GLASS MARKET SURVEY AT NOIDA FOR THREE TYPES OF GLASSES: 1]MIRROR 2]LAMINATED 3]PATTERNED with what is glass and its properties. MADE BY:DEVAGYA GANDHI,SAUHARD KUKRETI AND SHUBHAM SHARMA ONLY.

1. GLASS MARKET
SURVEY AT NOIDA
FOR THREE TYPES
OF GLASSES:
1]MIRROR
2]LAMINATED
3]PATTERNED
MADE BY:
DEVAGYA GANDHI
SHUBHAM SHARMA
SAUHARD KUKRETI
SUBMITTEDTO
AR.SAMREEN SULTAN
MA’AM

3. Glass is a non-crystalline, often transparent amorphous solid, that has widespread practical, technological, and decorative
use in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optics. Glass is most often formed by rapid cooling (quenching) of the
molten form; some glasses such as volcanic glass are naturally occurring.The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types
of manufactured glass are "silicate glasses" based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide, or quartz), the primary
constituent of sand. Soda-lime glass, containing around 70% silica, accounts for around 90% of manufactured glass.The term
glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, although silica-free glasses often have desirable
properties for applications in modern communications technology. Some objects, such as drinking glasses and eyeglasses,
are so commonly made of silicate-based glass that they are simply called by the name of the material.
Although brittle, silicate glass is extremely durable and many examples of glass fragments exist from early glass-making
cultures.Archaeological evidence suggests glass-making dates back to at least 3,600 BC in Mesopotamia, Egypt, or Syria.The
earliest known glass objects were beads, perhaps created accidentally during metalworking or the production of faience.
Due to its ease of formability into any shape, glass has been traditionally used for vessels, such as bowls, vases, bottles, jars
and drinking glasses. In its most solid forms, it has also been used for paperweights and marbles. Glass can be coloured by
adding metal salts or painted and printed with vitreous enamels, leading to its use in stained glass windows and other glass
art objects.
The refractive, reflective and transmission properties of glass make glass suitable for manufacturing optical lenses, prisms,
and optoelectronics materials. Extruded glass fibres have application as optical fibres in communications networks, thermal
insulating material when matted as glass wool so as to trap air, or in glass-fibre reinforced plastic (fibre glass).

4. The standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching.
However, the term "glass" is often defined in a broader sense, to describe any non-crystalline
(amorphous) solid that exhibits a glass transition when heated towards the liquid state.
Glass is an amorphous solid.Although the atomic-scale structure of glass shares characteristics of
the structure of a supercooled liquid, glass exhibits all the mechanical properties of a solid.As in
other amorphous solids, the atomic structure of a glass lacks the long-range periodicity observed
in crystalline solids. Due to chemical bonding constraints, glasses do possess a high degree of
short-range order with respect to local atomic polyhedra.The notion that glass flows to an
appreciable extent over extended periods of time is not supported by empirical research or
theoretical analysis (see viscosity in solids). Laboratory measurements of room temperature glass
flow do show a motion consistent with a material viscosity on the order of 1017–1018 Pa s.
The standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. However, the term "glass" is often
defined in a broader sense, to describe any non-crystalline (amorphous) solid that exhibits a glass transition when heated
towards the liquid state.
Glass is an amorphous solid.Although the atomic-scale structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure of a supercooled
liquid, glass exhibits all the mechanical properties of a solid.As in other amorphous solids, the atomic structure of a glass lacks
the long-range periodicity observed in crystalline solids. Due to chemical bonding constraints, glasses do possess a high degree
of short-range order with respect to local atomic polyhedra.The notion that glass flows to an appreciable extent over extended
periods of time is not supported by empirical research or theoretical analysis (see viscosity in solids). Laboratory measurements
of room temperature glass flow do show a motion consistent with a material viscosity on the order of 1017–1018 Pa s.
Formation from a supercooled liquid:

5. Glass can form naturally from volcanic magma. Obsidian is a common volcanic glass with high silica (SiO2) content formed when
felsic lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly. Impactite is a form of glass formed by the impact of a meteorite, where
Moldavite (found in central and eastern Europe), and Libyan desert glass (found in areas in the eastern Sahara, the deserts of
eastern Libya and western Egypt) are notable examples.Vitrification of quartz can also occur when lightning strikes sand, forming
hollow, branching rootlike structures called fulgurites.Trinitite is a glassy residue formed from the desert floor sand at the Trinity
nuclear bomb test site.Edeowie glass, found in South Australia, is proposed to originate from Pleistocene grassland fires, lightning
strikes, or hypervelocity impact by one or several asteroids or comets.

10. A mirror is an object that reflects an image. Light that bounces off a mirror will show an image of whatever is in front of it, when
focused through the lens of the eye or a camera. Mirrors reverse the direction of the image in an equal yet opposite angle from
which the light shines upon it.This allows the viewer to see themselves or objects behind them, or even objects that are at an
angle from them but out of their field of view, such as around a corner. Natural mirrors have existed since prehistoric times, such
as the surface of water, but people have been manufacturing mirrors out of a variety of materials for thousands of years, like
stone, metals, and glass. In modern mirrors, metals like silver or aluminum are often used due to their high reflectivity, applied as a
thin coating on glass because of its naturally smooth and very hard surface.
A mirror is a wave reflector. Light consists of waves, and when light waves reflect off the flat surface of a mirror, those waves
retain the same degree of curvature and vergence, in an equal yet opposite direction, as the original waves.The light can also be
pictured as rays (imaginary lines radiating from the light source, that are always perpendicular to the waves).These rays are
reflected at an equal yet opposite angle from which they strike the mirror (incident light).This property, called specular reflection,
distinguishes a mirror from objects that diffuse light, breaking up the wave and scattering it in many directions (such as flat-white
paint).Thus, a mirror can be any surface in which the texture or roughness of the surface is smaller (smoother) than the
wavelength of the waves.
When looking at a mirror, one will see a mirror image or reflected image of objects in the environment, formed by light emitted
or scattered by them and reflected by the mirror towards one's eyes.This effect gives the illusion that those objects are behind
the mirror, or (sometimes) in front of it.When the surface is not flat, a mirror may behave like a reflecting lens.A plane mirror
will yield a real-looking undistorted image, while a curved mirror may distort, magnify, or reduce the image in various ways, while
keeping the lines, contrast, sharpness, colors, and other image properties intact.

11. Mirrors are a popular design theme in architecture, particularly with late modern
and post-modernist high-rise buildings in major cities. Early examples include the
Campbell Center in Dallas, which opened in 1972, and the John HancockTower in
Boston.
More recently, two skyscrapers designed by architect RafaelViñoly, theVdara in Las
Vegas and 20 Fenchurch Street in London, have experienced unusual problems due
to their concave curved glass exteriors acting as respectively cylindrical and
spherical reflectors for sunlight. In 2010, the LasVegas Review Journal reported that
sunlight reflected off theVdara's south-facing tower could singe swimmers in the
hotel pool, as well as melting plastic cups and shopping bags; employees of the hotel
referred to the phenomenon as the "Vdara death ray", aka the "fryscraper." In 2013,
sunlight reflecting off 20 Fenchurch Street melted parts of a Jaguar car parked
nearby and scorching or igniting the carpet of a nearby barber shop.This building
had been nicknamed the "walkie-talkie" because its shape was supposedly similar to
a certain model of two-way radio; but after its tendency to overheat surrounding
objects became known, the nickname changed to the "walkie-scorchie."

14. Laminated glass is a type of safety glass that holds together when shattered. In the event of breaking, it is held in place by an
interlayer, typically of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), orThermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU), between its two
or more layers of glass.The interlayer keeps the layers of glass bonded even when broken, and its high strength prevents the glass
from breaking up into large sharp pieces.This produces a characteristic "spider web" cracking pattern when the impact is not
enough to completely pierce the glass. In the case of the EVA, the thermoset EVA, offers a complete bounding (cross-linking) with
the material whether it is glass, polycarbonate, PET, or other types of products.TPU is the best choice for Bullet-Resistant Glass
(BRG) and for so called E-Glass (Smart Glass).
Laminated glass is normally used when there is a possibility of human impact or where the glass could fall if shattered and also for
architectural applications. Skylight glazing and automobile windshields typically use laminated glass. In geographical areas requiring
hurricane-resistant construction, laminated glass is often used in exterior storefronts, curtain walls and windows.
Laminated glass is also used to increase the sound insulation rating of a window, where it significantly improves sound attenuation
compared to monolithic glass panes of the same thickness. For this purpose a special "acoustic PVB" compound is used for the
interlayer. In the case of the EVA material, no additional acoustic material is required, since the EVA provides sound
insulation.[1][2]TPU is an elastic material, so sound absortion is intrinsic to its nature.An additional property of laminated glass
for windows is that an adequateTPU, PVB or EVA interlayer can block nearly all ultraviolet radiation.A thermoset EVA, for
example, can block up to 99.9% of all UV rays.

15. Specifications
A typical laminated makeup is 2.5 mm glass, 0.38 mm interlayer, and 2.5 mm glass.This gives a final product that would be referred to as 5.38 laminated glass.
Multiple laminates and thicker glass increases the strength. Bullet-resistant glass is usually constructed using polycarbonate, thermoplastic materials, thermoset EVA,
and layers of laminated glass.A similar glass is often used in airliners on the front and side cockpit windows, often three plies of 4 mm toughened glass with 2.6 mm
thick PVB between them.This is one of the makeups used for the Boeing 747 cockpit side windows.The BAC/SAF Concorde forward pressure windshields had 7 plies,
4 glass and 3 PVB total thickness 38 mm.
Newer developments have increased the thermoplastic family for the lamination of glass. Beside PVB, important thermoplastic glass lamination materials today are
ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA),[17] thermoset EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU).The adhesion of TPU is not only high to glass, but
also to polymeric interlayers. Since 2004, metallised and electroconductive polyethylene terephthalate (PET) interlayers are used as substrate for light emitting diodes
and laminated to or between glass. Coloured interlayers can be added to provide a permanent transparent colour for a laminated glass panel.A switchable interlayer
can also be added to create a panel which can be clear when a small electric current is passed through the interlayer and opaque when the current is switched off.This
is commonly known as privacy glass.
Top layer: Glass
Interlayer:Transparent thermoplastic materials (TPU or PVB, EVA) or transparent thermoset material (EVA)
Interlayer: LED (light emitting diodes) on transparent conductive Polymer
Interlayer:Transparent thermoplastic materials (TPU or PVB, EVA) or transparent thermoset material (EVA)
Bottom layer: Glass
Laminated glass is also sometimes used in glass sculptures and is widely utilised in architectural applications.
Manufacture
There are several laminated glass manufacturing processes:
using two or more pieces of glass bonded between one or more pieces of adhesives; such as PVB or EVA, using heat and pressure.
using two or more pieces of glass and polycarbonate, bonded together with aliphatic polyurethane (TPU), or EVA, interlayer under heat and pressure.
interlaid with a cured resin or EVA.

18. Patterned glass: is a kind of decorative translucent glass with embossed patterns on one or both surfaces. Pattern Glass or Decorative Glass or Rolled Glass is generally used
where privacy or obscurity is desired but light transmission is still important. With the special property of decoration, patterned glass can allow light to pass through, at the same
time, it can also prevent clear view. Usually it transmits only slightly less light than clear glass.
Patterned glass is not-perfectly-smooth structure with different patterns impressed on it. The depth, size and shape of the patterns largely determine the magnitude and direction
of reflection.
Basically patterned glass has a pattern impressed on one side of the glass which prevents someone from seeing though it, for privacy. Pattern glass can also be ordered in
various tints as well. A common application of this sort is when used in privacy walls to separate one room from another.
Rolled Pattern glasses are available in a wide variety of patterns, to add the perfect complement to many interior designs. Heavy patterned glasses provide added strength and
support, and are a fast-growing product category. According to customers^ requirements, patterned glass can be cut, ground, drilled, tempered, laminated, etc.
Production:
Patterned glass is made with a rolled glass process. All rolled patterned glass begins as a batch of materials, including silica sand, soda, and lime. These materials are melted
together in a tank, and then the molten glass mixture is fed onto a machine slab. The glass flows under a refractory gate which controls glass volume and speed then moves
between two counter-rotating, water-cooled rollers. One of these rollers is embossed, imprinting a distinct pattern onto the soft surface of the glass while the other roller is smooth.
The result is a piece of glass that is patterned and textured on one side, while smooth on the reverse. The distance between the two rollers determines the ultimate thickness of
the glass. After it moves between the rollers, patterned glass is annealed or cooled slowly in order to remove any residual stresses. Rolled patterned glass can then be cut into
standard sizes or cut into customized sizes for a specific customer application. The glass is then inventoried and ready for delivery.
Applications:
Rolled glasses are used in commercial, residential, and specialty applications. End uses include shower doors and tub enclosures including frameless shower doors interior
partitions, translucent door and window treatments, foyers and vestibules, patio furniture, shelving, decorative furniture, and lighting fixtures. Comprehensive range of soft
natural colours compliments and harmonizes with modern building materials to provide an exciting and different look to new and existing buildings. Pattern glasses are available in
large amount of patterns. Patterned glass is most often found in bathroom windows.
Patterned glass is applied to all kinds of public and private places, such as office, meeting room, hotel, hospital, bath room, washroom, etc. It is also widely used as glass table,
glass shaft and lampshade and so on. Mainly used in interior partitions, interior design, decorations, street furniture etc.