Climate and building

CLIMATE AND BUILDING
NAME:- ABHISHEK MOHALKAR
ROLL NO:-2019109 S.Y B.ARCH
CLIMATOLOGY

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 WEATHER:- THE WEATHER OF A PLACE REPRESENTS THE STATE OF THE ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
OVER A BRIEF PERIOD OF TIME.
 CLIMATE:- INTEGRATED WEATHER CONDITION OVER SEVERAL YEARS IS GENERALLY REFERRED TO AS
CLIMATE OR MORE SPECIFICALLY, AS THE “MACRO-CLIMATE”.
 FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE:-
THERE ARE SIX FACTORS THAT AFFECT ON CLIMATE THEY
ARE AS FOLLOWS,
 SOLAR RADIATION
 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
 AIR HUMIDITY
 PRECIPATATION
 WIND
 SKY CONDITION
 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS:-
BASED ON THE FACTORS AFFECTING ON CLIMATE FOLLOWING
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ARE SEEN INDIA.
 HOT AND DRY- JODHPUR
 WARM AND HUMID- MADRAS
 MODERATE- BANGLORE
 COLD AND CLOUDY- SIMLA
 COLD AND SUNNY- LEH
 COMPOSITE- DEHRADHUN
INTRODUCTION

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CLIMATIC CONDITIONS & STRATERGIES
 THE HOT AND DRY ZONE LIES IN THE WESTERN AND THE CENTRAL PART OF INDIA.
 JAISALMER, JODHPUR AND SHOLAPUR ARE SOME OF THE TOWNS ARE EXPERIENCE
HOT AND DRY CLIMATE.
 SOLAR RADIATION VALUE IS 800- 950 W/m2 THAT IS VERY HIGH SO DUE TO THIS THE GROUND AND THE
SURROUNDINGS OF THIS REGION ARE HEATED UP VERY QUICKLY DURING DAY TIME.
 THE MAXIMUM AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ARE AS HIGH AS 40–45 ºC DURING THE DAY, AND 20–30 ºC AT
NIGHT. IN WINTER, THE VALUES ARE BETWEEN 5 AND 25 ºC DURING THE DAY AND 0TO 10 ºC AT NIGHT.
 RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS GENERALLY VERY LOW BECAUSE IT HAS DRY CLIMATE, RANGING FROM 25 TO 40 %
DUE TO LOW VEGETATION AND SURFACE WATER BODIES
 IN THIS REGION THE ANUUAL RAINFALL IS LESS. THE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION BEING LESS THAN 500 MM.
JODHPUR:-
LATITUDE: 26°18’N
LONGITUDE: 73°0L’E
ALTITUDE: 224 M ABOVE MEAN SEA LEVEL
ANNUAI MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE: 33.6°C
1) HOT AND DRY :-
MEAN MINIMUM RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 22%
MEAN MAX RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 81 %
ANNUAL MEAN MINIMUM TEMPERATURE: 19.8°C
ANNUAI MEAN TEMPERATURE: 26.7°C
ANNUAI RANGE OF MEAN TEMPERATURES: 13.8°C

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IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE ON BUILDING
DESIGN :-
• RESIST HEAT GAIN:-
- BY ORIENTATION, WITH EXPOSED WALL FACING NORTH .
- BY ROW HOUSE DESIGN, EXPOSING ONLY A MINIMUM WALL AREA
- BY HIGH COURTYARD WALL GIVING SHADE
- BY PLACING BEDROOM IN UNEXPOSED POSITION
• REDUCTION OF HEAT TRANSMISSION TO THE INTERIOR:-
- BY THERMAL INSULATION OF ROOF, USING WOOD AND STRAW
- BY THERMAL INSULATION OF THICK WALLS
• INCREASE OF HEAT LOSS :-
- BY VENTILATION THROUGH COURT YARD (HENCE THE VERANDAH IS
ESPECIALLY SUITABLE FOR RELAXING)
• BALANCE OF TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS :-
- BY MASSIVE WALL CONSTRUCTION
• HUMIDITY CONTROL:-
- BY ABSORPTION/DESORPTION OF EARTH WALLS
SHADED WATER BODIESFURTEHER
REDUCES TEMPERATURE
NATURAL VENTILATION CATCHES COOL
BREEZE FROM HIGH LEVEL OR CHANNEL
PASSIVE COOLING CAN BE ACHIEVED BY
EVOPRATION OF WATER
AREA CAN BE PROTECTED FROM HARSH SUN
BY PROVIDING OVERHANG TO THE
BUILDING

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DESERT VILLA IN JODHPUR SHOWS
BEST EXAMPLE OF ROOMS
PROTECTED FORM DIRECT SUN BY
OVERHANG
HOUSES PAINTED BY PALE COLOURS
THAT INCREASES SURFACE
REFLECTIVITY
NARROW AND SHADED ROADS
RECESSESED WINDOWS WITH
ARCHED OVERHANGS

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2) WARM AND HUMID:-
• THE WARM AND HUMID ZONE COVERS THE COASTAL PARTS OF THE COUNTRY.
• SOME CITIES THAT FALL UNDER THIS ZONE ARE MUMBAI, CHENNAI AND KOLKATA.
• THE HIGH HUMIDITY ENCOURAGES ABUNDANT VEGETATION IN THESE REGIONS.
• THE DIFFUSE FRACTION OF SOLAR RADIATION IS QUITE HIGH DUE TO CLOUD COVER, AND THE
RADIATION CAN BE INTENSE ON CLEAR DAYS. THE DISSIPATION OF THE ACCUMULATED HEAT FROM THE
EARTH TO THE NIGHT SKY IS GENERALLY MARGINAL DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF CLOUDS.
• HENCE, THE DIURNAL VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE IS QUITE LOW.
• IN SUMMER, TEMPERATURES CAN REACH AS HIGH AS 30 – 35 ºC DURING THE DAY, AND 25 – 30 ºC AT
NIGHT.
• IN WINTER, THE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE IS BETWEEN 25 TO 30 ºC DURING THE DAY AND 20 TO 25 ºC
AT NIGHT.
• ALTHOUGH THE TEMPERATURES ARE NOT EXCESSIVE, THE HIGH HUMIDITY CAUSES DISCOMFORT.
• THE MAIN DESIGN CRITERIA IN THE WARM AND HUMID REGION ARE TO REDUCE HEAT GAIN BY
PROVIDING SHADING, AND PROMOTE HEAT LOSS BY MAXIMIZING CROSS VENTILATION.
• DISSIPATION OF HUMIDITY IS ALSO ESSENTIAL TO REDUCE DISCOMFORT.
ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE: 28.6°C
ANNUAL RANGE OF MEAN TEMPERATURES: 8.6°C
ANNUAL GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION: 2729KWH/M2
CHENNAI:-
LONGITUDE: 80° 11 ‘E
ALTITUDE: 16 M ABOVE MEAN SEA LEVEL ANNUAL
MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE: 32.9°C
ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE: 28.6°C ANNUAL RANGE OF MEAN
TEMPERATURES: 8.6°C INDIAN OCEA ANNUAL GLOBAL SOLAR
RADIATION: 2729KWH/M2

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IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE ON
BUILDING DESIGN :-
• REDUCTION OF SOLAR HEAT GAIN - BY SMALL SURFACE-TO-VOLUME
RATIO (CIRCULAR PLAN AND LOW WALL HEIGHT)
• REDUCTION OF HEAT TRANSFER TO THE INTERIOR - BY THERMALLY
INSULATING ROOF
• INCREASE OF HEAT LOSS - BY CROSS-VENTILATION BETWEEN THE WALL
AND ROOF
• HUMIDITY CONTROL - BY ABSORPTION/DESORPTION OF EARTH WALLS
CROSS VENTILATION :-
CROSS VENTILATION :-

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VERANDAH IS USED FOR PROPER
VENTILATION AND PROTECTION FROM
DIRECT SUNLIGHT
OPEN SPACES AND BUILT FORM
PITCHED ROOF THAT PROTECTS FROM
RAIN

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3) MODERATE:-
• THE TEMPERATURES ARE NEITHER TOO HOT NOR TOO COLD. IN SUMMERS, THE TEMPERATURE REACHES
30 – 34 ºC DURING THE DAY AND 17 – 24 ºC AT NIGHT.
• IN WINTER, THE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE IS BETWEEN 27 TO 33 ºC DURING THE DAY AND 16 TO 18 ºC
AT NIGHT.
• THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS LOW IN WINTERS AND SUMMERS, VARYING FROM 20 – 55%, AND GOING UP
TO 55 – 90% DURING MONSOONS.
• THE TOTAL RAINFALL USUALLY EXCEEDS 1000 MM PER YEAR
• WINTERS ARE DRY IN THIS ZONE. WINDS ARE GENERALLY HIGH DURING SUMMER. THEIR SPEED AND
DIRECTION DEPEND MAINLY UPON THE TOPOGRAPHY.
• THE SKY IS MOSTLY CLEAR WITH OCCASIONAL PRESENCE OF LOW, DENSE CLOUDS DURING SUMMERS.
• THE DESIGN CRITERIA IN THE MODERATE ZONE ARE TO REDUCE HEAT GAIN BY PROVIDING SHADING,
AND TO PROMOTE HEAT LOSS BY VENTILATION.
BANGLORE:-
LONGITUDE: 77°35’E
ANNUAL MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE: 28.8°C
MEAN MAX RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 86%
ANNUAL RANGE OF MEAN TEMPERATURES: LO.4°C

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BUILDING DESIGN :-
• REDUCTION OF SOLAR HEAT GAIN - BY ORIENTATION OF THE
BEDROOMS TOWARDS NORTH - BY SHADING OF EAST AND WEST WALLS
BY NEIGHBOURLNG BUILDINGS - BY SHADING THE WINDOWS AND
WALLS WITH PROJECTING STONE SLABS
• REDUCTION OF INTERNAL HEAT GAIN - BY PLACING THE KITCHEN
OUTDOORS IN SUMMER (AND INDOORS IN WINTER)
• REDUCTION OF HEAT TRANSFER TO INTERIOR - BY INSULATING ROOF
• INCREASE OF HEAT LOSS - BY VENTILATION AND SMOKE OUTIET
THROUGH CHIMNEY
EVOPRATIVE COOLING SYSTEM – ROOF POND COOLING SYSTEM
WIND CATCHERS
WIND TOWERS

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4) COLD AND CLOUDY:-
• GENERALLY, THE NORTHERN PART OF INDIA EXPERIENCES THIS TYPE OF CLIMATE.
• MOST COLD AND CLOUDY REGIONS ARE SITUATED AT HIGH ALTITUDES. OOTACAMUND, SHIMLA, SHILLONG,
SRINAGAR AND MAHABALESHWAR ARE EXAMPLES OF PLACES BELONGING TO THIS CLIMATIC ZONE.
• THESE ARE GENERALLY HIGHLAND REGIONS HAVING ABUNDANT VEGETATION IN SUMMER.
• THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS GENERALLY HIGH AND RANGES FROM 70 – 80 %.
• ANNUAL TOTAL PRECIPITATION IS ABOUT 1000 MM AND IS DISTRIBUTED EVENLY THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.
• THIS REGION EXPERIENCES COLD WINDS IN THE WINTER SEASON.
• HENCE, PROTECTION FROM WINDS IS ESSENTIAL IN THIS TYPE OF CLIMATE. THE SKY IS OVERCAST FOR MOST
PART OF THE YEAR EXCEPT DURING THE BRIEF SUMMER.
• CONDITIONS IN SUMMER ARE USUALLY CLEAR AND PLEASANT, BUT OWING TO COLD WINTERS, THE MAIN
CRITERIA FOR DESIGN IN THE COLD AND CLOUDY REGION AIM AT RESISTING HEAT LOSS BY INSULATION AND
INFILTRATION, AND PROMOTING HEAT GAIN BY DIRECTLY ADMITTING AND TRAPPING SOLAR RADIATION
WITHIN THE LIVING SPACE.
SIMLA:-
LONGITUDE: 77°LO'E
ANNUAL MEAN MINIMUM TEMPERATURE: 1O.1°C

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BUILDING DESIGN :-
• INCREASE OF SOLAR HEAT GAIN - BY ORIENTING THE LARGER WALLS TOWARDS
THE SOUTH - BY PROVIDING AN OPEN VERANDAH ON THREE SIDES OF THE HOUSE
PROTECTED FROM THE COLD WINDS
• INCREASE OF INTERNAL HEAT GAIN - FROM HEAT PRODUCED BY CATTIE HOUSED
BELOW THE LIVING SPACE
• DECREASE OF HEAT LASS - BY PROVIDING A FALSE CEILING UNDER THE ROOF
- BY AVOIDING OPENINGS ON THE WINDWARD SIDE (EXCLUSION OF INFILTRATION)
- BY LOCATING THE HOUSE ON THE LEEWARD SIDE OF A HILL, FOR PROTECTION
FROM COLD WINDS
• BALANCE OF TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS - BY THICK STONE/MUD WALLS
• HUMIDITY CONTROL - BY ABSORPTION/DESORPTION OF BACK-FILLED EARTH
BETWEEN HOUSE AND HILL (EARTH BERM)
BUILDING ON SOUTH SLOPE FOR
MAXIMUM WINTER SUN
CLUSTERED BUILDINGS SHARING WALLS TO
REDUCE EXPOSURE TO COLD WINDS
LIGHT COLOURED PAVING INCREASES HEAT
GAIN AND REFLECTS INSIDE
ATTIC IS USED FOR INSULATING THE HOSE
AND CAN USED AS STORE

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SOUTH SIDE FACING BUILDING
HIMURJA BUILDING AT SHIMLA
NATURE RESPONDING BUILDING
MLA HOSTELS SHIMLA

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5) COLD AND SUNNY:-
• THE COLD AND SUNNY TYPE OF CLIMATE IS EXPERIENCED IN LEH (LADAKH).
• THE REGION IS MOUNTAINOUS, HAS LITTLE VEGETATION, AND IS CONSIDERED TO BE A COLD
DESERT.
• THE SOLAR RADIATION IS GENERALLY INTENSE WITH A VERY LOW PERCENTAGE OF DIFFUSE
RADIATION.
• IN SUMMER, THE TEMPERATURE REACHES 17 – 24 ºC DURING THE DAY AND 4 – 11 ºC AT NIGHT.
• IN WINTER, THE VALUES RANGE FROM -7 TO 8 ºC DURING THE DAY AND -14 TO 0 ºC AT NIGHT.
WINTERS THUS, ARE EXTREMELY COLD.
• THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS CONSISTENTLY LOW RANGING FROM ABOUT 10 – 50 % AND
PRECIPITATION IS GENERALLY LESS THAN 200 MM PER YEAR.
• WINDS ARE OCCASIONALLY INTENSE. THE SKY IS FAIRLY CLEAR THROUGHOUT THE YEAR WITH A
CLOUD COVER OF LESS THAN 50%.
• AS THIS REGION EXPERIENCES COLD DESERT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, THE DESIGN CRITERIA ARE TO
RESIST HEAT LOSS BY INSULATION AND CONTROLLING INFILTRATION.
• SIMULTANEOUSLY, HEAT GAIN NEEDS TO BE PROMOTED BY ADMITTING AND TRAPPING SOLAR
RADIATION WITHIN THE LIVING SPACE.
LEH:-
A1TITUDE: 3514 M ABOVE MEAN SEA LEVEL
ANNUAL MEAN MINIMUM TEMPERATURE: -1.4°C
ANNUAL GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION: 2350KWH/M

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BUILDING DESIGN :-
• INCREASE OF SOLAR HEAT GAIN - BY DIRECT GAIN THROUGH THERMAL
STORAGE WALLS EXPOSED TO THE SUN
• INCREASE OF INTERNAL HEAT GAIN - BY UTILIZING HEAT PRODUCED BY
SMOKELESS STOVE
• DECREASE OF HEAT LOSS - BY HIGH THERMAL INSULATION OF ROOF AND
WALLS.
- BY PROVISION OF SHUTTERS TO REDUCE HEAT DISSIPATION THROUGH
CONVECTION AND RE-RADIATION - BY HIGH COMPOUND WALL PROVIDING
SHELTER FROM WIND .
- BY REDUCTION OF LONG WAVE RADIATION DUE TO COMPOUND WALL ELOSE
TO BUIIDING
• BALANCE OF TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS - BY CONSTRUCTION OF THE HOUSE
SLIGHTLY BELOW THE SURROUNDING TERRAIN TO UTILIZE THE EARTH'S HEAT
STORAGE CAPACITY - BY THICK WALLS WHICH STORE HEAT FROM THE STOVE
• HUMIDITY CONTROL - BY ABSORPTION/DESORPTION OF UNBURNT BRICK
WALLS
TO CONTROL HUMIDITY ROCK BED IS USED
TROMBE WALL USED TO DECREASE
THE HEAT LOSS
LOWER PART OF THE BUILDING IS USED AS ANIMAL SHED AND
UPPER FLOORS ARE USED AS LIVING AREAS

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6) COMPOSITE:-
• IN MONSOONS, THE INTENSITY IS LOW WITH PREDOMINANTLY DIFFUSE RADIATION. THE MAXIMUM
DAYTIME TEMPERATURE IN SUMMERS IS IN THE RANGE OF 32 – 43 ºC, AND NIGHT TIME VALUES ARE
FROM 27 TO 32 ºC.
• IN WINTER, THE VALUES ARE BETWEEN 10 TO 25 ºC DURING THE DAY AND 4 TO 10 ºC AT NIGHT.
• THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS ABOUT 20 – 25 % IN DRY PERIODS AND 55 – 95 % IN WET PERIODS.
• THE PRESENCE OF HIGH HUMIDITY DURING MONSOON MONTHS IS ONE OF THE REASONS WHY
PLACES LIKE NEW DELHI AND NAGPUR ARE GROUPED UNDER THE COMPOSITE AND NOT HOT AND
DRY CLIMATE.
• PRECIPITATION IN THIS ZONE VARIES BETWEEN 500 – 1300 MM PER YEAR. THIS REGION RECEIVES
STRONG WINDS DURING MONSOONS FROM THE SOUTH-EAST AND DRY COLD WINDS FROM THE
NORTH-EAST.
• IN SUMMER, THE WINDS ARE HOT AND DUSTY. THE SKY IS OVERCAST AND DULL IN THE MONSOON,
CLEAR IN WINTER AND FREQUENTLY HAZY IN SUMMER.
• GENERALLY, COMPOSITE REGIONS EXPERIENCE HIGHER HUMIDITY LEVELS DURING MONSOONS THAN
HOT AND DRY ZONES.
• OTHERWISE MOST OF THEIR CHARACTERISTICS ARE SIMILAR TO THE LATTER. THUS, THE DESIGN
CRITERIA ARE MORE OR LESS THE SAME AS FOR HOT AND DRY CLIMATE EXCEPT THAT MAXIMIZING
CROSS VENTILATION IS DESIRABLE IN THE MONSOON PERIOD.
DEHRADHUN :-
LATITUDE: 300 19’N

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BUILDING DESIGN :-
• REDUCTION/INCREASE OF SOLAR HEAT GAIN - BY DECIDUOUS TREE
PROVIDING SHADE IN SUMMER, AILOWING THE SUN TO HEAT THE HOUSE IN
WINTER
- BY COURT YARD DESIGN AND CLUSTERING OF NEIGHBOURING HOUSES
PROVIDING SHADING OF OUTERWALLS
- BY OVERHANGS ABOVE WALLS AND WINDOWS FOR SHADE AGAINST
HIGH MIDDAY SUN IN SUMMER
• REDUCTION OF SOLAR HEAT GAIN IN SUMMER, DECREASE OF HEAT LOSS IN
WINTER - BY PROVIDING SMALL OPENINGS
• REDUCTION/INCREASE OF INTERNAL HEAT GAIN - BY COOKING OUTSIDE IN
SUMMER, INSIDE IN WINTER
• REDUCTION OF HEAT TRANSMISSION TO INTERIOR IN SUMMER, DECREASE
OF HEAT LOSS IN WINTER - BY THERMAL INSULATION OF ROOF
• INCREASE/DECREASE OF HEAT LOSS
- BY CROSS-VENTILATION THROUGH COURT YARD AND HIGH LEVEL
OPENINGS IN SUMMER
- BY ELEVATED SLEEPING AREA DURING MONSOON
- BY EVAPORATIVE COOLING THROUGH SPRINKLING OF WATER AND
TRANSPIRATION OF TREE
- BY THERMAL INSULATION OF WALLS
- BY SHELTER FROM COLD WINDS BY HIGH WALLS
• BALANCE OF TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS - BY MASSIVE BRICK WALLS
WATER BODIES ABSORB MUCH
HEAT DURING DAYTIME AND
COOLS AT NIGHT
THROUGH COURTYARD

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TO REDUCE HUMIDITY AND INCREASE
VENTILATION LARGE NO OF OPENINGS
CAN BE PROVIDED
COURTYARDS WITH SMALL
WATER BODIES
REFRENCES
• BANSAL N.K. AND MINKE G., CLIMATIC ZONES AND RURAL HOUSING IN INDIA,
KERNFORSCHUNGSANLAGE, JUELICH,GERMANY, 1988
• ASHRAE STANDARDS 55 AND CURRENT HANDBOOK OF FUNDAMENTAL MODELS.
• WIKIPEDIA
• WWW.WEATHERDATA.COM

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