4. 1. Stress
2. Pain
3. Invasion of
privacy
4. If they are going
to lose control
over what
happens (e.g.in
drug research)
FrankfortNachmias and
Nachmias (1992)
10. Guidelines for
reasonably informed
consent
1 . A fair explanation of the
procedures to be followed and
their purposes.
2. A description of the attendant
discomforts and risks
reasonably to be expected.
3. A description of the benefits
reasonably to be expected.
Source: Institutional Guide to
DHEW Policy, 1971
11. 4 A disclosure of appropriate
alternative procedures that might be
advantageous to the participants.
5 An offer to answer any inquiries
concerning the procedures.
6 An instruction that the person is
free to withdraw consent and to
discontinue participation in the
project at any time without
prejudice to the participant.
Guidelines for
reasonably
informed
consent
12. a. the purposes,
contents and procedures
of the research
b. any foreseeable risks and
negative outcomes,
discomfort or
consequences and how
they will be handle
c. benefits that might derive
from the research
FACTORS
13. d. incentives to participate
and rewards from
participating
e. right to voluntary non-
participation, withdrawal
and rejoining the project
f. rights and obligations to
confidentiality and non-
disclosure of the research
participants and outcomes
14. g. disclosure of any
alternative procedures that
may be advantageous
h. opportunities for
participants to ask
questions about any aspect
of the research
i. Signed contracts for
participation
17. Negotiating
access
checklist
1. Clear official channels
by formally requesting
permission to carry
out your investigation
as soon as you have an
agreed project outline.
2 . Speak to the people
who will be asked to
co-operate.
Source : Adapted from Bell, 1991
18. 3.Submit the project outline
to the head, if you are
carrying out a study in
your or another
educational institution.
4. Decide what you mean
by anonymity and
confidentiality.
19. 5. Decide whether
participants will receive
a copy of the report
and/or see drafts or
interview transcripts.
6. Inform participants
what is to be done with
the information they
provide.
20. 7. Prepare an outline of
intentions and
conditions under which
the study will be carried
out to hand to the
participants.
8. Be honest about the
purpose of the study and
about the conditions of
the research.
21. 9. Remember that people
who agree to help are
doing you a favour.
10. Never assume ‘it will be
all right’.
23. Ethics has been defined
as ‘a matter of principled
sensitivity to the rights
of others, and that ‘while
truth is good, respect for
human dignity is better’
(Cavan1977: 810).
24. A.The age of those being
researched;
B. Whether the subject
matter of the research
is a sensitive area;
C. Whether the aims of the
research are in any way
subversive (vis-`a-vis
subjects, teachers, or
institution);
FACTORS
25. C. The extent to which the
researcher and
researched can
participate and
collaborate in planning
the research;
D. How the data are to be
processed, interpreted,
and use
FACTORS
28. A. Using computer
simulations
B. Finding a situation in
which the negative
effects of harm
already exist
C. Applying only a very
low level of potential
Approaches that
can be used to
avoid harming research
subjects,
29. D. Obtaining informed
consent
E. Justifying the research
on the grounds that the
small amount of harm
caused is much less than
the harm caused by the
existing situation
30. F. Using samples rather than
complete populations, so
that fewer people are
exposed to the harm
G.maintaining the privacy
of participants through
the use of aggregated or
anonymised data.
31. The absolutist view holds
that clear, set principles
should guide the
researchers in their work
and that these should
determine what ought and
what ought not to be done
Absolutist
And
Relativist
Ethics
32. VOICES OF EXPERIENCE
Whatever the ethical stance
one assumes and no matter
what forethought one brings
to bear on one’s work, there
will always be unknown,
unforeseen problems and
difficulties lying in wait
(Kimmel 1988).
33. A. Coercing them to
participate
B. Withholding information
about the true nature of
the research
C. Deceiving participants in
other ways
D. Inducing them to commit
acts diminishing their
self-esteem
Ethical Dilemmas
34. E. violating rights of
self-determination
F. Exposing participants to
physical or mental stress
G. Invading their privacy
H. Withholding benefits from
some participants
I. Not treating participants
fairly,
Ethical Dilemmas
