
abandoning almost all of Gaul and forming a kingdom in
Spain.
17. THE VISIGOTH KINGDOM OF TOLEDO
1. This Kingdom controlled
almost all the Iberian
Peninsula until 711:
the time at which it
crumbled (derrumbarse)
before the Muslim
conquest.
2. The capital is located in
Toledo with King
Leovigildo (572–586).
3. The political system
established by the
Visigoths was an elective
monarchy.
The Visigoths had their own system
of laws. However, in the 7th century,
King Recesvinto issued the Visigoth
Code or Liber Iudiciorum, making it the
only law.
18. The main Royal institutions of the Visigoths:
– The Assembly of Free Men: elect kings.
– The Aula Regia was a council of nobles and bishops
that helped the king in the tasks of government.
– Territorial administration based on:
• dukes and counts.
Religion and council:
• When they reached the peninsula, the Visigoths were Arian
Christians (Arianism was a religious movement condemned by the
Catholic Church). In 589, King Recaredo converted
to Catholicism and with it came the conversion of all his
people. From that moment, the Church increased its power by
intervening in political affairs through the councils.
19. Society
The dominant group was the warrior nobility. They owned latifundios,
which was the name given to large farms dedicated to agriculture and
livestock rearing.
Peasants, serfs and slaves were the largest group. They usually worked
the land of the nobles.
Economy
The Visigothic economy changed from Roman times. Cities declined,
which benefited the countryside, resulting in fewer commercial and craft
activities. Agricultural activity focused on growing cereals, although
rearing livestock later became more important, especially sheep.
Culture
Visigothic jewellery, such as votive crowns
(coronas votivas) and architecture, such as
some small churches: San Juan de Baños
(Palencia), Quintanilla de las Viñas (Burgos)
and San Pedro de la Nave (Zamora).
20. 3. ISLAMIC CIVILISATION
• Islamic civilisation = the religion that gives it its
name: Islam. This religion has its origin in the Arabian
Peninsula in the 7th century.
• Muhammad was born in Mecca in around 570.
• After a period of meditation, he claimed to have received
the call of Allah. From that moment, he began preaching
about a new monotheistic religion (Islam) which means
‘submission to Allah’. His followers were called Muslims,
which means ‘those who submit (to Allah).
• The 5 pillars of Islam:
– Proclaiming faith in Allah: there is no god but Allah and
Muhammad is his prophet.
– Praying five times a day facing Mecca.
– Giving charity to the poor.
– Fasting during the day in the month of Ramadan.
– Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life.
21. THE EXPANSION OF ISLAM
• Muhammad’s preaching was not well accepted in his city, Mecca, mainly
because he opposed polytheism. Therefore, Muhammad was expelled
from Mecca in 622. This date is known as the Hegira and is the date that
starts the Muslim calendar.
• After this, the prophet and his followers took refuge in the city of Medina.
The process of the expansion of Islam began. Eight years after the Hegira,
Muhammad returned triumphantly to Mecca. After this time, Muslims
rapidly gained territory.
22. • Over the period of a century, the Muslims gained
control over a vast territory.
• The key to the religion’s rapid expansion lay in
the warlike zeal (entusiasmo guerrero) of its
followers, who were convinced that paradise
awaited them if they died in combat, or a
large booty (recompensa) if they managed to
survive.
• However, the most effective factor was the
intelligent policy of assimilating non-Arabs who
had been conquered. They gradually submitted to
Islam and contributed to its expansion.
23. POLITICAL ORGANISATION
• After Muhammad’s death (632), the great empire that
was formed was known as a caliphate, because it was
led by a caliph.
• Caliph was the highest political and religious authority,
and was considered the Prophet’s successor.
• The caliph governed, aided by the following officials:
– The vizier (or minister) was in charge of the central
administration: Visir
– Valis were the governors of the provinces of the empire:
Valíes
– The diwan (or royal treasurer) was responsible for
collecting taxes.
– Cadi administered justice according to the rules of the
Koran.
25. SOCIETY
Different religious groups
1. Groups of Muslims could be distinguished:
• An aristocratic minority occupied the highest positions (usually
made up of family members of caliphs or emirs).
• An intermediate group consisted of traders and smallholders
(pequeño agricultor)
• Most of the population was made up of craftsmen and
farmers (They had to pay high taxes).
• There were also slaves, although their situation was less harsh than in
Rome and the Germanic kingdoms.
2. Jews and Christians had their own laws.
• They could follow their religion, but paid special taxes in
return
26. ECONOMY
• The development of agriculture depended on the creation
of irrigation systems, such as ditches and water wheels to
supply water.
• Trade was also important, due to the location of the Islamic
civilization between Africa, Europe and the Far East. For
commercial transactions, merchants used hard currency, such
as the gold dinar and silver dirham.
27. ISLAMIC CITY
• Cities: were walled with and irregular structure and narrow
streets.
• The city-centre: market or souk (zoco), a square where people
traded goods. The muhtasib (almotacén) was in charge of
inspecting and regulating the souk
• There was a fortified palace, the alcazar, in which the ruler
resided.
• Cities also contained mosques (mezquitas), which were the
buildings used for Islamic worship.
• As cities grew, suburbs (arrabales) appeared: these were
group of houses located outside the city walls, usually
designed for the lower classes.
http://digital.bilingualbyme.com/#/visor/secondary/2339
28. CULTURE
• Islam was involved in significant cultural activity during
the Middle Ages. This was based
on Islamisation (spreading the religion)
and Arabisation (spreading use of the Arabic
language).
• The synthesis of influences of Greece, Rome, India
and China contributed to the cultural splendour of
Islam, which is characterised by:
– The development of sciences: mathematics, astronomy,
medicine and geography.
– Philosophical knowledge, with thinkers like Averroes and
Avicenna.
– Literature: love poetry and collections of stories, including
One Thousand and One Nights.
29. AL-ANDALUS
In 711 a Muslim
army entered the Iberian
Peninsula.
In the same year, led by
Tariq and Musa, it
conquered King Rodrigo and
began a rapid conquest of
the Spanish territory.
30. PROCESS MUSLIM INVASION
• Tariq landed in Gibraltar in 711 at the head of an army of
thousands of soldiers who were Berbers from North Africa.
• The Muslims easily defeated the Visigoths in the Battle of
Guadalete (711). Tariq then decided to call Musa, the
governor of North Africa, to complete the conquest of the
Visigothic Kingdom.
• Muslim expansion took place rapidly. In just four years they
dominated most of the Iberian Peninsula, except for the
mountainous areas of the north.
• The conquered territory was called al-Andalus.
• The Muslims tried to continue their conquest of Europe,
but were defeated by the Franks in Poitiers (732). After this
defeat, they withdrew (retiraron) to the Iberian Peninsula.
32. ECONOMY
• The Muslims owned the richest agricultural areas.
• They developed irrigation systems and crops, such as cereals, vines
and olive trees, or cotton, flax (lino) and fruit trees (for example,
oranges, lemons, almonds, apples, pears).
• Livestock activities included raising sheep for food and breeding
horses.
• Craft activities developed in jewellery, weapons, glass, ceramic and
textile workshops. These included:
the production of silk fabrics;
Tanning (bronceado) and decorating skins
and leather work;
Woodwork (carpintería), especially coffered
ceilings (techos artesonados) and lattices
(celosías) to be placed at windows;
ceramics, which were used both for
decorative tiles (azulejo) and for everyday
objects.
33. SOCIETY
The most powerful groups were those who professed
Islam: Muslims.
– Muslims descendant of Arab and Syrian conquerors were
at the top of social pyramid.
– Berbers.
– Muladis: Those who convert to Islam.
Jews and Christians (mozarabs). They could practice
their own religion in exchange for paid taxes.
Slaves.
34. ACTIVITIES TO REVIEW UNIT 1
PAGE EXERCISE
15 14
17 16
18 19, 20
19 24
24 4-a
31 6
33 8-firts question
37 14
You have to copy all the statements with red pen and the
answer with blue pen
If you have time, click on the following link to do an interactive activity
about the three civilisations:
https://www.students.linguaframe.com/02a-three-empires