2. The Beginning
Superpowers – US & Soviet Union
Differences led to Cold War
Weapons used
– Threat of force
– Propaganda
– Military and economic aid for weaker
nations
3. Types of Governments
Democracy Communism
Government by the Totalitarian system of
people; citizens hold government in which a
single party controls
the power
state-owned means of
production; a society
without class distinctions
or private property
4. Economics
A study of choices of people trying to
satisfy their wants in a world of
scarcity.
Economic System
The way in which a society decides what
goods to produce, how to produce
them, and for whom goods will be
produced.
5. 2 Types of Economic Systems
Free Enterprise Socialism
Individuals own most of Government owns and
the resources used and controls most of the
control their use; resources;
government plays government plays
very small role in the major role in the
economy. economy.
6. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR
WWII Alliance of Britain and U.S. with
Soviet Union was pragmatic ―marriage of
convenience‖ to defeat Germany
1. Lack of trust of Stalin.
• unified wartime command
• atomic bomb
2. Soviets believed western allies not
sharing load
3. Soviet mistreatment of eastern
Europeans during WWII
7. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR:
Wartime Diplomacy
―Big Three‖ Allied leaders were consistently unable to resolve their basic
disagreements over the structure of post-war Europe
Tehran Conference (November 1943) Stalin, Roosevelt & Churchill at Tehran, 1943
– U.S. and Britain
would open a second
front within six
months
– Allies would create
a post-war
international
organization
8. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR :
Wartime Diplomacy
Yalta Conference (January-February 1945)
– Loose set of principles that avoided the most divisive issues.
– Division of Germany (and Berlin) into four ―zones of occupation‖;
Reunification of Germany at a future date; process not specified
– Soviets would enter Pacific war
within 3 months after Germany
had been defeated
– United Nations
– Poland – free elections at some
unspecified date after the war
―
Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin at Yalta, February 1945
9. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR :
Wartime Diplomacy
San Francisco Conference - United
Nations Formed (April 1945)
– Security Council
• 11 members
• Permanent seats with veto power for U.S., Britain,
France, China and USSR
– General Assembly
– Secretariat
• Secretary-General
– International Court of Justice
10. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR :
Wartime Diplomacy
Potsdam Conference
(July-Aug. 1945)
– Reparations: Stalin allowed to
take 25% of West German
industry
– Nazi leaders: to be tried as
war criminals at
Nuremberg
– Poland: Free elections
– Japan: Unconditional
surrender
– Korea: to be temporarily
Churchill, Truman and Stalin at Potsdam
divided
11. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR:
Causes of Cold War
Soviets the main cause (Original U.S. view)
– Aggressive policies of expansion (in eastern Europe) and
violation of Yalta agreements
U.S. the main cause (Revisionist interpretation)
– By insisting that entire world be open to American trade and
influence (capitalist expansionism & internationalism)
Neither/Both the cause (post-revisionist interpretation)
– Two most powerful nations in world bound to clash
– Through ignorance and misconceptions, both countries helped
to create an atmosphere of tension and suspicion that touched
off the Cold War
Could the Cold War have been avoided? How?
12. Iron Curtain
Speech
Churchill used phrase March 1946
Represents the Soviet-made barrier
splitting Europe into non-Communist
Western Europe and Communist Eastern
Europe
Became symbol of the Cold War
13. Marshall Plan
Massive aid package to Europe
Billions of dollars spent to speed recovery
measures
Stalin thought it was trick
Western European economies thrived
Helped stop spread of communism
14. Marshall Plan
On June 5, U.S.
Secretary of State
George Marshall
– proposes a massive aid
program to rebuild
Europe from the ravages
of World War II.
Nearly $13 billion in
U.S. aid was sent to
Europe from 1948 to
1952.
– The Soviet Union and
communist Eastern
Europe decline U.S.
aid, citing "dollar
enslavement."
15. Truman Doctrine
March 12, 1947
Greece and Turkey in
danger of falling to
communist insurgents
Truman requested
$400 million from
Congress in aid to
both countries.
Successful effort
16. Truman Doctrine
Made clear intentions to resist Soviet
expansion in Europe and elsewhere
Took on international responsibilities as
leader of Western world
Aid to Greece and Turkey
Stalin saw containment policy as
―encirclement‖ by capitalist world to
isolate Soviet Union
17. Containment Policy
George F. Kennan, Senior State Department
official, posted to USSR during war.
Containment was a United States policy using
military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to
stall the spread of communism, enhance
America’s security and influence abroad, and
prevent a "domino effect".
18. Berlin Airlift
Blockade of Berlin
began on June 24, ’48
From June 1948 to
May 1949, U.S. and
British planes airlift
1.5 million tons of
supplies to the
residents of West
Berlin.
After 200,000
flights, the Soviet
Union lifts the
blockade.
19. 1949 – Fall of China
In June, Jiang Jieshi
defeated by Mao
– Flee to island of Taiwan
Oct 1, Mao proclaims
People’s Republic of
China (PRC)
Two months later, Mao
travels to Moscow,
– negotiates the Sino-
Soviet Treaty of
Friendship, Alliance and
Mutual Assistance.
20. Korean War, 1950-1953
On June 25, North Korean
communist forces cross
the 38th parallel and
invade South Korea.
On June 27, Truman
orders U.S. forces to
assist the South Koreans
The U.N. Security Council
condemns the invasion and
est’d a 15-nation fighting
force.
Chinese troops enter the
conflict by year's end.
Cease fire eventually
brings war to close by
1953
21. Dien Bien Phu, Vietnam
After a long siege,
Vietnamese communists
under Ho Chi Minh defeat
French colonial forces at
Dien Bien Phu on May 7.
In July, the Geneva
Accords divide the
country at the 17th
parallel, creating a North
and South Vietnam.
The United States
assumes the chief
responsibility of providing
anti-communist aid to
South Vietnam.
23. 1959 - Castro takes power
January 1, 1959
communist forces
under Fidel Castro
takeover in CUBA
Castro nationalizes
the sugar industry
and signs trade
agreements with the
Soviet Union.
The next
year, Castro seizes
U.S. assets on the
island.
24. 1961 - Bay of Pigs
U.S.-organized invasion
force of 1,400 Cuban
exiles is defeated by
Castro's government
forces on Cuba's south
coast at the Bay of Pigs.
Launched from Guatemala
in ships and planes
provided by the United
States, the invaders
surrender on April 20
after three days of
fighting.
Captured Cubans Kennedy takes full
responsibility for the
disaster.
25. 1960 - The U-2
Affair
On May 1, an American high-
altitude U-2 spy plane is
shot down on a mission over
the Soviet Union.
After the Soviets announce
the capture of pilot Francis
Gary Powers, the United
States recants earlier
assertions that the plane
was on a weather research
mission.
26. •Mad Magazine makes fun of the Cold War with
their Spy vs. Spy column.
•CIA vs. KGB
27. Sputnik
On October 4, the Soviet
Union launches
Sputnik, the first man-
made satellite to orbit the
Earth.
In 1958, the U.S. creates
the National Aeronautics
and Space
Administration, and the
space race is in full gear.
***Significant because it
shows that Soviets have
technological
advancements that USA
has not mastered***
28. Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in space—they
have the technological edge!
29. 1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I
Effects on the
United States
•Americans fear a Soviet
attack with missile
technology
•Americans resolved to regain technological
superiority over the Soviet Union
•In July 1958, President Eisenhower created NASA
or National Space and Aeronautics Agency
•1958 --> National Defense Education Act
30. Effects of Sputnik on United States
Atomic Anxieties:
•“Duck-and-Cover Generation”
Atomic Testing:
•Between July 16, 1945 and Sept. 23,
1992, the United States conducted
1,054 official nuclear tests, most of
them at the Nevada Test Site.
Americans began
building
underground bomb
shelters and cities
had underground
fallout shelters.
31.
32. McCarthyism
Claimed 205 communists
working for State
Department
Attacked wealthy &
privileged—popular
appeal
Even Eisenhower
wouldn’t challenge him
Army hearings in 1954
televised
– McCarthy exposed as a
bully (―reckless cruelty‖
33. •Red Scare was Americans
response to the fear of
Communism
•Senator Joseph McCarthy
accused 205 US Govt. officials
of being Communist.
•McCarthyism to destroy or
assassinate one’s character
without proof and it ruined the
careers of many Americans.
Became a witch hunt that led to Americans
pledging a ―loyalty oath‖ to the United States…….
red scare
34. 1961 - Berlin Wall
On August 15,
communist
authorities begin
construction on
the Berlin Wall to
prevent East
Germans from
fleeing to West
Berlin.
36. 1962 - Cuban Missile
Crisis
After Bay of Pigs
invasion, the Soviet Union
installed nuclear missiles
in Cuba.
After U-2 flights Kennedy
ordered a naval blockade
of Cuba on October 22
until the Soviet Union
removed its missiles.
On October 28, the
Soviets agreed to remove
the missiles, defusing one
of the most dangerous
confrontations of the Cold
War.
40. 1972 –
Nixon visits China
Nixon becomes the first U.S. president to
visit China, meeting with Mao Tse-tung on
February 21.
The two countries issue a communique
recognizing their "essential differences"
while making it clear that "normalization
of relations" was in all nations' best
interests.
The rapprochement changes the balance
of power with the Soviets.
41. 1985 - Gorbachev
comes to power
On March 11, Mikhail Gorbachev came to
power in the Soviet Union.
Gorbachev ushered in an era of reform.
– perestroika
• Economic reform- restructuring
– glasnost
– means openness, allowed greater free
expression and criticism of Soviet policies
42. 1987 - INF
On December
8, 1987, Reagan and
Gorbachev signed the
Intermediate Range
Nuclear Forces Treaty
Started the trend of
“DISARMAMENT”…
which is the destruction
of nuclear weapons
around the globe.
43. 1989 - Berlin Wall falls
Gorbachev renounced the Brezhnev
Doctrine, which pledged to use Soviet
force to protect its interests in Eastern
Europe.
On September 10, Hungary opened its
border with Austria, allowing East
Germans to flee to the West.
After massive public demonstrations in
East Germany and Eastern Europe, the
Berlin Wall fell on November 9.
Signified the END of the Cold WAR.
45. 1990 –
German unification
At a September 12 meeting in
Moscow, the United States, Soviet
Union, Great Britain, France and the
two Germanys agreed to end Allied
occupation rights in Germany.
On October 3, East and West
Germany united as the Federal
Republic of Germany.
