1. The Climate Camelot is Emerging Around the World
Michael Garvin
Associate Director
Renewable Energy Applications for Conserving Humanity
Illinois Institute of Technology
Galvin Center for Electricity Innovation
Chicago, Illinois
Michael@renais.org
(515) 321-7000
This is a critical time in history as economies start to shift fromcarbon-based
supportto non-carbon based energy and transportation. Using the analogy to the
famous 1960s movieCamelot, weare experiencing an opportunity to create a
world without carbon, a Climate Camelot. In our case, we can startdreaming
about a world free fromcarbon. This is comparableto how King Arthur envisioned
a world free of conflict and fighting. If wecan dream that we can have economies
supported and running even moreefficiently on non-carbon based fuels, can we
not then create the technologies and develop the financial models to supportthat
dream? As Henry David Thoreau once said, "If you havebuilt castles in the air,
your work need not be lost; that is where they should be. Now put the
foundations under them.”
The key to success with converting economies from a carbon to a non-carbon
basis is to develop free-marketincentive programs to attract energy users to
carbon reduced or non-carbon technologies. Enlightened self-interest is the fuel
that will power this historic paradigm shift. In somecases, we are seeing
incumbent technologies retrofitted with technology that allows them to operate
with fewer air emissions. This is a transitional technology application as
completely non-carbon and zero air emission technologies are developed and
proven.
This work has to be done for every sector of the economy that releases carbon,
fromenergy generation to transportation to industrialprocesses if we want to

2. hold temperature rise to no more than 2 degrees C as scientist suggest. If wecan
articulate the benefits and develop the financial calculations to support non-
carbon technologies, the consumer will choose thosetechnologies over carbon-
release technologies justout of enlightened self-interest no matter how marketed
tout the merits and safety of “clean coal”. The math shows clearly that electricity
fromwind and solar power is in parity with coal-fired electricity and will soon be
more than competitive. There are calculations to show that electric cars and
hybrid trucks havea financial advantage over diesel and gasolinepowered
vehicles. The challenge is finding that calculation for that financial model that will
help the paradigm to shift. The challenge is making zero-carbon technologies and
services appealing to the end user which will spur on the paradigm shift.
Eliminating the Major ObjectiontoWindand Solar- Using Storage to Convert
Sustainable Energy GenerationtoBase Loadand Dispatchable Systems
We now have the firstreasonably priced, utility-scale energy storagesystem
being introduced to the marketthis year. This technology is called Thermal Cell.
Thermal energy storage has now matured to a point that this equipment stores
energy in the formof heat which can then be converted to electricity in a very
reliable and costefficient manner. The heat can be delivered to, and captured
within, the Thermal Cell in a number of way. The initial energy sourcecan be
captured by the sun’s energy through Solar Panels/Solar Dishes or by Wind
Turbine. The initial energy sourcecan even be the grid for off-peak captureto be
released during peak demand.

3. This Thermal Cell (TC) is then connected to an engine that is generally described
as a Heat Engine. In general terms, the Heat Engine, at relatively small electrical
energy output below 500kW aredescribed herein as Stirling Engines and other
Heat Engines at relatively higher electrical output above500kW aredescribed
herein as Closed Cycle Gas Turbines. Such Heat Engines use heat as a fuel that
activates the operation of the engine and converts the stored heat to a
mechanical operation that can be used to turn an electrical energy generator or
alternator.
The core of a cell described as a Thermal Cell of 1.4 meter diameter x 2.4 meter
height in size. The core is encapsulated and insulated by a layer of insulation
comprising material such that the external or exposed heat shall not be greater
than 55ºC. The insulation and the core shall be encased in a steel enclosure
appropriately strengthened and clearly marked with decals describing it as a heat
storagedevice. Such enclosure will be capable of with-standing reasonableforce
or contact with the outside world and will not rupture or spill its contents. A
Stirling Engine is installed at an electricity generation rate of 1-500 kws. Multiple
Thermal Cells with Stirling Engines can be inter-connected to provideincreased
storageand increased output. Other configurations may be available as may be
agreed in writing between the parties fromtime to time. We can attach to the
above configured Thermal Cell and Stirling Engine a Generator or Alternator
capable of delivering 10kWecontinuously.
The Thermal Cell allows utilities to set their wind and solar installation as base
load energy generation projectwhich commands a much higher price set with

4. FERC Order 755 for paymentfor “frequency modulated” sustainable energy. The
Thermal Cell also allows massiveamounts of peak shaving for large cities such as
Chicago which presently pays 1 cent per kw/hr. during off-peak and 18 cents for
peak demand.
Specialty applications such as off-grid residential and cell phone or other
communication towers are already being set with Thermal Cell systems.
Energy Transportedby Railroads toAddress TransitionGridChallenges
One of the major challenges of developing renewableenergy resources is the
problem of how to get that energy from the wind, geothermal and solar resources
to the population areas that can use that energy. The discussion of the need to an
extensive build out of the high voltage, long distancetransmission network
always in with the obstacles of gaining easements and financing on projectthat
could involvetens of thousands of miles of easements and over a trillion dollars of
financing. One of the options to address theseproblems is to supplementthe high
voltage network build out with developing fuel cell technology that would allow
electricity to be storagein large rail-based fuel cells and transported anywhere
that there is rail service. Thermal Cells would allow this to happen.
The coal-fired electricity generation systemdepends heavily on rail transportation
to get the fuel sourceto the electricity generation plant. Rail plays a major role in
that transportation. The statistics are impressive:

5. • Tonnage of coal transported- 1.5 billion tons producing over 1,500,000,000
MW of electricity
As fuel cell technology continues to improve, there is now models emerging for
the development of fuel cells the sizeof railway cars with the capacity of storing
between 40-60 MW/hrs per car. The key to Container-based Energy Storage (C-
BES) is the loss of energy over time coefficient. Some technology researchers are
reporting that averagelosses at less than 1% per 24 hour period. If that is the
case, then we may soon see energy rail transportation supplementing energy line
transmission. Rail, and even truck, transportation of electricity could expedite the
development of all forms of renewable energy resources. Projectdevelopers for
renewable energy are limited by how their projectconnects with existing
transmission lines. There is a significant costin buying a position on existing lines.
There is always a wait to be accepted on to existing lines.
The value proposition for C-BES centers on the assumption that a C-BES railway
car can produce and transportelectricity at a cheaper rate than a coal rail car. On
average, a rail coal car carries 60 tons of coal with the potential of generating 1
MW/hr of electricity per ton. A C-BES rail container which has the ability to
transport60 MW/hrs would compete favorably with a coal car based on the fact
that coal will require an expensive power plant conversion process thatturns the
coal to electricity. The C-BES systems required only a convertor to unload the
electricity to the grid. Both systems havea front end process. Wind requires wind
farms and coal requires mining operations. Exploration of the competitive nature
of C-BES centers on the capacity and efficiency of the rail energy storage
containers.
Container-based Energy Storagewill play an importantrole in the evolving
renewable energy resource. First, utility-gradestorage technology will allow
renewable energy technology to escape the intermittent delivery objections often
leveled at wind and solar energy generation. C-BES systems willallows renewable
energy sources to be used in manage peak load requirements. Mostimportantly,
C-BES systems willallow the renewable energy technologies to take advantage of
the existing 230,000 miles of railway lines in the United States.

6. The UntappedPotential of OceanWave Energy
We are now juststarting to install the firstcommercialized utility-scale wave
generator. These systems haveproven to provideelectricity at a very low cost
(around 4 cents per kw/hr.) and haveminimal impact on marine life. The firstpilot
installations are likely to be placed off the coast of Africa in 2016. With an
estimated 44% of the world’s population living near coastal regions, the
development of low costwave generation is a game changer. As the waveenergy
map shows, someof the poorestcountries in the world would benefit for the
deployment of wavegeneration technology.
The technology centers on only three parts so the reliability is expected to be very
high.

7. The Dawn of the Climate Camelot
In the emerging Climate Camelot, we are already accessing a number of
technologies that will be in our future. You're now challenged with the task of
putting financially advantageous economic models to thosetechnologies. As soon
as we are successfulin creating models that are easily explained to institutional,
commercial and industrialenergy managers in both value and economic
advantage, we will see a major paradigm shiftaway from carbon-releasing
technologies to those that release less carbon or no carbon at all. This is the
beginning of the Climate Camelot era.