Community Based Sanitation (CBS), DEWATS, Borda

1. CBS |
Community Based
Decentralized Wastewater
Treatment Solutions Sanitation
A promising concept to
improve livelihoods and
sanitation infrastructure
in poor urban areas
CBS |
DEWATS Service Package
Developed and disseminated by
BORDA & BORDA BNS Network

2. An Overview The Challenge
Official statistics suggest that CBS projects are based on a holistic Lack of basic sanitation
about 2.6 billion people do not and demand responsive approach. threatens livelihoods and
have access to “improved” sani- Instead of simply providing sanita- national economies
tation. 75% live in Asia, 18% tion “hardware”, CBS-projects aim
live in Africa and 5% live in to improve hygiene be-havior and Increased urbanisation and indus-
Latin America and the Caribean. sanitation infrastructure in a more trialization has reduced quality of
integrated and sustainable manner. livelihoods significantly for millions
The CBS framework is tailored to CBS projects generally focus on poor of people who live in low-income
improve sanitation conditions in and densely populated areas and settlements within cities. Lack
densely populated urban areas. closely reflect preferences of the of basic sanitation infrastructure Cause of death among young children
and potential economic benefit
Project implementations depend target communities. endangers public health and natural
from meeting the sanitation MDG
on the active cooperation of resources, resulting in enormous Source: B. Evans,
communities, governments, losses of lives and public/private Securing Sanitation, SIWI 2004
NGOs, and the private sector. funds.
Implementation of smart and proven Recently publsihed data suggests
technical options are synthesized that improved sanitation reduces
with capacity building measures and diarrhoea morbidity by 32% on
technical expertise to mainstream average. report by the Asian de-
Community-Based Sanitation (CBS) velopment Bank (ADB) estimates
as a viable technical option in are- the economic losses through in-
as, where neither individual on-site adequate sanitation and sewage
systems nor centralized sewerage treatment for Indonesia to be 4.7
systems can fulfill the need of billions $ per year. Besides im-
stakeholders for basic sanitation. proving livelihoods and the envi-
ronment, provision of sanitation
facilities would substantially benefit
national economies.
Half the developing world is still Transmission pathways
without improved sanitation of faecal-oral diseases
Source: Prüss et.al. 2002
Source: WHO/Unicef JMP,
Meeting the MDG,
mid-term assessment 2004

3. A Demand Based Solution CBS Framework and Principles
New infrastructure development pro- between sanitation, hygiene and Successful CBS projects and pro- Demand-Responsive Approach rences of stakeholders. Through
jects usually provide sanitation ser- diseases and are encouraged to grams are based on a multi-stake- (DRA) the Informed Choice approach,
vices to up to 60-70% of the urban organize the operation and main- holder approach, e.g. a planning, CBS initiatives and partnerships are communities and municipalities
population, residing in strategic resi- tenance of sanitation infrastructure. implementation and management established in regions where stake- are informed about benefits and
dential areas, whereas CBS schemes CBS projects are highly demand framework in which responsibilities holders on different levels are willing disadvantages of different options
aim to improve health and envi- responsive and rely on active par- and tasks are shared in a systema- to promote, finance and manage CBS before decisions are made.
ronment of communities in densely ticipation as well as contributions tic manner between different CBS- infrastructure. Participating commu- Professional Design and Workman-
populated areas with low income, from target communities and muni- stakeholders such as communities, nities should be free of conflict bet- ship: Functioning and long-lasting
usually located in inner-city areas or cipalities. Specific mechanisms Government departments, NGOs, ween residents. sanitation infrastructure depend on
at the fringe of industria-lized zones. have been developed for planning international donors, etc. • Participatory Planning: Participatory professional technical designs and
The CBS approach is an alternative and budgeting in order to make Two main CBS implementation and project planning must achieve equi- high-quality craftsmanship.
option that fills the significant „gap“ CBS compatible with administrative management schemes can be distin- ty within community regarding • Operation and Maintenance: Costs
between inappropriate on-site sani- requirements of governments. guished: access to new sanitation infrastruc- for operation and maintenance of
tation (e.g. absorption pits) and the According to requirements and abili- „Provider managed CBS ture. sanitation infrastructure should be
shortcomings of expensive conventi- ties, sanitation is planned, designed Scheme” • Informed Choice: Sustainable fully covered by communities/users.
onal centralized sewerage collection- and constructed for and together In this case primary investment CBS systems reflect the prefe-
and treatment systems. with the community. costs for sanitation infrastructure
is financed by public or private
Within CBS communities find their development agencies, technical Favourite CBS Systems
own informed demand, are given implementation is facilitated by a
Analysis of numerous implementa- to one septic tank (2). Systems
education about the connection CBS fills the Sanitation Gap qualified technical agency (Public,
tions in Asia has shown that only (1) and (2) are appropriate for
private, NGO) and a service provider
Convenience three types of water-based CBS- smaller and larger poor areas
agency, generally a qualified NGO,
Systems or its combinations are where houses are privately
is responsible for all operation and
Conventional centralized preferred by communities so far owned and households are
maintenance tasks.
and high cost systems • Simplified sewerage-systems willing to invest to upgrade sani-
„Community managed CBS
for settlements tary hardware.
Scheme”
CBS-Technical Low-diameter sewerage system • Community Sanitation Centres
Also within this scheme, invest-
Options that collects and discharges Consist of public water points,
ment costs are financed by public
household-wastewater from toilets, bathrooms and laundry
or private development agencies,
houses of one settlement into areas. Most appropriate in settle-
however, technical implementation
low-maintenance wastewater ments where majority of residents
relies on the active participation of
treatment plants (1) live in rented accomodation and
residents and community self-help
• Shared septic tank system where space is limited for in-
organisations are responsible for
Common on-site A number of houses are connected house sanitary hardware.
Sanitation Systems managing of sanitation facilities.
Both schemes have been success-
2. Shared Septic Tank
fully demonstrated and are equally
valid alternatives. Choice of either
scheme should be based on pre-
ference of communities and key- 1. Simplified
Community Sewerage
stakeholders on municipality level.
Within both schemes, contribution of
user-fees are essential to cover ope-
ration & maintenance costs.
Costs 3. Community
Sanitation Centre

4. Technical Options – Informed Choice Sludge stabilization and treatment plants
CBS Components When municipalities want embarking on a large scale imple- a CBS dissemination programme as
to mainstream CBS and mentation of CBS schemes with in- an uncontrolled discharge of liquid
Selection of CBS-systems and its Decentralized Wastewater tegrated small wastewater treatment sludges into the environment po-
components, depend on existing re- Treatment Systems facilities should consider to plan for ses serious risks for environmental
quirements and installing aproppriate sludge-treat- health.
capacities of implementing commu- Municipalities embarking on dissemi- ment facilities at an early stage of
nities. Basic CBS nating Community Based Sanitation
system consist of a toilet compo- must be aware of the fact that ap-
nent, a collection component, a propriate disposal of sludges accu- Input Features of a basic ILPT-plant Output
treatment component and a dis- mulated in small-scale wastewater Septage - Screening Screenings
posal/ reuse component. The main treatment systems need to be car- - Grease Trap Grease
CBS-components are shown in the ried out in intervals of one to two - Two Anaerobic
selection-tree below. years. An on-site treatment of di- Industry Sludge - Stabilization Reactors Biogas
gested sludge may be a valuable op- - Sand filter bed
Informed Choice Selection
tion in settlements where sufficient - Tunnel Dryer Compost
Tree
Selection Criteria area for de-watering or composting - Baffled Reactor
for Technical Options is available. However, municipalities - Aaerobic Gravel Filter Water
• Capacity: Are components • Convenience: How far do techni- • Treatment Efficiency: What en-
suitable for individual households cal options match preferences of vironmental discharge standards
and/or neighbourhoods with up to communities must be met?
1000 inhabitants? regarding „convenience“?
• Costs: Are anticipated invest-
ments and costs for operation
and maintenance compatible with
existing
financial resources?
• Self-help compatibility: Can com-
munities effectively
assist during construction and im-
plementation? During which pha-
ses of implementation is expert
staff required?
• Operation & Maintenance: Can
routine operation and mainte-
nance activities be carried out by
members of the community or is
expert help required?
• Replication potential: Can sani-
tation experts of municipalities
replicate/disseminate preferred
technical options independently?
• Reliability: Can a problem-free
functioning and operation of tech-
nical options be guaranteed

5. CBS-Benefits
Improved Livelihoods
CBS will improve quality of liveli-
hoods and health, especially of
mothers and children.
Protecting clean water sources
Wastewater treatment options
will reduce pollution load of
groundwater and rivers.
Innovative Potential of CBS
CBS fills the gap between proble-
matic on-site solutions and costly
centralized sewerage systems.
Efficiency – Time
Less than 12 months are antici-
pated for planning and implementing Communities improve their livelihoods: Replication
left: Volleyball field on top of the new
CBS-systems. CBS-wastewater treatment unit
Local facilitators ensure future CBS
Efficiency – Costs right: Community Sanitation Center – replications in participating cities.
a green spot in the settlement
Investment as well as operation & Informed Choice
maintenance costs of technical CBS Communities choose their “own”
options are low. Eco-friendly tested technical CBS system after being informed
Training and capacity building options by qualified experts.
Stakeholders are trained to plan, Technical options promoted within High visibility
implement and manage CBS in- CBS are smart, proven, and long- Regular information campaigns
dependently. lasting. Optional re-use of treated ensure a high visibility of CBS
water and biogas utilization are activities in the media.
means for active protection of the
environment.
DEWATS Service Packages
o Treatment Systems o Emergency Sanitation o Health Impact Assessment
o Community Based Sanitation o Sanitation for Prisons & Hygiene Education
o School Based Sanitation o Sanitation for Real Estates o Capacity Development
o Sanitation for Hospitals & Hotels o Sanitation Mapping o Standardisation
o Wastewater Treatment o Municipal Sludge Treatment o Research & Development
for Agro-Industry Plant
DEWATS – Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Solutions
Developed & disseminated by BORDA and over 20 BORDA BNS Network Partners in South and South East Asia & Southern Africa
Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association
BORDA Germany BORDA South East Asia BORDA South Asia BORDA SADC
Head Office Programme Office Indonesia Programme Office India Programme Office
fon: + 49 - 421-137 18
e-mail: office@borda-net.org fon: + 62 - 274 88 82 73 fon: + 91 - 80 41 52 75 54 fon: + 255 - 681204991
www.borda-net.org e-mail: yogya@borda-sea.org e-mail: bang@borda-sa.org e-mail: dar@borda-sadc.org