Microbial products and primary and secondary transfermation

1. Microbial Products
 BY
 Harinath Reddy .A

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3.  Primary Metabolites are the intermediates and products of
Primary metabolism.
 A primary metabolite is directly involved in normal "growth",
development, and reproduction.
 Metabolites have various functions, including structure,
signaling, stimulatory, catalytic activity and inhibitory effects on
enzymes, and defense.
Primary metabolites:

4.  Amino acids, lactic acid, citric acid, ethanol are an example
of a primary metabolite produced in large-scale by industrial
microbiology.

5.  Primary metabolism, also referred to as trophophase, is
characterized by balanced growth of microorganisms.
 In the trophophase, the cells possess optimal concentrations of
almost all the macromolecules (proteins, DNA, RNA etc.).
 Several metabolic products, collectively referred to as primary
metabolites, are produced in trophophase (i.e., during the period of
growth).

6. The primary metabolites are divided into two groups:
 1. Primary essential metabolites:
 2. Primary metabolic end products:

7. Examples of primary metabolites produced by industrial
microbiology:
Class Example
Amino acids Glutamic acid, aspartic acid
Antioxidants Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
Organic acids Acetic acid, lactic acid
Vitamins Vit B
Alcohol Ethanol

8. Secondary Metabolites:
 Secondary metabolites are organic compounds that are not
directly involved in the normal growth, development, or
reproduction of an organism. (But involved in defense
mechanism).
 Examples include antibiotics, steroids, alkaloids and toxins
etc.

9. Characteristics of secondary metabolites:
 Secondary metabolites are specifically produced by selected few
microorganisms.
 Environmental factors genetic factors influence the production of
secondary metabolites.
 For example around 300 genes participate in the biosynthesis of
chlortetracycline.

10. Bioconversion products:

11.  Bioconversion, also known as biotransformation.
 It is the conversion of organic materials into usable products or
energy sources by microorganisms.

12.  Many types of chemical reactions occur in bio-transformation.
 These includes oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, formation of
C-C bonds.
 A variety of biological catalysts can be used for
biotransformation.

13. Growing cells:
 The desired bacterial cells cultivated in a suitable medium.
 As the growth of the cells occurs a concentrated substrate (Organic
compound ) add to the culture.
 The conversion of substrate is monitored by spectroscopic or
chromatographic techniques.

14. Immobilized enzyme:
 Immobilized enzymes most commonly used in bioconversion.
 An immobilized enzyme is an enzyme attached to an inert, insoluble
material—such as calcium alginate.
 Examples: Glucose oxidase,
Peroxidase,
Lactase.

15. Advantages include:
 No side reactions
 The desired products are not degraded.
 Isolation and recovery of product is simpler and easier.

16. Biotransformation of antibiotics:
 Biotransformation used to production of new antibiotics.
 Modification of existing ones for more effective treatment of
disease.
 To reduce toxicity and reduce allergic reactions of antibiotics.

17. Biotransformation of Penicillin G (Benzylpenicillin):
 Microbial transformation generally used for commercial production
of semi synthetic penicillins (Amphicillin, methicillin, Amoxicillin).

19. Biotransformation of Steroids:
 Steroids as hormones (glucocorticoids, androgens, progesterone
estrogens) perform a wide range of functions. They are very
useful therapeutically.
 Cortisone, due to its anti-inflammatory action is used in the
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and skin diseases.
 It is the derivative of progesterone, estrogens and Cholesterol.

20.  All steroids are organic molecules contain common
Hydro-cyclo-penta-phenanthrene ring.
Progesterone
11 alpha hydroxy progesterone
Rhizopus arrhizus

21.  Stigmasterol extracted from soybeans used as a substrate for
the synthesis of Cortisone.
Immunosuppressive
drug

22. Types of reactions in biotransformation of steroids:
 The microbial transformation of steroids broadly involves
oxidation (introduction of hydroxyl groups, splitting of side
chains).
 Reduction (conversion of aldehydes or ketones to alcohols) and
hydrolysis.

23. Biotransformation of Glycerol to Dihydroxyacetone:
 Dihydroxyacetone is used in cosmetics and suntan lotions.
Certain acetic acid bacteria can convert glycerol to
dihydroxyacetone through the process of biotransformation.
Glycerol-------------------------------- Dihydroxyacetone
Acetobacter or Gluconobacter