Values, Attitudes; job satisfaction

1. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
By Dr.Evangeline J
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
By Dr.Evangeline J

2. Values
Values

3. In simple terms…
In simple terms…
Values are basic and fundamental beliefs that guide or motivate
attitudes or actions.
Values describe the personal qualities we choose to embody to
guide our actions; the sort of person we want to be; the manner
in which we treat ourselves and others, and our interaction with
in which we treat ourselves and others, and our interaction with
the world around us. They provide the general guidelines for
conduct.
We believe what’s missing in society today is the commitment
to core ethical values that all people should strive to achieve,
such as honesty, kindness, compassion, respect, and personal
responsibility. These are values to be admired and illustrative of
a person of integrity. Where have they gone???

4. Rokeach Value Survey(RVS)
Rokeach Value Survey(RVS)
The Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) is a values classification
instrument. Developed by social psychologist
Milton Rokeach, the instrument is designed for rank-order
scaling of 36 values, including 18 terminal and 18
instrumental values.
The task for participants in the survey is to arrange the 18
The task for participants in the survey is to arrange the 18
terminal values, followed by the 18 instrumental values, into
an order "of importance to YOU, as guiding principles in
YOUR life"

5. Types of Values –- Rokeach Value Survey
Types of Values –- Rokeach Value Survey

6. Values in
the
Rokeach
Survey
E X H I B I T 3-1a

7. Values in
the
Rokeach
Survey
(cont’d)
(cont’d)
E X H I B I T 3-1b

8. Mean Value Rankings of
Executives, Union Members,
and Activists
Mean Value Rankings of
Executives, Union Members,
and Activists
E X H I B I T 3-2

9. Dominant Work Values in Today’s Workforce
Dominant Work Values in Today’s Workforce
E X H I B I T 3-3

10. Category of Values
Category of Values
Aesthetics Values
Aesthetic value is the value that an object, event, or state of
affairs (most paradigmatically an artwork or the natural
environment) possesses in virtue of its capacity to elicit pleasure
environment) possesses in virtue of its capacity to elicit pleasure
(positive value) or displeasure (negative value) when appreciated
or experienced aesthetically. Examples: The aesthetic wonder Taj
Mahal, Wonders of the world, Aesthetic Sculptures, Artworks,
Paintings etc., Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper, Mona Lisa

11. Social Values
Social Values
Social values are a set of moral principles defined by society
dynamics, institutions, traditions and cultural beliefs. These values
are implicit guidelines that provide orientation to individuals and
corporations to conduct themselves properly within a social
system.
Social values are most important aspects of a social system which
play a predominant role in running ad maintaining the social
order. They provide not only the general guidelines for social
conduct and behavior but also establish the norms in the society.
For example – honesty is the most appreciated behavior of an
individual in a social system, even those who do business based
on adulteration and fake products, they also like and expect
honesty from others.

12. A gang of pocket pickers, smugglers all may not expect from their
children to get into the profession in which they are. This is why?
Answer is very simple because if other members of a social know
that he himself is pocket-pickers and his son also doing the same, it
will never bring a good image for them, again this is why because in
society this profession has no social value, despite having earned
the good income. Prostitutes, Smugglers, drug dealers, criminals,
the good income. Prostitutes, Smugglers, drug dealers, criminals,
people with such never disclose their professional identity, this is
because in society such type of business acts have no social value.
People prefer to do business which hold high social values.
Examples: Professional values, CSR of corporations and
institutions, Corporate Goverance, Ethical Practices in the
workplace.

13. Political Values
Political Values
A political value is something you believe in that relates to how
government should operate, whom it should serve or not serve,
who pays for it and who benefits. Democrats Vs.Republican in US,
BJP,Congress,Left etc in India
-small, limited Government
-A strong national defense
-A strong national defense
-Low taxation/Fiscal responsibility
-The Constitution
-Individual freedom
-Personal responsibility
-A free market
-Private property rights

14. Religious Values
Religious Values
Religious Values reflect the beliefs and practices which
a religious adherent partakes in. Most values originate from
sacred texts of each respective religion. They can also originate
from members of the religion.
Religious values define what people expect of themselves and
Religious values define what people expect of themselves and
of others based on the beliefs common to the religions they
practice. Such values represent the core principles that guide
daily decision making. They help people determine which
actions to take, and to make judgments about right or wrong and
good or bad

15. Hinduism
Hinduism
Truth is eternal.
Hindus pursue knowledge and understanding of the Truth:
the very essence of the universe and the only Reality.
Brahman is Truth and Reality. ...
The Vedas are the ultimate authority. ...
Everyone should strive to achieve dharma. ...
Everyone should strive to achieve dharma. ...
Individual souls are immortal.
The purpose of life for Hindus is to achieve four aims,
called Purusharthas . These are dharma, kama, artha and
moksha. These provide Hindus with opportunities to act
morally and ethically and lead a good life.

16. Islam
Islam
Profession of Faith (shahada). The belief that "There is no god
but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God" is central to
Islam. ...
Prayer (salat). ...
Alms (zakat). ...
Fasting (sawm). ...
Fasting (sawm). ...
Pilgrimage (hajj)
Belief in Allah as the one and only God.
Belief in angels.
Belief in the holy books.
Belief in the Prophets... e.g. Adam, Ibrahim (Abraham), Musa
(Moses), Dawud (David), Isa (Jesus). ...
Belief in the Day of Judgement... ...
Belief in Predestination

17. Christianity
Christianity
Christians believe that there is only one God, whom they call
Father as Jesus Christ taught them. They recognise Jesus as
the son of God and believe God functions as a
Trinity(Father,Son and the Holy Spirit)
Love of God and neighbors
Fidelity in marriage
Fidelity in marriage
Renunciation of worldly goods
Renunciation of vengeance
Forgiveness of sins
Unconditional love
Showing mercy to poor,needy
Ten Commandments
Beatitudes

18. Attitudes
Attitudes
Attitudes represent our evaluations, preferences or rejections
based on the information we receive.
t is a generalized tendency to think or act in a certain way in
respect of some object or situation, often accompanied by
respect of some object or situation, often accompanied by
feelings. It is a learned predisposition to respond in a consistent
manner with respect to a given object.
This can include evaluations of people, issues, objects, or events.
Such evaluations are often positive or negative, but they can also
be uncertain at times.

19. These are the way of thinking, and they shape how we
relate to the world both in work and Outside of work.
Researchers also suggest that there are several different
components that make up attitudes.
One can see this by looking at the three components of an
attitude: cognition, affect and behavior.
attitude: cognition, affect and behavior.

20. Cognitive Component
Cognitive Component
The cognitive component of attitudes refers to the beliefs,
thoughts, and attributes that we would associate with an
object. It is the opinion or belief segment of an attitude.
It refers to that part of attitude which is related in general
knowledge of a person.
Typically these come to light in generalities or stereotypes,
such as ‘all babies are cute’, ‘smoking is harmful to health’
etc.

21. Affective Component
Affective Component
Affective component is the emotional or feeling segment of an
attitude.
It is related to the statement which affects another person.
It deals with feelings or emotions that are brought to the surface
about something, such as fear or hate.
about something, such as fear or hate.
Using the above example, someone might have the attitude that
they love all babies because they are cute or that they hate
smoking because it is harmful to health.

22. Behavior Component
Behavior Component
Behavior component of an attitude consists of a person’s
tendencies to behave’in a particular way toward an object. It
refers to that part of attitude which reflects the intention of a
person in the short-run or long run.
Using the above example, the behavioral attitude maybe- ‘I
cannot wait to kiss the baby’, or ‘we better keep those
cannot wait to kiss the baby’, or ‘we better keep those
smokers out of the library, etc.

23. Attitudes
Attitudes

24. My pay is low – Cognitive Component
(It affects the emotional/feeling segment of an
attitude and its refelcted in the segment
I am angry over how I’m paid-Affective
My pay is low – Cognitive Component
(It affects the emotional/feeling segment of an
attitude and its refelcted in the segment
I am angry over how I’m paid-Affective
I am angry over how I’m paid-Affective
Component
Finally affect can lead to behavioural outcomes
“ I am going to look for another job that pays
better”-Behavioural component
I am angry over how I’m paid-Affective
Component
Finally affect can lead to behavioural outcomes
“ I am going to look for another job that pays
better”-Behavioural component

25. Types of Attitudes
Types of Attitudes

26. An Application: Attitude Surveys
An Application: Attitude Surveys

27. Sample Attitude Survey
Sample Attitude Survey
E X H I B I T 3-5

28. Functions of Attitudes
Functions of Attitudes
Attitudes serve four major functions for the individual:
(1) the adjustments function,
(2) the ego defensive function,
(3) the value expressive function
(4) the knowledge function.
Ultimately these functions serve people’s need to protect and
enhance the image they hold of themselves. In more general
terms, these functions are the motivational bases which shape
and reinforce positive attitudes toward goal objects perceived
as need satisfying and / or negative attitudes toward other
objects perceived as punishing or threatening.

29. Adjustment Function
Adjustment Function
The adjustment function directs people toward pleasurable or
rewarding objects and away from unpleasant, undesirable ones.
It serves the utilitarian concept of maximizing reward and
minimizing punishment.
Thus, the attitudes of consumers depend to a large degree on their
perceptions of what is needed satisfying and what is punishing.
Because consumers perceive products, services and stores as
providing need satisfying or unsatisfying experiences we should
expect their attitudes toward these object to vary in relation to the
experiences that have occurred.

30. Ego Defensive Function
Ego Defensive Function
Attitudes firmed to protect the ego or self image from threats help
fulfill the ego defensive function.
Actually many outward expressions of such attitudes reflect the
opposite of what the person perceives him to be.
For example a consumer who has made a poor purchase decision
For example a consumer who has made a poor purchase decision
or a poor investment may staunchly defend the decision as being
correct at the time or as being the result of poor advice from
another person.
Such ego defensive attitude helps us to protect out self image and
often we are unaware of them.

31. Value expression function
Value expression function
Whereas ego defensive attitudes are formed to protect a person’s
self image, value expressive attitudes enable the expression of the
person’s centrally held values.
Therefore consumers adopt certain attitudes in an effort to
translate their values into something more tangible and easily
translate their values into something more tangible and easily
expressed . Thus, a conservative person might develop an
unfavorable attitude toward bright clothing and instead be attracted
toward dark, pin striped suits.
Marketers should develop an understanding of what values
consumers wish to express about themselves and they should
design products and promotional campaigns to allow these self
expressions

32. Knowledge function
Knowledge function
Humans have a need for a structured and orderly world, and
therefore they seek consistency stability definition and
understanding.
Out of this need develops attitudes toward acquiring knowledge. In
addition, the need to know tends to be specific.
addition, the need to know tends to be specific.
Therefore an individual who does not play golf, nor wish to learn
the sport is unlikely to seek knowledge or an understanding of the
game.
This will influence the amount of information search devoted to
this topic. Thus, out of our need to know come attitudes about what
we believe we need or do not need to understand.