Drug literature and publications: Pharmacopoeia, Codex, Formulary, Dispensatory and Index etc. Official, Non-official, Un-official drugs.

1. Pharmacognosy-I (Phrm 1103)

2. Drug:
Drug may be defined as any natural or synthetic
substance which when acts on the living body
alter the physiological process having therapeutic
and medicinal properties and used in the diagnosis,
cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease in
man and other animals.
➢ Drug is called “Active pharmaceutical
ingredients” = API
Medicine:
Medicine is a preparation used in treatment of
disease.
Medicine = API + Excipients
A medicine is the formulated form of the drug
having definite dose and dosages form that is
used in treatment, diagnosis, or prevention of
disease.
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3. 3
According to the Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act The term “drug”
means
(1): articles recognized in an
official pharmacopoeia or formulary
(2): articles intended for use in the
diagnosis, cure, mitigation,
treatment, or prevention of disease
in man or other animals
(3): articles (other than food)
intended to affect the structure or
any function of the body of man or
other animals
(4): articles intended for use as a
component of a medicine but not a
device or a component, part, or
accessory of a device
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4. 4
DRUG MEDICINE
The word “Drug” is derived from Greek “Pharmacon”
meaning “Drug”.
The word “Medicine” is derived from Latin “Medicus”
meaning "healing, or physician".
A Drug is any chemical substance which when acts on the
living body alter the physiological process and is used for
prevention, diagnosis, control, and treatment of disease.
A Medicine is the formulated form of drug having definite
dose and dosages form which is used for prevention,
diagnosis, control, and treatment of disease.
A Drug is only active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). A Medicine is the formulation of API with excipients or
without excipients.
Drug has no appropriate dosage form and dose. Medicine has an appropriate dosage form and dose.
Generally, a drug is not used directly for treatment
because it needs to be designed suitable dosage form and
dose.
A Medicine is used for treatment directly.
Source of drugs are plants, animals, microorganisms,
minerals, synthetic source, semisynthetic source,
recombinant DNA technology.
Source of Medicine is drug and excipient.
All medicines are drugs. All drugs are not medicines.
As for example Paracetamol, also known as
Acetaminophen (Analgesic and Antipyretic); Morphine
(Analgesic); Ampicillin (Antibiotic).
As for example Paracetamol tablet, Paracetamol syrup,
Paracetamol elixir.
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5. Natural Substances:
The term natural substances refers to those substances found in nature which
comprise of whole plants or animals, their anatomic parts or organs, saps or
secretions, extracts, and other constituents and substances that have not had
changes made in their molecular structure as found in nature.
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6. Pharmacopoeia:
Pharmacopoeia is a reference book which contains
 list of drugs and preparation,
 their description, formulation, analytic composition, and main chemical properties
 (which in tern is )used in identification, standards for strength, purity and dosage,
chemical tests for determining identity and purity etc.
Most of the developed countries have their own pharmacopoeia For Example:
BP – British Pharmacopoeia
USP- United States Pharmacopoeia
JP- Japanese Pharmacopoeia
Drug Literatures and Publications
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7. Codex:
Codex is a Latin word used to mean "book of laws" although it's
literally “tree trunk.”
A codex is an ancient type of book which was written by hand, not
printed.
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8. Formulary:
Formulary is a publication, which contains a list of patent medicines with
their ingredients and brief notes on their pharmacological properties
and therapeutic uses, published by the relevant authority of a
country as a guide for practitioners of medicine and pharmacy.
For example:
BDNF - Bangladesh National Formulary
BNF - British National Formulary
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9. Official Drug:
Any substance or drug (crude or prepared), which is included in
the current issue of the pharmacopoeia of a country and is
officially used for the therapeutic purposes is called an “Official
drug”. For example: Quinine, Digitoxin.
Unofficial Drug:
A drug, that was recognized earlier in the pharmacopoeia, but
not included in the current issue of pharmacopoeia or any
official drug literature, due to severe toxic effects on humans is
designated as an “unofficial drug’’.
For example: Sucralfate (hyperacidity), Thalidomide
Non-official Drug:
A non-official drug is a substance, which possesses some medicinal
properties and is unofficially used for therapeutic purposes, but has never
been included as a therapeutic item in the pharmacopoeia or any
official drug literature of any country.For example: Curcumine (sinusitis).
Bohera, Kalmegh.
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10. Treatise:
Treatise is a book written on a single tropic and also the background
and historical data of that tropic are included in it.
Monograph:
Monograph is a treatise written on single tropic including the recent
information. In monograph background and historical data are not
included.
INN drugs (International Non proprietary Drugs) :
The INN drugs are the most recent drugs which have not been included
in the pharmacopoeia but are being used. e.g. Nimesulide.
Dispensatory:
A book or medicinal formulary containing a systematic description of the
drugs and preparations used in medicine.
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