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HALEEMULLAH
MUHAMMAD.SHAFIQ
D-19-EE-04
SUBJECT ENERGY STORAGE
TECHNOLOGIES
SUBMITTED TO DR HUBDAR ALI

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INTRODUCTION:
 1969: Firstconcept was proposed by Ferrierin in France.
 1971: Research performed in university of Wisconsin in the US
 This research led to construction of the firstSMES device
 High temperature super conductors (HTS)
 Appeared commercially in late 90 s
 1997: firstsignifying sizeHTS – SMES was developed by American super
conductors.
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage:
Superconducting magnetic energy storage(SMES) systems storeenergy in a
magnetic field. This magnetic field is generated by a DC currenttraveling through
a superconducting coil. In a normalwire, as electric currentpasses through the
wire, some energy is lost as heat due to electric resistance. However, in a SMES
system, the wire is made froma superconducting material that has been
cryogenically cooled below its critical temperature. As a result, electric current
can pass through the wire with almostno resistance, allowing energy to be stored
in a SMES systemfor a longer period of time. Common superconducting materials
include mercury, vanadium, and niobium-titanium. The energy stored in an SMES
systemis discharged by connecting an AC power convertor to the conductive coil.
Components of SMES System:
I. Superconducting coil with the magnet
II. The power conditioning system(PCS)
III. The cryogenic system
IV. The control unit

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Superconducting Coil Main Part of a SMES
System:
Most superconducting coils are wound using conductors which arecomprised of
many fine filaments of a niobium-titanium (NbTi) alloy embedded in a copper
matrix.
The Size of the coil depends upon the energy storagerequirement.
Power Conditioning System:
The power conditioning systemuses an inverter/rectifier to transformalternating
current(AC) power to direct current or convertDC back to AC power.
An ac/dc PCS is used for two purposes:
One is to convertelectric energy from dc to ac.
The other is to chargeand dischargethe coil.
The inverter/rectifier accounts for about23 % energy loss in each direction. In
comparison to other storagemethods, SMES systems losethe least amount of
electricity during the storageprocess with a round-trip efficiency greater than
95%.

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Cryogenic Unit:
The SMES coil must be maintained at a temperature sufficiently low to maintain a
superconducting state. Commercial SMES temperature is about 4.5 K.
Ituses helium as the coolant or liquid nitrogen. The refrigerator consists of one or
more compressor cold boxItaffect the overall efficiency and costof SMES
system.
Control System:
Establishes a link between power demands fromthe grid and power flow to and
fromthe SMES coil.
Maintains systemsafety and sends systemstatus information to the operator.
Modern systems aretied to the internet to provide remote observation and
control.

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Advantages of SMES Systems:
I. They can switch fromcharge to dischargestate (vice versa) within seconds.
II. The absence of moving parts and high efficiency are someadditional
advantages.
III. Itcan be deployed in places where other technologies such as battery
systemor compressed air arenot feasible.
Limitations:
I. Main drawback of the SMES technology is the need of large amount power
to keep the coil at low temperature, combined with the high overall costfor
the employment of such unit.
II. To achieve commercially useful levels of storage, around 1 GW.h a SMES
installation would need a loop of around 100 miles (160 km).
III. Another problemis the infrastructurerequired for an installation.
Conclusion:
With the advancementin the science of superconductor technology, costof
installation of the SMES systemis eventually going to be comparable to that of
the existing storagetechnologies.
Hence, it will promote this systemwhich is capable of discharging larger amount
of energy for shortperiod of time thus helping with dynamic performance.

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SMES and FESS in Transportation:
In transportation, flywheels areused in hybrid and electric vehicles to store
energy, for use when harsh acceleration is required or to assistwith uphill climbs.
In hybrid vehicles, the constantpower is provided by the internal combustion
engines to keep the vehicle running at a constantoptimum speed, reducing fuel
consumption, air and noise pollution, and extending the engine life by reducing
maintenance requirements. At the same time, energy fromregenerative braking
during vehicle slowdown is stored in flywheels, which will be supplied back to
providea boost during acceleration or climbing hills. The only competitors to
flywheels in hybrid vehicle applications are chemical batteries and ultra-
capacitors. However, ultra-capacitors suffer froma low energy density and higher
cost. Flywheels rank better than batteries based on their longer life time, higher
power density, higher efficiency, and frequent charge-dischargecapability.
SMES and FESS in Railway:
Furthermore, flywheels aredeveloped for rail applications, both for hybrid and
electric systems. They also find a place in gas turbine trains for the same purpose.
The desired speed and maximum weight of the train determines the power and
energy requirements. It is estimated that 30% of the braking energy could be
recovered by this system, due to receptivity issues in electrical vehicles with
chemical batteries as their sourceof propulsion, flywheels areconsidered to cope
well with a fluctuating power consumption. This will prolong the lifetime of the
battery as its charge-dischargecycles become more regular. In train energy
recovery systems, flywheels areinstalled at stations or substations to recover
energy through regenerative braking, and supply it back into the systemfor
traction purposes. Flywheels arewell suited for this application due to the high
rate of charge-dischargecycles needed. In addition, it allows voltage sag control
for transmission and distribution lines, without increasing the line capacity of the
railway. A number of flywheels for trackside energy recovery systems havebeen
demonstrated by URENCO and Calnetix]. In April 2014, VYCONInc. installed a

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FESS for the Los Angeles Country Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA
Metro) Red line (MRL), to recover the braking energy from trains. MRL provides
rail subway serviceconnecting downtown to San Fernando Valley through six-car
trains with AC or DC traction systems. VYCON’s flywheel, known as Metro’s
WaysideEnergy Storage Substation (WESS), can recover 66% of the braking train
energy [80]. The collected data, after six months of operation, showed 20%
energy savings (approximately 541 MWh), which is enough to power 100 average
homes in California. A total of 190 metro systems operating in 9477 stations and
approximately 11,800 kmof track has been reported globally. The introduction of
energy storage into rail transit for braking energy recovery can potentially reduce
10% of the electricity consumption, while achieving cost savings of $90,000per
station. Flywheels arealso used in roller coaster launch systems to accumulate
the energy during downhill movements and then rapidly accelerate the train to
reach uphill positions, using electromagnetic, hydraulic, and friction wheel
propulsion. The IncredibleHulk roller coaster at an adventuretheme park in
Orlando, Florida, uses several4500 kg flywheels to propel the system. The
flywheels chargecontinuously at about200 kW and then dischargeat 8 MW, to
launch the train.

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SMES and FESS in Porsche 911:
Since the late 2000s, theuseof flywheel hybrid storagesystems in motorsports
has seen major developments, beginning with Formula 1 and followed by the
highest class of World EnduranceChampionship (WEC). Williams Hybrid Power
(WHP), partof Williams Group of companies, pioneered the use of flywheel
energy storage in motorsport. WHP’s electric flywheel was used in Porsche
Motorsport ontheir 2010 911 GT3 R Hybridendurance racing car. This car
competed in severalenduranceraces in 2010, including the 24 h Nürburgring
race, whereit led the race by two laps until 22nd h, beforeretiring due to an
engine-related failure-an unrelated problem to the hybrid system. The following
year, the GT3 R secured firstposition in the VLNrace at the Nordschleiefe.
Porschehybrid’s latestversion, the 918 RSR hybrid concept sports car with
electric flywheel energy storage, was announced at the 2010 DetroitMotor show.
In March 2012, WHP was announced as the hybrid energy storage supplier for
Audi R18 e-Tron Quattro. WHP’s entirely new design flywheel(150 kW power,
45,000 rpmspeed) for Audimade history by becoming the firsthybrid car to win
Le Mans, the mostdemanding race in the world, in 2010, 2013, and 2014. In
public transport, city buses are an ideal application for electric flywheel

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hybridization, due to their higher mass and frequent start-stop nature. The
technology can save fuel and reduce greenhousegas emissions by up to 30% .
WHP started developing flywheelenergy storagefor use in buses for the Go-
Ahead Group in March 2012. Italso developed a kinetic energy recovery system
(KERS) for GKN Gyro drive in April 2014. TheGKN has recently demonstrated a
design for usein city buses.
SMES and FESS in Spacecraft:
Flywheels find applications in spacevehicles where the primary sourceof energy
is the sun, and wherethe energy needs to be stored for the periods when the
satellite is in darkness. FES for theinternational spacestation (ISS) was discussed
in 1961 and was firstproposed in the 1970s. For thepastdecade, the NASA Glenn
Research Centre (GRC) has been interested in developing flywheels for space
vehicles. Initially, designs used battery storage, but now, FES are being considered
in combination with or to replace batteries [7,8]. Thecombined functionality of
batteries and flywheels will improve the efficiency, and reducethe spacecraft
mass and cost [7]. The proposed flywheelsystemfor NASA has a composite rotor
and magnetic bearings, capable of storing an excess of 15 MJ and peak power of
4.1 kW, with a net efficiency of 93.7%. Based on the estimates by NASA, replacing
spacestation batteries with flywheels will result in more than US$200 million

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savings. Ithas been reported that a flywheel systemwould be significantly smaller
and offer a better weight reduction than the use of NiH2 battery devices for use
on EOS-AMI-typespacecraft. Ithas been shown that the flywheeloffers a 35%
reduction in mass, 55% reduction in volume, and a 6.7% area reduction for solar
array. FESS is the only storage systemthat can accomplish dual functions, by
providing satellites with renewable energy storagein conjunction with attitude
control.
FES System Conclusions:
The structureand components of the flywheel are introduced and the main types
for electric machines, power electronics, and bearing systems for flywheelstorage
systems aredescribed in detail. The main applications of FESS in power quality
improvement, uninterruptible power supply, transportation, renewableenergy
systems, and energy storageare explained, and some commercially available
flywheel storageprototypes, along with their operation under each application,
are also mentioned. FESS offer the unique characteristics of a very high cycle and
calendar life, and are the besttechnology for applications which demand these
requirements. A high power capability, instant response, and ease of recycling are
additional key advantages. Given the demand for ESS is expanding substantially,
and that FESS has these unique attributes, the future for FESS remains very bright,
even in a time when the costof Li-ion and other chemistry battery technology
continues to reduce. Future work will include the detailed modelling and analysis
of a flywheel systemfor backup power and grid supportapplications.

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