4. Medicine
Drugs
Drug is derived from the
Greek word "Pharmacon"
meaning "Drug." Drug is a
substance that is often
considered narcotic,
hallucinogen or a stimulant.
Generally, drugs are not
used for direct treatment.
Medicine is derived from Latin
word "Medicus" which means
"Healing" or "Physician."
Medicine expresses a
preparation used for the
treatment or prevention of
disease. It is the formulated
form of drug. They are used for
prevention, diagnosis, control
and treatment. All medicines are
drugs.
VS
5. Classifications
of Medicine
Analgesics are used to
relieve pain without
causing numbness or
affecting
consciousness.
Antibiotics are
used to kill or to
slow down the
growth of bacteria.
Psychotherapeutic
medicines are used
to alter abnormal
thinking, feelings
or behaviors.
7. Which is
Which?
• Narcotic Substance
• Treats and prevents diseases
• Derived from Latin word "medicus"
• Relieves pain without causing numbness
• Kills or slows down growth of bacteria
• Alters abnormal thinking or behavior
• Formulated form of drug
• Derived from the Greek word "pharmacon"
10. DEFINITION
• A prescription drug (also prescription
medication or prescription medicine) is a
pharmaceutical drug that legally requires a
medical prescription to be dispensed.
11. TYPES/KINDS OF PRESCRIPTION
DRUGS
A substance used to treat
moderate to severe pain.
They are pain-relieving
drugs that interacts with
the opioid receptor of the
brain.
Opioids
sometimes called "benzos",
are a class of depressant
drugs. They slow down
messages travelling between
the brain and the body.
Benzodiazepines
colloquially referred to as "Z-
Drugs." They are psychoactive
drugs. The newest class of
hypnotics. Used as treatment for
sleep problems and their
anxiolytic effects.
Non-Benzodiazepine
Sedatives
Stimulants are a class of drugs
that speed up messages
travelling between the brain and
body. Increases dopamine and
norepinephrine. Increases
alertness, attention and energy
Stimulants
12. How to administer
prescription drugs
Route Explanation
Buccal held inside the cheek
Enteral delivered directly into the
stomach or intestine (with a
G-tube or J-tube)
Inhalable breathed in through a tube or
mask
Infused injected into a vein with an IV
line and slowly dripped in over
time
Intramuscular injected into muscle with a
syringe
injected into your spine
Intravenous injected into a vein or into an
IV line
13. Nasal given into the nose by spray
or pump
given into the eye by drops,
gel, or ointment
Oral swallowed by mouth as a
tablet, capsule, lozenge, or
liquid
given by drops into the ear
inserted into the rectum
Subcutaneous injected just under the skin
held under the tongue
applied to the skin
given through a patch placed
on the skin
16. Matching type: Match the column A with Column B
• A substance used to treat
moderate to severe pain.
• Are a class of depressant
drugs .
• They are psychoactive
drugs. The newest class of
hypnotics.
• Are a class of drugs that
speed up messages
travelling between the brain
and body.
a.
a)Benzodiazepines
b)Stimulants
c)Opioids
d)Non-Benzodiazepine
Sedatives
17. QUIZ:
1. A pharmaceutical drug that
legally requires a medical
prescription to be dispensed.
2. A class of depressant drugs
whose core chemical
structure is the fusion of a
benzene ring and a diazepine
ring.
3.They are pain-relieving
drugs that interacts with the
opioid receptor of the brain.
4. Swallowed by mouth as a
tablet, capsule, lozenge, or
liquid.
5. Given into the eye by drops,
gel, or ointment.
6. Given through a patch
placed on the skin.
8. injected into your spine
7. Injected into a vein with an
IV line and slowly dripped in
over time.
20. TYPES/KINDS OF PRESCRIPTION
DRUGS
called antitussives. It
works by decreasing
activity in the part of the
brain that causes
coughing.
Dextromethorphan
(DXM)
used for the temporary
relief of stuffy nose and
sinus pain/pressure caused
by infection.
Pseudoephedrine Dimenhydrinate
used to prevent and treat
nausea, vomiting, and
dizziness caused by motion
sickness.
21. How to administer OTC
drugs
Usually administered orally as
a tablet, capsule, lozenge, or
liquid
22. Disadvantages
Advantages
• direct, rapid access to
medications. These medications
can be found at pharmacies and
grocery stores around the clock,
seven days a week.
• The benefits also include fewer
physician visits, resulting in
reduced health care system costs.
• may be abused more
easily since it does
not need a doctor’s
prescription to
acquire it
26. Cancer
• Cancer refers to any one of a large
number of diseases characterized
by the development of abnormal
cells that divide uncontrollably and
have the ability to infiltrate and
destroy normal body tissue. Cancer
often has the ability to spread
throughout your body.
Carcinogens
• a substance capable of causing
cancer in living tissue.
Anti-Cancer Drugs
• Anticancer drug, also called
antineoplastic drug, any
drug that is effective in the
treatment of malignant, or
cancerous, disease. There
are several major classes of
anticancer drugs; these
include alkylating agents,
antimetabolites, natural
products, and hormones
(Britannica).
27. Types of Cancer
• AIDS
• Leukemia
• Heart cancer
• Lung cancer
• Cervical cancer
• Breast cancer
The most common cancers
are breast, lung, colon and
rectum and prostate
cancers.
• Kidney cancer
• Lymphoma
• Thyroid cancer
• Prostate cancer
• Melanoma
• Bladder Cancer
29. • Local over growth
• Spread to other sites
• Weight loss
• Decrease resistance to
infection
• Signs and signs and
symptoms of most
cancers will range
relying on what a part
of the body is affected.
Some common signs and
symptoms related with most
cancers include:
• Fatigue
• Lump or region of thickening that
may be felt beneath the skin
• Weight adjustments, along with
unintended loss or gain
• Skin changes, along with
yellowing, darkening or redness of
the pores and skin, sores that may
not heal, or adjustments to present
moles
• Changes in bowel or bladder
conduct
30. Some common signs and symptoms
related with most cancers include:
• Persistent cough or having trouble
breathing
• Difficulty swallowing
• Hoarseness
• Persistent indigestion or soreness
after consuming
• Persistent, unexplained muscle or
joint ache
• Persistent, unexplained fevers or
night time sweats
• Unexplained bleeding or bruising
32. Chemotherapy
• they attack the cells that divide in a
high rate. Unfortunately, cells in the
bone marrow, hair follicles, and
gastrointestinal tract are also rapidly
dividing and are undergoing the same
treatment brought by anticancer
drugs.
33. Targeted Therapy
• prevents cancer cells from growing by
blocking certain types of molecules
that cancer cells need to form or divide
instead of attacking all frequently
dividing cells. Targeted therapy aims
to fight cancer while reducing damage
to normal cells.
34. Immunotherapy
• This basically means using the body's
immune system to hunt down and
destroy harmful cells. These drugs can
be used to train the body's immune
system to recognize cancer cells as
enemies or to mobilize the immune
system to work with the drugs
themselves.
35. Use the mind map below to recall the different types of
drugs and treatmenst of Cancer.
37. Definition of terms
HOMEOPATHY, ALSO KNOWN AS
HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINE, IS A FORM OF
COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE
MEDICINE (CAM) THAT USES NATURAL
SUBSTANCES IN VERY SMALL AMOUNTS
THAT CAN CAUSE DISEASE OR
SYMPTOMS WHEN USED IN LARGE
AMOUNTS.
38. • Homeopathy was developed in the beginning of 1700s-1800s
by German medical practitioner Samuel Hahnemann.
• It all started when he treated himself with small doses of
cinchona tree bark, which contains the antimalarial drug
quinine. It caused the symptoms of malaria without
consequences (anemia and jaundice due to loss of white blood
cells). At that time, he came up with the theory that the person
he likes cures the person he likes.
History of Homeophatic medicine
39. • This method was very popular for some time and eventually over
2,000 homeopathic remedies were developed. The use of
homeopathy declined with the advent of new and better modern
remedies, but it is still in use today. By then, however,
homeopathic physicians had adopted more traditional methods,
and physicians were adopting homeopathic remedies.
• In 1903, the American Medical Association invited homeopaths to
become a part of the organization.
History of Homeophatic medicine
41. Thelawofsimilars
The “like cures like” theory. Substances that cause healthy people
to get symptoms can cure diseases that have these symptoms
Theprincipleofthesingleremedy
One remedy should cover all the physical, emotional, and mental
symptoms of an illness.
3 Principles of Homeophaty
Theprincipleoftheminimumdose
Only a small amount of substance is first used at first, followed by
minuscule increases over time.
42. The basic idea of
homeopathy is “like cures like”. In other words, what causes
symptoms in a healthy person, in very small doses, can treat diseases with similar
symptoms. This is said to activate the body's natural defenses.
For example, red onions make your eyes water. Therefore, it is used in homeopathic
medicines for allergies. Other ailment remedies are made from poison ivy, white
arsenic, crushed whole bees, and an herb called arnica.
Homeopaths add water or alcohol to weaken these ingredients. The mixture is then
shaken as part of a process called "potentization." They believe this step conveys
healing essences. Homeopaths also believe that the lower the dose, the more effective
the medicine. In fact, many of these remedies do not contain any molecules of the
original substance. They are available in various forms such as sugar pellets, droplets,
creams, gels and tablets.
How Homeophatic remedies work
43. During your consultation, your homeopath
will ask you a series of questions about
your mental, emotional and physical health.
They will prescribe the best treatment for
all your symptoms. They will then tailor the
treatment for you.
44. According to homeopathic experts, after taking these medicines, some people
may feel sick due to the body temperature, which may stimulate illness, but the
medicines will continue to work to restore the health of the patient.
Some homeopathic medicines, especially liquid medicines, may contain high
levels of alcohol and may not be suitable for some people.
Some people experience dizziness after using homeopathic medicines. If side
effects persist for more than 4-5 days she should report to her doctor.
Pregnant women should take special precautions when using homeopathic
medicines and consult their doctor before taking homeopathic medicines.
Side effects
45. FILLing Better?
• Homeopathy was developed in the beginning of ________.
• It all started when he treated himself with small doses of ________.
• Which contains the antimalarial drug ______.
• In ________, the American medical associations invented
homeopaths to become part of the organization.
• The purpose of homeopathy is to ______.
• The basic idea of homeopathy is ________.
• Homeopaths add water or alcohol to weaken these ingredients.
The mixture is then shaken as part of a process called ________.
46. 1. This is a substance that is often considered narcotic, hallucinogen or a stimulant.
a.Drugs
b.Medicine
c.Antibiotics
d.Analgesics
2. This expresses a preparation used for the treatment or prevention of disease.
a. Drugs
b. Medicine
c. Antibiotics
d. Analgesics
3. These are used to kill or to slow down the growth of bacteria.
a.Drugs
b.Antibiotics
c.Analgesics
d.Psychotherapeutic Medicines
47. 4.These are used to relieve pain without causing numbness.
a.Drugs
b.Antibiotics
c.Analgesics
d.Psychotherapeutic Medicines
5.These are used to alter abnormal thinking, feelings, or behaviors.
a.Drugs
b.Antibiotics
c.Analgesics
d.Psychotherapeutic Medicines
6. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of drugs?
a.Short term solution
b.Addiction
c. Cure
d.Remedies
48. 7. Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of drugs?
a.Misuse
b.Addiction
c.Cure
d.Risks in mental health
8.This is a disease characterized by the development of abnormal cells that have the abilty
to destroy normal body tissue.
a.Cancer
b.Dengue
c.Corona Virus
d.Diarrhea
9.This is a substance that is capable of causing cancer in living tissues.
a.Carcinogens
b.Anti-cancer drugs
c.Cancer cells
d.Bacteria
49. 10.Also called as antineoplastic drug.
a.Carninogens
b.Cancer drug
c.Anti-cancer drugs
d.Cancer drug cure
50. Key
Which is Which
• Drug
• Medicine
• Medicine
• Analgesics
• Analgesics
• Antibiotics
• Psychotherapeutic medicines
• Drugs
Part 2 QUIZ
• Prescription of drugs
• Benzodiazepines
• Opioids
• Oral
• Ophthalmic
• Transdermal
• Infused
• Intrathecal
Arrange Me!!
• DEXTROMETHORPHAN
• DIMENHYDRINATE
• PSEUDOEPHEDRINE
FILLing Better?
• 1700s-1800s
• Cinchona tree bark
• quinine
• 1903
• to stimulate healing process
• like cures like
• Potentization
Last Quiz
• A. drugs
• B. medicine
• B. antibiotics
• C. analgesics
• D. psychotherapeutic
medicines
• A. short term solution
• C. cure
• A. cancer
• A. carcinogens
• C. anti-cancer drugs
52. References:
INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY (2015) BY
SAMIRA HADID
CLINICAL MICROSCOPY (2018) BY TAYLOR ALONSO
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (2020) BY OLIVIA WILSON
