CARBON STOCK, CARBON SEQUESTRATION

1. WEL-COME

2. ‘’CARBON STOCK AND CARBON
SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL UNDER
DIFFERENT LAND USE OF INDIAN SOIL”
Presentation by
TADI RAJASEKHAR
( REG NO-: 2019A/126M)
RESEARCH GUIDE
Dr. P.H. VAIDYA
Professor
DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRIL.CHEMISTRY
VNMKV , PARBHANI.

3. Contents-:
1.Introduction
2.Defination and importance of SOC sequestration and stock
3.SOC importance
4.Comprehensive studies on distribution of SOC sequestration in India
5.Soils of India and carbon Pool
6.Soil inorganic carbon pool in India
7. Soil organic carbon concentration of soils of India
8. Organic carbon stocks in India and world
9. Carbon stock distribution order in Indian soils
10. SOC concentration in benchmark soils of India
11. Soil SOC in different orchards of NEH in India
12. SOC density and stock In AESR soils of Madhya Pradesh
13. Case studies
14. Soil organic pool and dynamics
15.Factors Affecting SOC restoration
16. Modeling carbon sequestration
17. Reasons for low SOC sequestration in Indian soils

4. INTRODUCTION
1. The atmospheric concentration of carbon increases day by day due to pollution ,
deforestation , and anthropogenic activities .
2. But the same time decrease carbon content soil ecosystem due to burning of crop
residues and soil erosion and soil degradation process.
3. Increasing carbon content in the environment causes lot of adverse effect to
human beings and soil health because it can be causes global warming and
increases of GHGS.
4. At the same time decreasing Carbon causes lot of impact to soil ecosystem
5. The soil carbon play vital role in soil it can be develop the N,P,S, and
micronutrient , CEC, buffering capacity , Soil biodiversity and soil physical ,
chemical, biological , quality parameters
6. The decreasing carbon content in the soil and increasing carbon emission in the
environment is todays global issue
7. For maintaining carbon content and remove C emissions by the management
practices , carbon sequestration and stock ,biochar production will be improved

5. Definition and importance of soil carbon
sequestration & stock
SOC sequestration -: SOC sequestration define as Sink of carbon from atmosphere to either plant or Soil
or directly from atmosphere into soil is called as a soil carbon sequestration.
SOC stock -: soil SOC stock define as the amount of soil organic carbon present in the soil after the
production of biological degradation of plant and animal residues and synthetic activities of micro
organisms known as SOC stock
These SOC stocks are can be divided into two major pools such as labile pool , and stabilized pool.
Labile SOC-: The labile SOC fraction consist of material in transition between fresh plant residue and
stabilized organic matter . These are short run over less than 10 years . It is very useful for crop
production.
Stabilized SOC -: Stabilized SOC is composed of organic material that are highly resistant to microbial
decomposition . It is more stable and long live compared to labile pool.

6. SOC importance
I. Soil organic carbon is play a vital role in improving the soil physical , chemical ,
biological properties of the soil .
II. Soil organic carbon help in stabilize the soil particles , thus decreases soil erosion .
III. Soil organic carbon increase the soil biodiversity ,and improve the soil microbial
growth .
IV. Soil organic carbon can develop the soil structure , water holding capacity , soil
porosity
V. It can be increase the buffering capacity of the soil and decrease the soil crust
formation
VI. It is also improve the CEC of the soil and bulk density of the soil
VII.It can be act as natural chelate agent to the soil
VIII.It is supply the major nutrients to the plants , and hold the micro nutrients present
in the soil
IX. It can be improve the soil enzyme activities

7. Land use in India and world
Land use World (Mha ) India ( Mha)
Total area 13,414.2 328.7
Land area 13,050.5 297.3
Permanent crops 132.4 7.95
Permanent pasture 3,489.8 11.05
Forest and woodland 4, 172.4 68.5
Agricultural area 4,961.3 180.8
Arable land
Irrigated land
1,369.1
267.7
161.8
57.0
Source:- FAO,(2004)

8. Comprehensive studies on distribution SOC
sequestration in Indian soils
➢ Jenny and Rayachaudhury conducted one of the first comprehensive studies on the
distribution of SOC in Indian soils in relation to the Prevailing climate
➢ Dadhwal and Nayak Using ecosystem areas and representative global average C
density and estimated organic C is at 23.4-27.1 Pg in Indian soil
➢ Chhabra et al estimated organic C pool at 6.8 Pg C in the top 1m using estimated
SOC density and remote sensing based area under forest
➢ Gupta and Rao reported SOC stock as 24.3 Pg for the soil ranging from surface to
an average sub surface depth 44-186 cm . These data based on 48 soil series
➢ Bhattacharya et al reported on Both organic (29.92 Pg ) and Inorganic C ( 33.98 P
g) stocks
➢ Based on a much broader national data base , velayutham et al reported on Total
mass of SOC stock

9. Soils of India and their Carbon pool
o Out of the total land area of 297.3 Mha , The principal soil types includes 81.1 mha
ALFISOLS (27.3%) , 60.4 m ha of VERTISOLS( 20.3%) ,51.7 mha of INCEPTISOLS
(17.4%) , 36.6 mha of ULTISOLS ( 12.3%) , 24.8 mha of ENTISOLS ( 8.3%) , 18.3
mha of ARIDISOLS (6.2%) , 1.8 mha of MOLLISOLS (0.6%) and 0.8 mha of
GELISOLS (0.27%)
o These diverse soils are also characterized by a wide range of SOC concentration , which
are generally related to clay and climate
o In general ,SOC concentration increase with increase clay content and rainfall and
decrease with increase in mean annual temperature
o The SOC concentration most of the soils is <10g /kg and generally <5 g/kg because of
low clay content . The SOC concentration low in alluvial soils of indo-gangetic plains
,coarse textured soils of southern India , arid zone of north western India
o Under native system and undisturbed soils , the SOC concentration of high compared to
the cultivated soil
o The SOC pool in soils of India estimated that 21 pg to 30 cm depth and 63 pg to 150 cm
depth . The SOC pool of the India is 2.2% of the world pool for 1 m depth and 2.6% to
2 m depth

10. SOIL Inorganic pool in India
❖ The total soil C pool also comprise the soil inorganic (SIC) , which is generally
high in calcareous soil of arid and semi arid regions
❖ Calcareous soils are widely distributed covering 54% of the geographical area of
the India
❖ These are especially occur in Rajastan , Gujarat ,Punjab, Haryana , Uttara Pradesh ,
Maharashtra , Karnataka , Tamil Nadu , Andhra Pradesh , and part of Madhya
pradesh and Bihar
❖ The SIC pool in soils of India Estimated at 196 Pg to 1 –m depth ( pal et al)
❖ The SIC pool in world soils is Estimated at 722 pg to 1-m depth (Batjes et al )
❖ The SIC pool in soils of India comprises a bout 27% of the world total .
❖ Pedogenic or secondary carbonates play a signficant role in C sequestration through
formation of cac03 or Mgco3 and leaching of ca (Hco3)2 especially in irrigated
systems.
❖ The rate of formation of secondary carbonates may be range from 30-130 kg/ha/y
(pal et al)

11. soil organic carbon concentration ( SOC) of major
city soils in India
Location Soil type Texture SOC content ( g/kg
)
Bangalore KT Haplustalf Sandy loam 5.5
Barrackpore WB Eutrochrept Sandy loam 7.1
Bhubaneswar O Haplaquept Sandy 2.7
Coimbatore TN Vertic Ustochrept Clay loam 3.0
Delhi Ustochrept Sandy loam 4.4
Hyderbad T Tropaquept Sandy clay loam 5.1
Jabalpur MP Chromustert Clayey 5.7
Ludhina PB Ustochrept Loamy sand 2.1
Palmpur HP Hapludalf Silty clay loam 7.9
Pantnagar UP Hapludoll Silty clay loam 14.8
Rauchi B Haplustalf Silty clay 4.5
Source-: Carbon sequestration in India Author-: Lal.R et al (2004)

12. Organic stock in soils of India and the world
Soil order Indian soil depth
of 0-30 cm ( p g )
Indian soil depth
of 0-150 cm ( p g
)
World soil depth
0-25 cm ( p g )
World soil depth
0-100 cm ( pg )
ALFISOLS 4.22 13.54 73 136
ANDISOLS - - 38 69
ARIDISOLS 7.67 20.30 57 110
ENTISOLS 1.36 4.17 37 106
HISTISOLS - - 26 390
INCEPTISOLS 4.67 15.07 162 267
MOLLISOLS 0.12 0.50 41 72
OXISOLS 0.19 0.49 88 150
SPODOSOLS - - 39 98
ULTISOLS 0.14 0.34 74 101
VERTISOLS 2.62 0.34 17 38
TOTAL 20.99 63.19 652 1555
Source;- soil carbon sequestration in India Authors;- velayutham , eswaran(2004)
Batjes et al world (1999)

13. Carbon stock (p g) distribution order in Indian
soils-:
Soil order Soil depth range(
cm )
Carbon stock (pg
) SOC
Carbon stock (pg
) SIC
Carbon stock (p
g) TC
ENTISOLS 0-30
0-150
0.62
2.56
0.89
2.86
1.51
5.42
VERTISOLS 0-30
0-150
2.56
8.77
1.07
6.14
3.66
14.90
INCEPTISOLS 0-30
0-150
2.17
5.81
0.62
7.04
2.79
12.85
ARIDISOLS 0-30
0-150
0.74
2.02
1.40
13.40
2.14
15.42
MOLLISOLS 0-30
0-150
0.09
0.49
0.00
0.07
0.09
0.56
ALFISOLS 0-30
0-150
3.14
9.72
0.16
4.48
3.30
14.20
UTISOLS 0-30
0-150
0.20
0.55
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.55
Source:- carbon sequestration in Indian soils : present status potential by Bhattacharya et al2007

14. SOC concentration in benchmark (BM) soils of
India (velayutham)
Horizon Depth (cm) P H CEC Cmol(+) OC (%) SOC (%)
Typic
Dystrochrept :
Tripura
A1
B1
B2
B3
B4
0-10
10-37
37-73
73-120
120-155
5.0
4.7
4.9
4.8
4.8
5.3
5.6
5.8
7.4
7.4
1.6
1.0
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.012
Ustic
kandihumult :
Kerala
AP
Bt1
Bt2
Bt3
Bt4
0-15
15-39
39-119
119-162
162-205
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.2
5.4
6.5
6.2
6.6
5.9
5.3
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.6
0.5
0.059
S
Sourcre-: Organic stocks in Indian soils Author :- Velayutham et al (2000)

15. SOC in forest and horticultural systems-:
▪ By the large : Black soils ( vertisols and vertic intergrades ) Under agriculture
system in India show QEV of 0.5 -0.6% SOC in the surface layer
▪ Naitam and Bhattacharya made an attempt to provide QEV value of SOC of
Vertisols under various land use system ( Horticulture , cotton, cotton plus pigeon
pea and forest
▪ Naitam and Bhattacharya in moist sub-humid central peninsular India observed that
the SOC concentration with in the First 100 cm was higher in soils under forest
,followed by horticulture , and Agriculture system
▪ The QEV of SOC in the first 50 cm depth soil under horticulture system was 0.71%
over the past 30 years orange cultivation
▪ Among the three systems the soil under forest show the highest (0.71%) soil under
cotton showed lowest (0.43%) in the 50 cm depth .which was increased to (0.51%)
with the introduction of pigeon pea in the system
▪ Thus variation due in QEV in the clay and smectitic soils is primarly due to the
difference in the land use systems.

16. Seasonal wise SOC Pool under grassland and Natural
forest of Jhimil Jheel wetland –uttarakand
SN Season Sites SOC POOL
(t/ha)
Std deviation Std. Error
1 Autumn Grassland 81.38 ±20.957 4.682
2 Autumn Natural forest 76.85 ±17.268 3.86
3 Autumn Plantation 55.95 ±16.759 3.74
4 Winter Natural forest 131.25 ±23.803 5.32
5 Winter Plantation 123.78 ±22.093 4.93
6 Winter Grassland 72.92 ±20.093 4.64
7 Spring Natural forest 170.46 ±31.518 7.04
8 Spring Plantation 155.13 ±37.223 8.32
9 Spring Grassland 73.17 ±19.616 4.38
10 Summer Natural forest 123.89 ±19.093 4.26
11 summer Plantation 114.61 ±18.130 4.05
12 Summer Grassland 64.73 ±19.829 4.43
Source:- IJSRP volume 5 Author:- M.salim, Pramod kumar et al (2015)

17. Carbon sequestration in dominant soil series
under different land uses of Tamil Nadu
Land use Soil depth
(cm) 0-30
Soil depth
(cm) 30-50
Soil depth
(cm) 50-80
Soil depth
(cm) 80-100
mean
AGRICULTUR
E
15.4 14.3 12.8 15.4 14.5
PLANTATION 17.4 16.3 15.9 12.2 15.5
AGROFORES
TRY
35.4 36.5 33.3 21.7 31.7
FOREST 76.0 63.1 55.1 51.3 61.4
MEAN 36.1 32.6 29.3 25.2
Sources:- International journal of current microbiology and Applied sciences
Authors –chander prabha, k Arulmani
Senthivelu , R. velamani (2005)

18. Total organic carbon content different cropping
systems in acid sulphate soils of kerala
Soil series Rice coconut Rice-fish mean
S1-Ambalapuza 3.34 3.17 3.51 3.34
S2- Purkkad 2.84 3.47 3.23 3.18
S3-Thakazhi 3.44 2.89 6.21 4.18
S4-Thuravur 6.58 2.50 2.11 3.73
S5-Thottapalii 2.59 1.97 2.80 2.46
S6-Kallara 9.38 8.67 8.61 8.89
Mean 4.69 3.78 4.41
Source:- Current Journal of Applied science and Technology
Author;- R, Gladies , K.R. Dhanya et (2020)

19. Soil organic carbon stock in different orchards of
eastern plateau hill region of India-:
✓ The eastern plateau and hill region cover 13% of the total geographic area of the
country and countributes 9, 1 and 7% of the soil organic carbon (SOC ) , soil
inorganic carbon (SIC) ,and total Carbon (TC) stocks from the country
.(Bhattachary et al )
✓ Cropping systems and management practices that ensure greater amount of crop
residue to the soil are expected to cause a net build –up of the SOC stock
✓ To better understand mechanisms by which carbon is lost or stabilized in soil , the
(TSOC)stock is separated into labile or active pool , and a stable or passive pool
✓ The labile carbon pool is the fraction of TSOC with the most rapid turn over rates
,this pool is important for the crop production point of view
✓ The passive pool is comparatively more stable then active pool and it is slowly
decomposable having a larger turnover time.

20. Active carbon pool in soil in different layers (m) of 6-
year old orchard at plandu in EPH region of India
Orchard Active
carbon pool
(Mg ha) at
0-0.15 m
depth
Active
carbon pool
(mg ha) at
0.15-0.30m
depth
Active
carbon pool
(mg ha) at
0.30-0.45m
depth
Active pool
(mg ha)
0.45-0.60 m
depth
total
Control 10.57 7.67 7.08 5.38 30.72
Litchi 10.94 8.96 7.96 6.10 33.97
Guava 12.06 9.30 7.53 5.68 34.57
Mango 11.88 10.06 7.89 6.36 36.20
Mean 11.36 9.00 7.62 5.88 33.87
Source-: Carbon management in Agriculture
Authors-: sushanta kumar naik , Sudrashan maurya , bhagawati prasad bhatt (2012)

21. Passive carbon pool in different layers of (m) 6 –year
–old- orchard at plandu in EPH region of India
Orchard Passive
carbon pool
(mg ha) at
0-0.15 m
depth
Passive
carbon pool
(mg ha) at
0.15-0.30 m
depth
Passive pool
carbon pool
(mg ha) at
0.30-0.45 m
depth
Passive
carbon pool
(mg ha) at
o.45-0.60
Total
Control 7.92 5.77 4.72 4.15 22.56
Litchi 8.28 6.96 5.64 4.31 25.20
Guava 8.21 6.94 5.74 4.63 25.52
Mango 8.60 7.26 5.72 4.69 26.27
Mean 8.25 6.73 5.46 4.45 24.89
Source-: carbon management in agriculture
Authors-: Sushanta kumar Naik , Sudrashan Maurya , Bhagavati prasad Bhatt (2012)

22. Carbon management index of soil organic pool in
different layer (m) of 6 year old orchard at plandu in
EPH region of India
Orchard (CMI) At 0-
0.15 soil
depth
(CMI) At
0.15 -0.30
soil depth
( CMI) At
0.30-0.45
soil depth
(CMI) At
0.45-0.60
soil depth
Mean
Control 161.31 170.17 181.63 164.75 169.47
Litchi 172.53 203.83 203.91 189.65 192.48
Guava 185.71 207.67 193.93 182.35 192.41
Mango 186.71 228.34 205.65 196.53 204.18
Source-: carbon management in Agriculture
Authors-: sushanta kumar naik , sudarshan Maurya, Bhagawati prasad Bhatt(2012)

23. Soil organic carbon density and stock in AESR
soils of madhya pradesh
❑ The high diversity of soil types in M.P resulted in high variation in soil organic
carbon distribution both spatially and profile
❑ The total estimated soil C pool of the state is 790.61 Tg
❑ AESR 1 had the maximum SOC density (42.3 mg C ha) , and AESR 4 had
minimum SOC density (35.3 mg ha) this was caused by climate and agricultural
development
❑ AESR 1 is the moist and semi-arid upland with irrigation facilities and AESR 4 is
the dry , sub-humid plateau region
❑ The estimated AESR soil organic stock observed in AESR 3 ( 263.2Tg) and
minimum in AESR 5 ( 74.7 Tg) followed by 96.13 Tg in AESR 1
❑ The wide difference is mainly because of larger area of AESR and deep to
moderately clay soils
❑ Bhattacharya et al studied changes in carbon levels in soil (0-150) from 1980 -2005
. They reported that soil in kheri (bench mark location M.P) showed an increased of
SOC stock over 1980

24. Total agricultural carbon pool in AESR soils of
M.P
➢ The total estimated crop biomass C and soil carbon stock of madhya pradesh was
34.94 Tg and 790.6 Tg respectively
➢ Soil C stock was approximately 25 times higher than biomass C stock which
underline the role of soil in sequestrating atmosphere co2
➢ Total agricultural C stocks was estimated to be 825.6 T g with AESR 3 recording
the highest and 5 the lowest stock
➢ In case of total agricultural carbon density AESR 1 recorded the highest
Agricultural C density and AESR 4 recorded lowest Agricultural C density
➢ It can be concluded that crop biomass C and SOC pool varies with intensity of and
type of cropping ,soil type , and climatic regions.
➢ The total estimated crop biomass C for the state is 34.94 Tg
➢ AESR 3 had miximum crop biomass carbon ( 14.12 T g) and AESR 5 had
manimum crop biomass carbon (2.71 Tg)
➢ The maximum (3.95 mg C/ha) and minimum (0.50 mg C ha) crop biomass C
density were recorded in Indore and shahdol distict , respectively

25. Crop biomass and carbon stock in AESR soils of
M.P
AESR NBSS&L
UP
CODE
Net
sown
area (mg
ha)
Agril.C
density
of soil
(mg ha)
Agril .C
density
of crop
(mg ha)
Agril.C
stock in
soil (Tg
C)
Agril. C
stock in
crop (Tg
C)
Mean
1 4.4 2.27 42.35 1.30 96.13 2.95 99.08
2 5.2 5.90 37.00 1.23 218.32 7.23 225.56
3 10.1 6.99 37.66 2.01 263.23 14.12 277.35
4 10.3 3.92 35.26 1.99 138.23 7.93 146.16
5 10.4 1.99 37.54 1.36 74.70 2.71 77.41
Source-: Indian Institute of Remote sensing , NRSC, ISRO, Dehradun 248 001 , India ( Alice J.
Murphy award Paper )
Authours-:Nisha wani , A. Velmurugan*& V.K. Dadhwal (2010)

26. Critical carbon inputs required in different rainfed production systems of
India( source;- journal of Indian society of soil science , author:ch. Srinivasan)
Location Best management
practice
SYI Mean annual C
input (Mg C ha yr)
Mean SOC
sequestration
rate (Mg C ha
yr)
Critical C input requirement (Mg ha
y)
Anantapur ( ground
nut ); Alfisol
50%RDF+ 4 Mg
groundnut shells
(GNS) ha
0.48 3.5 0.57 1.12
Bangalore – Alfisol (
Ground nut –finger
millet rotation )
10 Mg FYM ha
+100%NPK
Gnut 0.21
Fingermillet:0.76
3.0 0.71 1.62
Bangalore (finger
millet ) : Alfisol
10Mg FYM ha+100%
NPK
0.59 3.1 0.82 1.13
Solapur (winter
sorghum ) vertisol
25 kg N ha + 25 kg N
ha
0.48 3.4 0.89 1.10
Indore (Soyabean-
safflower ): vertisol
6Mg FYM ha+
N20P13
Soyabean 0.48
Safflower 0.45
7.0 1.26 3.47
Sources:- Long term effect of crop residues and fertility management on carbon management
Author-: Ch. Srinivasrao et al (2012)

27. Organic and inorganic carbon stock in commonly found
Indian soils (0-0.3 m soil depth ) (value in pg)
Soil
carbon
Alluvia
l soils
Black
soils
Arid
soils
Brown
soils
Red
soils
Total
Organi
c
carbon
2.79 pg 2.56 pg 0.71 pg 0.12 pg 3.33 pg 9.55pg
Inorga
nic
carbon
1.52 pg 1.08 pg 1.39 pg 0.00 pg 0.15 pg 4.14 pg
Total
carbon
4.30 pg 3.64 pg 2.11 pg 0.12 pg 3.52 pg 13.69
pg
Source:- Journal of the Indian society of soil science
Author:- Bhattacharya et al (2004)

28. SOIL Organic carbon stock (Mg C ha) in different land use of
Mizoram, Northeast India .
Land use types Soil depth 0-15 cm Soil depth 13-30 cm Soil depth 30-45 cm
Shifting cultivation 13.14 ±0.73 9.19±0.63 5.55±0.43
Wet Rice cultivation 26.36±0.86 12.61±0.58 7.24±0.47
Home garden 19.95±0.93 17.54±0.61 13.36±0.92
Forest (natural ) 24.50±2.31 16.52±1.91 11.71 ±1.14
Bamboo plantation 11.81±0.36 9.91±0.34 8.11±0.33
Grassland 16.09±3.06 7.98±1.12 3.60±0.46
Oil palm plantation 17.29±2.80 9.66±0.42 9.76±1.84
Teak plantation 20.57±3.15 15.05±3.37 9.03±1.34
source:- Geoscience journal authors:- Alice Kenye, Uttam kumar Sahoo
Soibam Lanabir singh , Anudip Gogo (2019)

29. Estimate of global soil carbon potential by various land use
methods
s.no Land use Soil carbon sequestration
potential (Pg C year )
Reference
1 World cropland 0.43-0.57 Lal and Bruce
(1999)
2 Desertification
control
1.0 Squires et al (1995)
3 Desertification
control
0.2-0.4 Lal (2001)
4 Soils of tropics 0.28-0.54 Lal (2002)
5 World soil 0.4-0.8 IPCC (1996)
6 Permanent Pasture 1.87 Conant et al
Source:- Carbon sequestration : global and Indian scenario
Author:- K.K.Bandyopadhyay (2007)

30. Case study 1- soil organic carbon (SOC)
concentration of soils of India in relation to rainfall
and temperature ( by Sekhon and meelu )
Rain fall (mm/yy) Mean annual
temperature (◦c)
SOC content in
surface soil (g/kg)
SOC content in sub
soil (g/kg)
<500 25.9-26.7 1.2-8.0 1.2-4.0
500-1000 23.6-27.9 1.8-12.5 0.7-11.7
>1000 24.4-27.2 2.6-9.0 2.3-8.4
Source-: soil carbon sequestration in India Authors-: Sekhon and meelu (1999)

31. Case study-2 Depletion of soil organic carbon
concentration of compared with that in Undisturbed
soils ( Jenny , Raychaudhary & swarup et al)
Region SOC content of soil
cultivated soil
(g/kg)
SOC content of
native soil (g/kg )
Percent reduction
1. North west
India
a. Indo-gangetic
plains
b. North west
Himalaya
4.2±0.9
24.3±8.7
104±3.6
34.5±11.6
59.6
29.6
2.North east India 23.2±10.4 38.3±23.3 39.4
3.South India 29.6±30.1 43.7±23.4 32.3
4 West Coast 13.2±8.1 18.7±2.1 29.1
5 Deccan Plateau 7.7±4.1 17.9±7.6 57.0
source-: soil carbon sequestration in India
Authors-: jenny, Raychaudhary, Swarup et al (2000)

32. villages Area under crop land (ha) Total biomass
(t/ha)
Total stocks (Tc /ha) Total carbon stock in
villages (t C/ha)
Karnataka villages
Sirsimakki 72.00 9.47 4.73 340.56
Hallusarige 198.80 1.62 0.81 161.03
Hegle 240.69 3.96 1.98 476.57
Lukkeri 58.00 8.51 4.25 246.50
Tamil nadu Villages
Kempanaickenapalaya
m
501.00 13.17 6.59 3301.59
Sellipalayam 389.00 10.15 5.07 1972.23
Thalakudi 77.00 3.51 1.76 135.52
Valadi 183.00 1.33 0.66 120.78
Source -: Earth science and Climate change Authors-: Indhu , K.Murthy , et al (2013)
T0TAL BIOMASS CARBON AND TOTAL STOCK IN FOUR VILLAGES OF TAMILNADU, Karnataka

33. Annual carbon sequestration potential of the case
study sites from kolkata
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
water bodie Terrestrial
area
grass /lawn tree density
Series 1
Series 2
Series 3
Source:-International advanced research journal in science , Engineering and
Technology Author:- Krishna gosh , Suchandra , Roy (2008)

34. Effect of Farm yard and green manure on Soil organic
carbon under different Land use systems
Land use Treatment Tha Organic C(%) Reference
Alluvial Maize-
wheat (15 years)
Control
FYM
-
69.7
0.51
2.49
Biswas et al
Medium black
cotton –sorghum
(45 years)
Control
FYM
-
6.2
0.56
1.14
Khaiani & more
Black soil ragee –
cow pea –maize (3
years)
Control
FYM
-
25
0.64
0.43
Mathan et al
Red soil –rice-rice
(10 years)
Control
50%
inorganic+50%
green manure
(sesbania aculeta)
-
-
0.43
0.93
Swarup
Sodic soil rice –
wheat (3 years)
Control
FYM
-
16
0.44
0.45
Manna
Sodic soil rice-
wheat (7 years)
Fallow –rice-wheat
Green manure
rice-wheat
-
-
0.23
0.37
Swarup
Source:- Improved management practice for Carbon management Authors:- P.K Ghosh &
Narendra kumar (2009)

35. Biomass and carbon stock of different tree
plantation in Entisol of Eastern chhattisgarh India
s.noS Species AGB
(Q/Tree)
BGB
(Q/Tree)
Total
biomass
(Q/tree)
Carbon
stock
(Q/tree
Yearly Carbon
storage (t/ha)
1 Albizia
lebbeck
23.93 6.23 30.16 15.08 37.70
2 Azadurcta
indica
2.71 0.71 3.42 1.71 4.275
3 Dalbergia
sissoo
2.16 0.57 2.73 1.36 3.375
4 Deris Indica 1.37 0.35 1.72 0.86 2.150
5 Emlica
officinalis
2.57 0.67 3.24 1.62 4.050
6 Eucalyptus
globulus
13.23 3.43 16.66 8.33 20.825
7 Peltoporum
Ferrugium
2.18 0.57 2.75 1.37 3.425
Source-: Current world Environment Authors:- Atul , Krishna chandra et al (2016)

36. Factors affecting carbon sequestration in soil
❑ Soil poor in bases with almost similar P H , and CEC values are prevalent in the states of
TRIPURA ( NEH) ,Kerala and Karnataka under the typical humid tropical climate
❑ The SOC content these soils differs , soil in Tripura have higher SOC then those Kerala
and Karnataka due to cooler winter in Tripura (mean annual temperature 15◦c than in
Karnataka and Kerala (mean annual temperature 25◦c)
❑ The cooler temperature even for a period of a few months (November ,December ,
January , February ) can influence the accumulation of OC
❑ Similar inference can be drawn from the soil of Maharashtra (western Ghats ) and
Madhya Pradesh in central India
❑ The soils of Madhya Pradesh contains higher OC ( >2 % in the 30 cm soil ) than those of
Maharashtra (>1 %in the 30 cm of soil) .this due to comparatively cooler winter in M.P
(Minimum jan temp 7-8◦c) than Maharashtra (minimum Jan temp 20-22◦c)
❑ The states of Punjab , Haryana are low SOC (<1%) Although minimum temperature 6-
8◦in winter but the low SOC due to low rainfall and low vegetation cover to the soil .
The MAR of these states 600-800 mm
❑ Dark color soils have More SOC then light color soils , at the same time SOC higher in
high rainfall coniferous vegetation than the deciduous vegetation

37. Soil organic Pool and Dynamics
The distribution of soil organic
matter into Five functional pools
may be for true representation
that are following this-:
Structural litter fraction -: It is
consist straw ,wood, stem and
plant residues .The C:N ratio
around 150:1 . It is consist high
lignin.
Metabolic pool fraction-: It
comprises plant bark , leaves ,
flower, Fruit , and Animal manure
.The C:N ratio is 10-25 ,this
fraction gives up mineral nitrogen
Active Pool-: This is microbial
biomass and their metabolites .
The C:N ratio is around 5:15 , it is
give up mineral nutrients to the
soil , besides SMBC ,light fraction
, water soluble carbohydrates are
also active.
Slow decomposable fraction-:
this fraction is comparable to
nature of composting material
having C:N ratio around 20:1 .
Which is slowly decomposable ,
its make temporary status of
humus
Passive pool -: It is highly
recalcitrant organic matter with
C:N ratio of 7:1-9:1. It is resistant
to oxidation , the specific
relationship management
practices and biological active soil
carbon

38. Factors affecting SOC restoration
Soil organic carbon equilibrium is governed by a number of interacting factors such as
temperature , moisture , texture , quality and quantity of OM applied , soil type , soil tillage ,
cropping system
Soil type-: In generally Organic carbon content increases with clay content under desert ,red,
alluvial , laterite and lateritic ,saline , black soil.
Expect mountain and forest soil which had highest OC at 35,6% clay , it is possible due to
continuous deposition of un humified organic carbon in these soils
Rainfall-: The increase rainfall cause increase SOC content but low rainfall cause decrease
the SOC content in the soil
Temperature-: High temperature in the soil cause low SOC content occur it is due to high
decomposition loses of OC but low temperature can develop the SOC
TILLEGE-: In generally high tillage operations can reduce the SOC ,but reduced tillage no
tillage causes can increase the SOC
Green manure & cover crop -: The green manure and cover crop can increase the soil
organic carbon
Farm residues and conservation practices -: Both practices can improves the SOC in the
soil

39. Comparison between traditional method and
recommended management practices for SOC
improvement
Traditional method ss Recommended management Practices ( RMPS)
1.Biomass burning and residual removal
2.Conventional tillage and clean cultivation
3.Bare /idle fallow during Off-season
4.Continous monoculture
5.Low input subsistence farming and soil nutrient
mining
6. Intensive cropping
7. Intensive use of chemical fertilizers
8.Surface irrigation
9.Indiscriminate use of Pesticides
10.Cultivating marginal soils
11. Forest cuttings and Podo cultivation
1.Residue return as surface mulch
2.Conservation tillage ,no till and mulch farming
3. Growing cover crop during off- season
4. Crop rotation and diversification
5 .Judicious use of off-farm input
6. Integrated nutrient management with compost ,
biosolids , Precision farming
7. Integrated trees and livestock with crop production
8. Drip ,furrow .or Sub irrigation
9.Intergrated pest management
10. Conservation reserve programme , restoration of
degraded soils through land use change
Sourcre-: Impact of RMPS on carbon sequestration Author:- Lal.R (2011)

40. Modeling carbon sequestration
o The use of process based models has opened a new era of assessing the SOC stock
and its change due to climate and land management practices with considerable
accuracy
o These model also given the option of choosing the land use practice for maintaining
soil health and combating climate change through C sequestration
o The Performance of group containing models like SOMM . ITE and VERBERNE
was poorer than the group containing model ROTH C, CANDY , DNDC ,
CENTURY , DAISY and NCS0IL
o ITE ,SOMM are forestry and /grassland models and attempted to stimulate arable
crops assuming they were grasses
o The perofrmance of the CENTURY model was evaluated by Bhattacharya et al with
two long term data set of The India
o The CENTURY model performed better in Ludhiana than Barrackpore dataset
o Recently integration of SOM model with GIS based database provide a potential
tool for identification of National greenhouse inventories which are important for C
trading

41. Technological option for soil carbon
sequestration
Technology Cropping system region Reference
1. Green manuring Sugarcane
Rice –wheat
Tropical
Northernwestern
Yadav et al
Aulakh et al
2. Mulching farming
/conservation tillage
Rice – wheat
Pearl millet
Soybean –wheat
Arable land
Punjab
Arid
Central
Northern
Aulakh et al
Aggarwal et al
Kundu et al
Srivastva and Prakash et al
Afforestation / Agrofoestry Silviculture
Acacia nilolotica
Agroforestry
Northern
Central
Tropical
Singhal et al
Pandey et al
Chander et al
Grazing management /ley
farming
Grassland
Grassland
Mixed farming
U.P
M.P
Arid
Pandey et al
Chaubey et al
RAO et al
Integrated nutrient
management /manuring
Arable land
Rice-wheat
Tamilnadu
Northe west
Jayaraman and perumal
Cropping systems Pearl millet
Fallowing
Mint – mustard
Arid
Humid/ sub humid
U.P
Kumar et al
Szoll et al
Patra et al
Source:- Carbon management in Agriculture Author :- A.K singh , S.V.Ngachan at al (2012

42. Reasons for low carbon sequestration and stock level
in India
➢ Biomass burning and residue removal from surface soil
➢ Continues tillage operations , conventional tillage , and clean cultivation
➢ Do not fallowing soil health card recommendations ,
➢ Continues monoculture of crops , and lack of crop rotation practices
➢ Low input subsistence farming and soil nutrient mining
➢ Lack of use organic and farm yard manure , and green manure crops
➢ Intensive use of chemical fertilizer and low cover crop , mulch practices
➢ Jum-jum cultivation in NEH and deforestations , high forest cuttings , forest fires
➢ Intensive cropping and low fallowing legume crop rotations
➢ High surface irrigation and low erosion control measures
➢ Indiscriminate use of pesticides , agricultural chemicals
➢ Donot fallowing agro forestry , farm forestry , social forestry methods
➢ Low use of bio-fertilizers and organic manures
➢ Lack awareness on soil conservation practices

43. Strategies for Enhance SOC sequestration and
stock in soil
✓ Correction of limiting nutrient including micronutrient and site specific nutrient
management approach in crop area can help in augmenting the productivity
✓ Inclusion of short duration legumes in Cropping System
✓ Enhancing the input use efficiency using the principle of Precision agriculture
✓ To fallow soil water conservation methods like cover crop , mulching
✓ Green leaf manure with help of nitrogen trees like Gliricidia and leucaena and off
season biomass generation and its incorporation
✓ Capitalization of the potential of microbes / biofertilizers
✓ Recycling and enhancing the quality of organic residue using composting methods
✓ Adoption of site-specific soil and water conservation measures
✓ Diversified farming for enhanced income and risk mitigation
✓ Balanced and adequate fertilization and integrated nutrient use and soil
amendments
✓ Carbon sequestration Through agroforestry tree spices and its recycling by leaf
litter fall and regular use of manures

44. Constraints in soil carbon sequestration
management
There are several constraints for soil carbon sequestration which should be taken in to
consideration while designing any carbon strategies
1. In the tropics and sub-tropics the climate is the harsh and the resource poor farmer
can not afford the off-farm inputs
2. There are biophysical constraints on agriculture production
3. SOC sequestration require input of crop residue / biosolid and fertilizers / manure to
enhance biomass production . How ever there is alternate competing of these inputs
4. Hidden carbon costs are involved with agriculture inputs
5. The rate of mineralization is high and rate of humification is low in the tropics
6. There is finite sink capacity of the SOC pool
7. The Indian climate high temperature causes high decomposition loss of carbon
8. floods and uncontroled forest fires causes lot of SOC losses
9. Low fallowing organic farming and high commercial farming

45. Conclusion -:
❑ Indian soils have low SOC and carbon stock because India is a tropical country
high temperature uneven rainfall causes lot of soil carbon decomposition
❑ In where coniferous forest condition less SOC decomposition losses than decidous
forest
❑ Indian soils more clay content but arid semi-arid climates causes SOC
decomposition and develop carbonates in sub surface soil
❑ In uncultivated and grass land contain good SOC compared to cultivated soils
because reason is no tillage operations
❑ Traditional methods of cultivation practices like burning residual , high tillage
operations , monoculture , intensive cropping , surface irrigation , low soil
conservation practices , forest cuttings causes lot of C losses occurred
❑ RMP practices like residue return as surface mulch, conservation tillages , grow
cover crop ,legume crop rotations , INM, IPM, high use of farm manure , drip
irrigation , Precision farming , Afforestation , soil conservation practices causes the
C emission in environment decrease and SOC in the soil can be developed