Caco-2 cell permeability assay for drug absorption
Ayodele PPT
1. CARBON STORAGE IN SOILS
UNDER DIFFERENT LAND USE
TYPES AND DEPTHS
Presented by
Adeoye David AYODELE
Matric. Number: 189246
B. Agric. (A.A.U.)
Supervisor Co-supervisors
Prof. J.A.I. Omueti Dr. (Mrs.) E.Y. Thomas
Dr. J. R. Orimoloye
1
2. Soil carbon can act as a source or as a sink for CO2 in the
atmosphere (Fisher and Binkley 2000; Högberg et al., 2002;
Fröberg, 2004)
Other major Carbon reservoirs include: biosphere, atmosphere
and hydrosphere (Wilding et al., 2001).
Carbon in the soil is an important factor when studying global
carbon budgets (Wilding et al., 2001; Berg and McClaugherty
2003; Lehtonen et al., 2004).
2
3. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
• Carbon is a chemical element with symbol C
and atomic number 6.
• C forms the basis of most living organisms.
• Soil carbon exists in both organic and inorganic
forms.
• Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) is derived from
bedrock or formed when CO2 is trapped in
mineral form (e.g. as calcium carbonate).
• Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) is the main
constituent of Soil Organic Matter (SOM).
• SOC content therefore tends to increase as soil
develops undisturbed over time. 3
4. • Soil organic carbon is an index of sustainable
land management (Woomer et al., 1994;
Nandwa, 2001)
• It has been suggested that a critical level of
SOC is 2% (SOM 3.4%), below which soil
structural stability will suffer a significant
decline (Kemper and Koch, 1966; Greenland et
al., 1975).
• Land Use and Soil management can affect the
relative balance of these processes and their
environmental impacts.
4
INTRODUCTION CONT’DINTRODUCTION CONT’D
5. • Land use is a non-static concept which involves the management
and modification of natural environment into built environment such
as fields, pastures, and settlements (FAO,1997;FAO/UNEP, 1999).
• It has also been defined as “the arrangements, activities and inputs
people undertake in a certain land cover type to produce, change or
maintain it ’’ (FAO,1997;FAO/UNEP, 1999).
• Estimating the carbon stock in reliable values is necessary for understanding
the global Carbon cycle, as well as for developing national inventories of
greenhouse gases (Lehtonen et al., 2004); while estimating its spatial variability
is important when developing carbon budgets, explaining climate change and
characterizing ecosystems (Davis et al., 2004).
5
INTRODUCTION CONT’DINTRODUCTION CONT’D
6. JUSTIFICATIONJUSTIFICATION
• The concentration of soil organic matter (SOM) or soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important determinant of soil
function.
• A reduction in SOM as a result of tillage practices has been established (Lal et al., 1994, Jones et al., 2004).
• Soil contains an important pool of active carbon that plays a major role in the global carbon cycle (Melilo et al.,
1995, Prentice et al., 2003).
• Estimating carbon stocks and their distribution in different ecosystem pools is
important to understand the degree to which carbon is allocated to labile and
stable components. This information is also useful in estimating the amount of
carbon that is potentially emitted to the atmosphere due to land use changes as
well as from natural or artificially induced events (Houghton, 2005).
• In order to reduce carbon in the atmosphere, it is
important to investigate which type of land use and or
land cover type is suitable for long-term carbon
stock/sequestration.
6
7. Could be used for justification
Agricultural practices lead to a reduction in carbon stocks mainly due to removal of
above ground biomass as harvest with subsequent burning and/or decomposition
and losses of soil carbon by erosion (Lal, 1999; Balesdent and Balbane, 1996;
Fahnestock et al., 1996).
Thus, there is a need for developing sustainable agricultural systems to maintain
and improve biomass and soil organic compound (SOC) content while mitigating
the land degradation and greenhouse gas emissions (Patrick et al., 2005; Takahashi
et al., 2010).
Almost half of all agricultural land maintains at least 10% tree cover (Zomer et al.,
2014). Despite widespread distribution, tree outside forests (TOF) are an often
neglected carbon pool and little information is available on carbon stocks in these
systems or their carbon sequestration potential (de Foresta et al., 2013; Hairiah et
al., 2011).
7
8. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
•To determine amount of carbon stock in the
soil under different land use types.
Estimate the amount of carbon sequestered by the
various land use types
8
9. MATERIALS AND METHODSMATERIALS AND METHODS
• The study area is located at Onigambari Forest Reserve in Oluyole
LGA, Oyo State.
• The study area falls within lat
• Soil samples will be collected from different land use
types (arable land, teak plantation and natural forest) at 0-
15cm, 15-30cm and 30-60cm depths using soil auger
• Samples will be processed in laboratory and the soil
organic carbon will be estimated by standard Walkley and
Black method.
• Amount of coarse fragments will be estimated in each
sample collected from different land use types.
• Bulk density at every site will be estimated by standard
core method.
9
10. • Data collected will be subjected to analysis of
variance (ANOVA) using GenStat package. The means
will be separated using the Duncan`s Multiple Range
Test (DMRT).
• Correlation and regression analysis will also be
employed.
Please be sure you are to use Anova in this experiment
10
DATA ANALYSISDATA ANALYSIS
11. Carbon storage in soils at the various depths will be
determined under different land use types.
11
EXPECTED RESULTSEXPECTED RESULTS
