This is a presentation from the fifth event of an online learning series for the East African Community region on communities combating illegal wildlife trade. The event took participants through the fourth step of the ‘Local communities: First Line of Defence against Illegal Wildlife Trade (FLoD)’ methodology, which aims to support designers and implementers of anti-poaching and anti-wildlife trafficking strategies and projects to effectively engage local communities as partners. The events are organised by IUCN, together with the International Institute for Environment and Development and IUCN CEESP/SSC Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group. They are supported by USAID Kenya and East Africa through the Conserving Natural Capital and Enhancing Collaborative Management of Transboundary Resources (CONNECT) project, and will supplement the comprehensive training course on FLoD, which is currently under development with support from the BIOPAMA programme, supported by the European Union and the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States. More info: https://www.iucn.org/regions/eastern-and-southern-africa/our-work/conservation-areas-and-species/local-communities-first-line-defence-against-illegal-wildlife-trade-flod

1. Communities Combatting
Illegal Wildlife Trade
Online Learning Event Series
Event 5 of 7
©PhilipJ.Briggs

2. Highlights from Session 4
©PhilipJ.Briggs

3. What do we mean by a Learning
Event?
What it is:
− Shares uses and
contributions of the
methodology
− Explains concepts and
principles that underpin it
− Describes steps involved in
implementing it
− Introduces tools that can be
used
− Promotes interactions
with the participants
What it is not:
− A series of lectures
− A course for credit
− A detailed and comprehensive
training course
CAUTION: You will not be
ready to fully implement the
FLoD methodology on your
own at the end of this learning
event series.
SAWC is developing an in-depth
training course

4. IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
COMMUNITY TOC
A. B. C. D.
3b. CONSTRUCT
IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
4a. COMMUNITY FIELDWORK
5. FEEDBACK WORKSHOP
KEY STAKEHOLDER
INTERVIEWS
4b. CONSTRUCT
COMMUNITY TOC
A. B. C. D.
BASELINE TOC
3a. IMPLEMENTER / DESIGNER
INTERVIEW
1. SCREENING /
SCOPING
2. INCEPTION
WORKSHOP
6. COMMUNICATE
LESSONS LEARNED
7. MONITOR &
ADAPT

6. A.
Increase
costs of
participating
in IWT
C.
Decrease
costs of
living with
wildlife
D.
Increase
non-wildlife-
based
livelihoods
B.
Increase
incentives
for
stewardship
DECREASED PRESSURE ON SPECIES FROM ILLEGAL WILDLIFE
TRADE

7. A B C D

8. DECREASED PRESSURE ON SPECIES FROM
ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE
.

9. Reduced activeor tacit community supportfor poaching / trafficking for IWT
Strengthened community action against internal orexternal poachers/
traffickersengaged in IWT
Reduced poaching / trafficking for IWT by community
E
F
Reduced recruitmentofcommunity membersby poachers/ traffickers
engaged in IWT
Reduced poaching / trafficking for IWT by outsiders
PATHWAY C - DECREASE
COSTS OF LIVING WITH
WILDLIFE
e.g. Supportpractical approaches to deterringproblem animals
at thesitelevel
Costs to communities imposed by presence of
wildlife are reduced
Communities can mitigate conflict better
Decreased antagonismtoward wildlife
C-P
C-R
e.g. Supportinsurance,
compensationor offset
schemes thatreducethecost
of living with wildlife
e.g. Supportland useplanning
thatreduces thehuman-wildlife
interface
C-I
e.g. The full costs of living with wildlife are known and
can be quantified
e.g. Resources and tools are available to mitigate HWC
e.g. Communities with decreased antagonism towards
wildlife have a decreased incentive to directly or
indirectly support IWT.
e.g. Communities with greater ability to mitigate HWC
(resources, tools, policies) feel less antagonism towards
wildlife.
e.g. The relative risk of being apprehended, arrested or
prosecuted is not so low that it undermines community
action against IWT.

10. IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species
from illegal wildlife trade
COMMUNITYTOC
A. B. D.C.
BASELINE TOC
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species
from illegal wildlife trade
PROCESS

11. Interviewing the implementer /
designer
Implementer /
Designer
FLoD Team

12. SERIES OF STATEMENTS

14. Developing the Implementer /
Designer ToC
IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species
from illegal wildlife trade
FLoD Team

15. Validating the Implementer /
Designer ToC
IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species
from illegal wildlife trade
Implementer /
Designer
FLoD Team

16. FLoD Methodology
Step 4: Community ToC

17. Reminder of the context for
these sessions
• Existing projects
• A focus on high-value illegal wildlife trade
• Based on FLoD Guidance & SAWC
materials, which provide much more detail,
as well as a number of teaching tools.
Session 7 will:
• Investigate how the methodology can be adapted to other contexts
• Explore the possibility for projectdesign

18. IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
COMMUNITY TOC
A. B. C. D.
3b. CONSTRUCT
IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
4a. COMMUNITY FIELDWORK
5. FEEDBACK WORKSHOP
KEY STAKEHOLDER
INTERVIEWS
4b. CONSTRUCT
COMMUNITY TOC
A. B. C. D.
BASELINE TOC
3a. IMPLEMENTER / DESIGNER
INTERVIEW
1. SCREENING /
SCOPING
2. INCEPTION
WORKSHOP
6. COMMUNICATE
LESSONS LEARNED
7. MONITOR &
ADAPT

19. Objectives
The objectives of Step 4 are to:
• Test Implementer / Designer ToC with the
community; and
• Construct the Community ToC.
Step 4: Community ToC

20. Outputs
• At the end of Step 4, your output should be a
Community ToC.
Step 4: Community ToC

21. Methods & tools
Methods Tools
Key stakeholder
interview
Focus Groups
Workshops
• FLoD introductory presentation (Long or
short)
• FLoD focus group consent form
• FLoD baseline ToC and assumptions
• FLoD implementer/designer ToC
• FLoD Community ToC development tool
Step 4: Community ToC

22. Resources required
Resource Required
Personnel
• At least two core team members. At least one should be a trained and
experienced facilitator with experience working at the community level
on these types of issues.
• Independent local language interpreter
• Second interpreter (to work alongside the record keeper)
• Local liaison
Materials
• Laptop, power, extension cables, printer, projector, room that can be
made dark or dark cloth to cover windows, flipcharts + markers, props
as suggested.
Time
• Prepare tools and interpretation: one to two days
• Focus groups: one day per focus group (recommend a break day if
more than two focus groups)
• Consolidation before whole-community meeting: one day
• Whole-community meeting: one day
• Travel time
• Construct Community ToC: two days
Step 4: Community ToC

23. Tasks
1. Update the community ToC development
tool using the newly validated
implementer/designer ToC and assumptions
2. Test the implementer/designer assumptions
within the community, using focus groups;
3. Hold a whole community meeting to
present the consolidated results of focus
group discussions; and
4. Construct a community ToC.
Step 4: Community ToC

24. Tasks
1. Update the community ToC development
tool using the newly validated
implementer/designer ToC and assumptions
2. Test the implementer/designer assumptions
within the community, using focus groups;
3. Hold a whole community meeting to
present the consolidated results of focus
group discussions; and
4. Construct a community ToC.
Step 4: Community ToC

25. IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species
from illegal wildlife trade
COMMUNITYTOC
A. B. D.C.
BASELINE TOC
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species
from illegal wildlife trade
PROCESS
Step 4: Community ToC

26. BASELINE TOC
A. B. C. D.
IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
COMMUNITYTOC
A. B. D.C.
Implementer / Designer ToC Testing
Tool
Community ToC Testing Tool
Update the tool to
reflect the
implementer /
designer ToC
Step 4: Community ToC

27. Tasks
1. Update the community ToC development
tool using the newly validated
implementer/designer ToC and assumptions
2. Test the implementer/designer assumptions
within the community, using focus groups;
3. Hold a whole community meeting to
present the consolidated results of focus
group discussions; and
4. Construct a community ToC.
Step 4: Community ToC

28. Focus groups
• Composition
• Decided during inception workshop
• In consultation with community
• Dependent on context in which you are working
• Possible groupings: age, gender, livelihood, cultural
group
• Size
• Ideally no more than 15 individuals
• Timing
• Full day per focus group
• Considerations
• Make sure people can participate
• Be aware of local considerations, such as market days
Step 4: Community ToC

29. Exploration of pathways and their
assumptions by focus group
Step 4: Community ToC

30. For each focus group
IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species
from illegal wildlife trade
Step 4: Community ToC

31. WOMEN
Tangible:
• Bursaries
• Selling fruits and
vegetables to camps
• Beadwork
• Tourism marketplace
Step 4: Community ToC

32. MEN
Tangible:
• Money to educate
children
• Employment (scouts,
guides)
• Beadwork
• Honey
• Fruits to tourism
facilities
• Tourism and research
camps
Intangible
• Grazing for livestock
• Security
• Healthy environment
Step 4: Community ToC

33. YOUTH
Tangible:
• Employment (scouts)
• Tourism
• Scholarships / bursaries
• selling of beadwork
Intangible
• Conserve for future
generations
• Wildlife supports a
healthy environment
• elephants shake the
tree and share the pods
with the other animals
• lions manage the
population of
ungulates, allowing
grass to be used by
livestock
• seed dispersal
Step 4: Community ToC

34. Iterative validation
Step 4: Community ToC

35. Pathway ranking by focus group
Step 4: Community ToC

36. Pathway ranking
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Pathway A Pathway B Pathway C Pathway D
Women
Men
Youth
Step 4: Community ToC

37. Questions & Comments
©MicahConway
Step 4: Community ToC

38. Tasks
1. Update the community ToC development
tool using the newly validated
implementer/designer ToC and assumptions
2. Test the implementer/designer assumptions
within the community, using focus groups;
3. Hold a whole community meeting to
present the consolidated results of focus
group discussions; and
4. Construct a community ToC.
Step 4: Community ToC

39. Step 4: Community ToC
Task 3. Whole community
meeting
• Feedback from the FLoD Team on differences
and similarities between focus groups
• Group discussions, first in focus groups, then
in mixed groups
• Feedback from group discussions
• Whole Community Pathway Ranking

40. Feedback on similarities &
differences
Step 4: Community ToC

41. Step 4: Community ToC

42. Wildlife-Based Livelihoods
Women
Tangible:
• Bursaries
• Selling fruits and
vegetables to camps
• Beadwork
• Tourism marketplace
Men
Tangible:
• Money to educate
children
• Employment (scouts,
guides)
• Beadwork
• Honey
• Fruits to tourism facilities
• Tourism and research
camps
Intangible
• Grazing for livestock
• Security
• Healthy environment
Youth
Tangible:
• Employment (scouts)
• Tourism
• Scholarships / bursaries
• Selling of beadwork
Intangible
• Conserve for future
generations
• Wildlife supports a
healthy environment
• elephants shake the
tree and share the
pods with the other
animals
• lions manage the
population of
ungulates, allowing
grass to be used by
livestock
• seed dispersal
Step 4: Community ToC

43. If your community does not have rights, it stops
you from wanting to manage wild plants and
animals and use them sustainably
WOMEN MEN YOUTH
Agree:
• Yes, but we would still
want to support wildlife
but perhaps less so
Disagree:
• Even if monetary
benefits are removed,
we would keep the
wildlife with their
livestock
Strongly agree:
• We would shoot the
wildlife the next day if
rights were removed
Step 4: Community ToC

44. Women
PathwayB – Wildlife-basedbenefits
Men
YouthNo rights = no
interest
Step 4: Community ToC

45. There are legal markets for wildlife and wildlife
products (e.g. tourism)
WOMEN MEN YOUTH
Disagree:
• There is demand for
some products, but we,
as a community, do not
wish to engage in it
because it will destroy
the habitat.
Strongly disagree:
• Viewing tourism is
possible, but not much
else.
• People can use some
resources (medicinal
plants) for themselves
but not sell to others.
• There is no legal
domestic market for
wildlife - if # of wildlife in
conservancy grows, we
can give to others but
not sell.
Strongly agree:
• Research and tourism
markets

46. Women
PathwayB – Wildlife-basedbenefits
Men
Youth
Legal markets
exist
Step 4: Community ToC

47. WOMEN MEN YOUTH
Strongly agree:
• No specific comments
Strongly agree:
• No specific comments
Strongly disagree:
• We know that there are
benefits but there is no
transparency at all
• Balance sheets and
other records are not
publicly shared
• Tourism revenues going
to community coffers not
known or subjected to
audit
Step 4: Community ToC
Those in positions of power within the community (e.g.
conservancy staff and representatives) and their
families do not benefit more than others as a result of
their positions

48. Women
PathwayB – Wildlife-basedbenefits
Men
Youth
Powerful
individuals do
not get more
benefits
Step 4: Community ToC

49. WOMEN MEN YOUTH
Women: Strongly agree - no specific comments
Men: Agree
• This generation will do whatever they can until they die but it is up to our
children to choose what to do after that
• We don’t know if their children will conserve but it is possible as the
children are learning from the older generation and with outside support
they might even do a better job of conservation
Step 4: Community ToC
The benefits from wild plants and animals will
continue forever (1 of 2)

50. WOMEN MEN YOUTH
Youth: Disagree
• Not sure – “the future will decide on its own”
• We would like to but not sure if we can – climatic change pose a
challenge we are not sure about
• Successful conservation would result in more wildlife and therefore
more jobs
• Community does not have resources to protect wildlife, hence we
cannot say the benefits will continue forever
Step 4: Community ToC
The benefits from wild plants and animals will
continue forever (2 of 2)

51. Women
PathwayB – Wildlife-basedbenefits
Men
Youth
Benefits
sustainable
Step 4: Community ToC

52. Step 4: Community ToC
Feedback to whole
community meeting
and group
discussions (within
and among focus
groups)

53. Pathway Ranking by Focus Group
Step 4: Community ToC

54. Pathway Ranking across Focus
Groups
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Pathway A Pathway B Pathway C Pathway D
Women
Men
Youth
Step 4: Community ToC

55. Whole community pathway ranking
Step 4: Community ToC

56. Questions & Comments
©MicahConway
Step 4: Community ToC

57. Tasks
1. Update the community ToC development
tool using the newly validated
implementer/designer ToC and assumptions
2. Test the implementer/designer assumptions
within the community, using focus groups;
3. Hold a whole community meeting to
present the consolidated results of focus
group discussions; and
4. Construct a community ToC.
Step 4: Community ToC

58. BASELINE TOC
A. B. C. D.
IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
COMMUNITYTOC
A. B. D.C.
Implementer / Designer ToC Testing
Tool
Community ToC Testing Tool
Step 4: Community ToC

59. Outputs Checklist
✅ The Community ToC
Step 4: Community ToC

60. Communities Combatting
Illegal Wildlife Trade
Final Comments or Questions?

61. Thank you for joining today
©PhilipJ.Briggs