Approaches to environmental services research in the CGIAR - Meine van Noordwijk
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Approaches to environmental services research in the CGIAR - Meine van Noordwijk
- 1. Approaches to environmental services research in the CGIAR Meine van Noordwijk ISPC – Tuesday 31 March 2015, Bogor (Indonesia)
- 2. 1. Why? What’s the giga-issue in terms of Sustainable Development Goals? 2. Ecosystem and environmental services: externalities of land- use intensification? 3. Where are environmental services in the CGIAR Strategic Results Framework? 4. Theory of place * theory of change 5. Typology of issues*place 6. Interventions in coupled socio-ecological systems 7. Issues * place * interventions 8. Who’s doing what globally 9. Who’s doing what within CGIAR, interacting globally? 9.1 Segregating rather than integrating ES concerns? 9.2 Questions to be addressed 9.3 Current effort 10. Outcome/impact perspectives on further CGIAR involvement with ES 10.1 Vision of agenda 10.2 Suggested way forward for the CGIAR
- 3. SDG 1&2: End Extreme Poverty and Hunger SDG 1&8: Economic growth and decent jobs within plane- tary boundaries SDG4: Effective Learning for all SDG 5: Gender equa- lity, social Inclusion, & human rights for allSDG3: Health and well-being at all agesSDG 1&2, 12: Improved agricultural systems raising rural prosperity SDG 9,11: Empo- wered inclusive, productive and resilient citiesSDG 7,13: Human-in- duced climate change curbed, sustainable energy ++ SDG 6,14,15: Biodiver- sity secured, good ma- nagement of water, oceans, forests and natural resources Credible, Salient, Legitimate science SDG 8,10,16: Governance transformed, technolo- gies for sustainable development ++ Monitoring, Data Innovation c Globalchange processes c Local learning Negotiatedop- tionsincontext SDG17: Means of Implemen- tation
- 4. Environmental integrity (SDG’s 1,2, 5, 6, 12, 13, 15) Global Ag & For production SDG’s 1,2,5,7 + - Futures we want Historical trajectory ‘Green revolution’ ‘Envi- ronmental awareness’ Here and now Futures we fear
- 5. Rehabilitation of degraded lands Gradual loss of ‘forest func- tions’ Time or space Lack of voice Low income Food insecurity Low access to public services C stocks Biodiv.(global) Agrobiodiversity Wshed functions The ‘poverty * environmental services’ nexus on a time-or- space line Different forms of ‘poverty’ Different effects on ‘environmental services’ Forestortreecover
- 6. van der Ent RJ, Savenije HHG, Schaefli B, Steele‐ Dunne SC, 2010. Origin and fate of atmospheric moisture over continents. Water Resources Research 46, W09525, PfromEt/Et Pfrom Et/P 40% of rain- fall is derived from land, 60% from oceans But location matters
- 7. Actual landscape Demographic change & life-styles Democratization power centralization Infrastructure, transport Energy supply & demand Global commodity markets Climate, variability & change Water Global conven- tions, SDG’s Biodiversity & its change Science & technology
- 9. Who cares, who is affected by or benefits from the changes in tree cover and associated ecosystem services? How are stakeholders organized and empowered to get leverage & influence the drivers? Are both genders empowered? Why is land use what it is? What are the drivers of current human activity and what are levers (regulatory framework, economic in- centives, motivation) for modifying future change? Who makes a living here, what is ethnic identity, historical origin, migrational history, claims to land use rights, role in main value chains, what are key power relations? Gender specificity of all the above? So what? How do ecosystem services (provisioning, regulating, cultural/ religious, supporting) depend on tree cover and the spatial organization of the landscape? Gender specificity of appre- ciation and dissatisfaction? How are forests and trees used? What land use pat- terns with or without trees are prominent in the land- scape and provide the basis for local lives and liveli- hoods? What value chains are based on these land uses? Where are remaining forests and planted trees? Since when? How does tree cover vary in the landscape (pat- terns along a typical cross- section, main gradients), and how has it decreased and increased over time? lSocio-ecological system dynamics
- 10. Institutions, identity, pride Drivers B1. Incentive structure through policy change (tax, subsidy etc) A2. LU rights (e.g. community forest mngmnt) B2. PES and conditional ES incentives Response/ feedback options Biodiversity, Watershed functions, GHG emissions, Landscape beauty Actors/ agents Land use/cover changes Conse- quences & functions Livelihoods, provisioning & profitability A1. Land use policies, spatial development planning, roads Modified from: Van Noordwijk, M., B. Lusiana, G. Villamor, H. Purnomo, and S. Dewi. 2011. Feedback loops added to four conceptual models linking land change with driving forces and actors. Ecology and Society 16(1): r1. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/resp1/ C. Suasion and institutional support G GG G G G = Potential gender specificity of analysis & targeting of interventions
- 12. Monetaryfungibility 5 scales of economics Individual & household decisions on scarce resources National scale decisions on scarce resources Environmental economics: inter- nalizing externalities of individual decisions for common goods Ecological economics: planetary boundaries put hard constraints Behavioural economics: really internalizing externalities at emotional core of decision making Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 37, 389-420
- 13. Marketable goods & services People (land users) Land is used by people to satisfy their own needs within emerging local institutions, but once they find external markets for products and services, this feeds back to their land use decisions
- 14. Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization Marketable goods & services People are complex entities… Their decisions are influenced by many aspects of a ‘well-being’ or Maslow pyramid, representing their ‘basic needs’, their social relations within evolving local institutions, and human capital.
- 15. Marketable goods & services Influence & lateral flows Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography Externality of decision making People elsewhere including neigh- bours and ‘tele- connections’ Land use, however, has environmental effects that affect the land users directly, but also impact on people elsewhere Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization
- 16. SupportingEvolutionary Marketable goods & services Influence & lateral flows Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography RegulatoryCulturalProvisioning Ecosystem services* * Environmental Services (ES) equals ecosystem services (ES*) minus market-based provisioning People elsewhere including neigh- bours and ‘tele- connections’ The terminology of ecosystem and environmental services reflect these impacts on others, as externalities of LU decision making Externality of decision making Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization
- 17. SupportingEvolutionary Marketable goods & services Influence & lateral flows Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography RegulatoryCulturalProvisioning Ecosystem services* * Environmental Services (ES) equals ecosystem services (ES*) minus market-based provisioning The various ES affect people at all levels of their well-being pyramid. To deal with negative effects of declining ES, they have 6 options: Externality of decision making’ Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization
- 18. Option 1: move to a clean place elsewhere SupportingEvolutionary Marketable goods & services Influence & lateral flows Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography RegulatoryCulturalProvisioningHuman history is full of shifting loci of culture, but now there’s nowhere left to go; global impacts affect any place on this planet Externality of decision making’ Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization
- 19. Option 2: forbid pollution, regulate land use SupportingEvolutionary Marketable goods & services Influence & lateral flows Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography RegulatoryCulturalProvisioningThis option depends on power relation and may require strong enforcement; it breaks down under more democratic governance Externality of decision making’ Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization
- 20. Option 3: engineer to reduce ES dependence SupportingEvolutionary Marketable goods & services Influence & lateral flows Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography RegulatoryCulturalProvisioning Engineering Engineering can help with e.g. water and water-related issues (floods, landslides), but tends to be high-cost and rigid (sunk costs) Externality of decision making’ Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization
- 21. Option 4: payments for environmental services Marketable goods & services People (land users) PES (payment for environmental services) Buyers Sellers ES metric Marketable goods & services Influence & lateral flows People else- where including neighbours and ‘teleconnections’ Income Income PES emerged as a ‘simple’ solution to financially intenalize externalities
- 22. Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization But, the PES reality is more complex… SupportingEvolutionary Marketable goods & services Influence & lateral flows Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography RegulatoryCulturalProvisioning Engineering Ecosystem services* * Environmental Services (ES) equals ecosystem services (ES*) minus market-based provisioning PES (payment for environmental services) Buyers ‘Sellers’ Intermediaries ES metric Externality of decision making
- 23. Option 5: boycott products without certification SupportingEvolutionary Marketable goods & services Influence & lateral flows Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography RegulatoryCulturalProvisioning * Environmental Services (ES) equals ecosystem services (ES*) minus market-based provisioning Boycotts help to increase awareness and can lead to ‘ecocertification’ as response, but this may have high transaction costs for all Externality of decision making’ Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization
- 24. Option 6: Link the institutions and identities SupportingEvolutionary Marketable goods & services Influence & lateral flows Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography RegulatoryCulturalProvisioning * Environmental Services (ES) equals ecosystem services (ES*) minus market-based provisioning Creating a shared sense of identity, moral standards of acceptable behaviours can internalize externalities of LU decisionmaking Externality of decision making’ Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization
- 25. Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID Identity, self- realization SupportingEvolutionary Marketable goods & services Influence & lateral flows Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography RegulatoryCulturalProvisioning Engineering * Environmental Services (ES) equals ecosystem services (ES*) minus market-based provisioning Fairnessperception Efficiency Green accounting Fairness & efficiency Externality of decision making Access, LU regulation Payments, rewards, incentives, tax Respect, recognition, suasion Natural capital and ES monitoring
- 26. Three PES-related paradigms • Commodification of environmental services A. packages of ES become tradable commodities, B. ecocertification of existing commodities; • Compensation for foregone ES-unfriendly but legal opportunities; • Coinvestment in environ- mental stewardship.
- 27. Efficient FairEfficient Fairly efficient Efficiently fair Fair
- 28. Physical security, shelter Food & water security Health Income Entreprise Social relations ID SDG4 (Continuous learning), SDG5 (Gender, social inclusion) SDG8 (Employment, decent jobs) SDG810 (Less inequality),SDG16 (Accountability),SDG17 (Partnership) SDG1 (End poverty) SDG3 (Health), SDG12 (consumption), SDG15(conservation) SDG2 (Food), SDG6 (Water), SDG7(Energy), SDG14 (Oceans) SDG9 (Infrastructure), SDG11 (Cities), SDG13 (Climate change) The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) address all levels of a ‘human well-being’ or Maslow pyramid* * The specific formulation of many SDG’s makes clear that they typically involve more than one level, e.g. Gender includes physical security
- 30. Economic sectors and their functio- ning and change (incl. indirect ecosystem service effects) Ecosystem requirements for economic sectors Economic sector impacts on eco- systems (+ & -) Human & social wellbeing Ecosystem functioning and change Ecosys- tem resto- ration & care (green jobs) Labour force and human & socially mediated ES Ecosystem servi- ces impacting on H & S wellbeing Human & social wellbeing derived from economy Human ecology Economics
- 32. Land use zoning, use and property rights Human popula- tion & Δ Mar- ket access, tax,subs. Management & behavioural choices of land users Food, fibre, income Harvestable products Provisioning services Regulating, supporting & cultural services Land use practices in a landscape context Human & environmental health&well-being Commodity- product- ser- vice value chains, x- border trade Waterflows (quality,quantity, regularity) Macro-&me- so climate Biodiversity Happiness monitoring Economic development planning Environmental & wellfare targeted planning GDP, national econo- mic growth or decline Natural ca- pital ac- counting Sustainabledevelopmentmetrics AgTech New green economy, integrated rural- urban development coalitions…
- 33. LPFN Global Land Project ESP Land use zoning, use and proper- ty rights Human popula- tion & Δ Mar- ket access, tax,subs. Management& behavioural choices of land users Food, fibre, energy, income Harvestable products Provisioning services Regulating, supporting & cultural services Land use practices in a landscape context Human & environmental health&well-being Commodity-pro- duct- service value chains, x- border trade Waterflows (quality,quanti ty, regularity) Macro-&me-so climate Biodiversity Happiness monitoring Economic development planning Environmental & wellfare targeted planning GDP, national economic growth or decline Natural ca- pital ac- counting Sustainabledevelopmentmetrics AgTech New green economy, integrated rural- urban development coalitions… Future Earth TEEB SEEA UN- SDSN WAVES IPBES Common-denominatorvaluation CGIAR
- 35. Getting the diagnosis right, monitoring change Understanding consequences of (in)action Matching options * context * objectives Negotiating, building coalitions for change Tools, data sets Models Experiments Arguments Capacity development, communication
- 36. 10. Data, observation methods for M&E of change 9. Recognition of consequences for ES and all SDGs of business- as-usual land-use change from multistakeholder perspectives 8. ES-friendly land-use alternatives: technologies, new value chains, outsourcing staples 7. Scenarios for land-use change in local context, valuation 6. Negotiation platforms to form coalitions for desirable change 5. Co-investment in environmental stewardship 4. Compensation for legal ES-unfriendly options foregone 3. Commodification of ES through ecocertification of products 2. Commodification of ES as such 1. Dynamic polycentric governance for integral SDG achievement INCENTIVESFEEDBACKLOOPS Inspired by Donna Meadows’ hierachy