Coloured Glass Interior design Institute of Design

1. Glass
Athulya

2. Contents
Introduction
History
Manufacturing
Uses in interiors
Advantages
Uses
Types
Disadvantages
Producers

3. Introduction
• Glass is a commonly seen substance with a
variety of forms and uses
• Due to its versatile nature, it is popular in many
facets of the world
• Glass has been used from historic times as a
medium to beautify and build

4. Introduction
Glass
No definite boiling or
freezing point
Also called super cooled
liquid
Silicate
Not affected by any chemical
Moulded into any shape
Limestone , soda-ash & sand

5. History
• The complex craft of glass making originated in Egypt
• Historical records trace glassmaking to 3500 BCE to Mesopotamians
who may have created second-rate copies of glass objects from
Egypt
• Other archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was
made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or Egypt

6. History
• The earliest known glass objects, of the mid second millennium BC,
were beads, perhaps initially created as accidental by-products of
metal-working (slags) or during the production of faience, a pre-glass
vitreous material made by a process similar to glazing
• Glass remained a luxury material, and the art may have come to a halt
in the late Bronze Age civilizations

7. History
• In the Roman Empire, glass appears to have been used widely
• Glass objects have been recovered across the Roman Empire in domestic,
industrial and funerary contexts.
• Anglo-Saxon glass has been found across England during archaeological
excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites
• Glass in the Anglo-Saxon period was used in the manufacture of a range of
objects including vessels, beads, windows and was even used in jewellery.

8. History
• Indigenous development of glass technology in South Asia may have
begun in 1730 BC.
• In ancient China, though, glassmaking seems to have appeared later
when compared to ceramics and metal work.

9. What you should expect out of this session
1 AD ROMANS
1730 BC SE
ASIA
600–300 BC
INDIA
206 BC to 220 AD
CHINA
3500 BCE in
Mesopotamia
820–897
PERSIA
1000 AD
EUROPE

10. Manufacturing
• The manufacture of glass involves the following steps.
• Limestone, sand and soda ash are mixed and poured into a tank
furnace.
• Tank furnace looks like a small swimming pool. Its is very hot (about
1700 degree Celsius).
• It is shallow at one end and deep at the other.

11. Manufacturing
• The raw materials move slowly towards the deeper ends. Silica melts at
a very high temperature. In order to lower its melting point, soda ash is
added. Thus, energy is saved and a low cost is incurred in the glass
making process.
• Due to the presence of limestone, glass becomes insoluble in water.

12. Manufacturing
• As the raw material melts, a clear jelly-like substance is formed; this
takes about a week’s time
• During this time, bubbles of carbon dioxide gas escape and some of
the raw material slowly changes into a mixture of silicates.

13. Manufacturing
• The following reactions take place
inside the furnace.
• The clear jelly-like substance on
cooling sets to form glass.
• This is known as soda-lime glass

14. Types of glasses
• Crown glass or soda lime glass
• Flint glass
• Hard or Bohemian glass
• Pyrex glass
• Sheet glass
• Wired glass
• Stained glass
• Glass block
• Bullet proof glass
• Fibre glass
• Laminated
• Glass etching
• Toughened glass
• Mirror
• Annealed glass

15. Crown glass or soda lime glass
• Crown glass was an early type of window glass.
• In this process, glass was blown into a "crown" or hollow globe.
• This was then transferred from the blowpipe to a punty and then
flattened by reheating and spinning out the bowl-shaped piece of
glass (bullion) into a flat disk by centrifugal force, up to 5 or 6 feet
(1.5 to 1.8 metres) in diameter.
• The glass was then cut to the size required

18. Flint glass
• Traditionally, flint glasses were lead glasses containing around 4–
60% lead(II) oxide; however, the manufacture and disposal of these
glasses were sources of pollution.
• In many modern flint glasses, lead oxides are replaced with other
metal oxides such as titanium dioxide and zirconium dioxide
without significantly altering the optical properties of the glass

20. Hard or Bohemian glass
• Bohemian glass, chiefly referred to as Bohemia crystal, is glass
produced in the regions of Bohemia and Silesia, now parts of the
Czech Republic.
• It has a centuries long history of being internationally recognised
for its high quality, craftsmanship, beauty and often innovative
designs.

21. Hard or Bohemian glass
• Hand-cut, engraved, blown and painted decorative glassware
ranging from champagne flutes to enormous chandeliers,
ornaments, figurines and other glass items are among the best
known Czech exports and immensely popular as tourist souvenirs.
• The Czech Republic is home to numerous glass studios and schools
attended by local and foreign students

23. Pyrex glass
• Pyrex glass is a borosilicate glass first produced by The Corning
Glass Works company.
• It is made by heating raw materials like silica sand and boric oxide to
extremely high temperatures for extended periods of time.
• The molten material is then processed into different types of
glassware.

26. Sheet glass
• Flat glass, sheet glass, or plate glass is a type of glass, initially
produced in plane form, commonly used for windows, glass doors,
transparent walls, and windshields.
• For modern architectural and automotive applications, the flat glass
is sometimes bent after production of the plane sheet.

29. Wired glass
• Wired glass is a type of glass into which a wire mesh is embedded
during production.
• Wired glass is manufactured primarily as a fire retardant, with wire
mesh inlaid in the glass to prevent it from shattering and breaking
out under stress or when exposed to high temperatures.

33. Stained glass
• The term stained glass can refer to coloured glass as a material or to
works created from it. Throughout its thousand-year history, the
term has been applied almost exclusively to the windows of
churches, mosques and other significant buildings.

34. Stained glass
• Although traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows, the
creations of modern stained glass artists also include three-
dimensional structures and sculpture.
• Modern vernacular usage has often extended the term "stained
glass" to include domestic leadlight and object d'art created from
came glasswork exemplified in the famous lamps of Louis Comfort
Tiffany.

40. Glass Block
• Glass brick, also known as glass block, is an architectural element
made from glass.
• Glass bricks provide visual obscuration while admitting light.
• The glass block was originally developed in the early 1900s to
provide natural light in manufacturing plants.
• Glass bricks are produced for both wall and floor applications.

41. Glass Block
• Glass blocks for use in floors are normally manufactured as a single
solid piece, or as a hollow glass block with thicker side walls than
the standard wall blocks.
• These blocks are normally cast into a reinforced concrete gridwork
or set into a metal frame, allowing multiple units to be combined to
span over openings in basements and roofs.

45. Bullet proof glass
• Bulletproof glass (also known as ballistic glass, transparent armor,
or bullet-resistant glass) is a type of strong but optically
transparent material that is particularly resistant to being
penetrated when struck.

46. Bullet proof glass
• Like any material, however, it is not completely impenetrable.
• It is usually made from a combination of two or more types of glass,
one hard and one soft.
• The softer layer makes the glass more elastic, so it can flex instead
of shatter.

49. Fibre glass
• Fiberglass (or fiberglass) is a type of fibre-reinforced plastic where
the reinforcement fibre is specifically glass fibre.
• The glass fibre may be randomly arranged, flattened into a sheet
(called a chopped strand mat), or woven into a fabric.

50. Fibre glass
• The plastic matrix may be a thermoset polymer matrix – most often
based on thermosetting polymers such as epoxy, polyester resin, or
vinylester - or a thermoplastic.

53. Laminated glass
• Laminated glass is a type of safety glass that holds together when
shattered.
• In the event of breaking, it is held in place by an interlayer, typically
of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), between
its two or more layers of glass.

54. Laminated glass
• The interlayer keeps the layers of glass bonded even when broken,
and its high strength prevents the glass from breaking up into large
sharp pieces.
• This produces a characteristic "spider web" cracking pattern when
the impact is not enough to completely pierce the glass.

57. Glass etching
• Glass etching comprises the techniques of creating art on the
surface of glass by applying acidic, caustic, or abrasive substances.
Traditionally this is done after the glass is blown or cast, although
mold-etching has replaced some forms of surface etching.
• The removal of minute amounts of glass causes the characteristic
rough surface and translucent quality of frosted glass.

62. Toughened glass
• Toughened or tempered glass is a type of safety glass processed by
controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase its strength
compared with normal glass.
• Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression and the inner
surfaces into tension.

63. Toughened glass
• Such stresses cause the glass, when broken, to crumble into small
granular chunks instead of splintering into jagged shards as plate
glass (a.k.a. annealed glass) creates.
• The granular chunks are less likely to cause injury.

67. Mirror
• Mirror is an object that reflects light in such a way that, for incident
light in some range of wavelengths, the reflected light preserves
many or most of the detailed physical characteristics of the original
light.
• This is different from other light-reflecting objects that do not
preserve much of the original wave signal other than colour and
diffuse reflected light.

72. Annealed glass
• Annealed glass is the most common glass used in windows.
• Annealed glass is also known as a standard sheet of float glass.
• Annealing is actually a process of slowly cooling glass to relieve
internal stresses after it is formed

75. Types of glass window
• Gas filled windows
• Insulated windows
• Heat absorbing tinted glass
• Low-emissivity (Low-E) glass
• Reflective glass
• Impact- resistant glass

76. Gas filled window
• Because of its high thermal performance, gas filled windows are
best for homeowners who are having energy efficiency concerns.
• The gas offers better insulation that helps further reduce heat loss
helping to save on heating costs.
• It also prevent frost from occurring at the bottom of window and at
the same time, improves the soundproofing characteristics of the
window

79. Insulated window
• Just like the glass filled windows, insulated windows are also the
best choice in terms of energy efficiency.
• It can keep the house cooler in the summer and comfortably warm
during winter season.
• This kind of window is often double or triple paned.

80. Insulated window
• They include one to several low-emittance coatings that offer very
good insulation against heat and cold. It also helps reduce the noise
that comes from outside your home.

82. Heat absorbing tinted glass window
• This type of glass utilize a glaze that reacts to heat. When heat is
absorbed, the glass color change. This type of reaction causes the
glass to absorb rather than reflect energy or heat into your home.
• The most popular glass of this type are the gray and bronze-tinted.

83. Heat absorbing tinted glass window
• Any of these can effectively minimize the amount of light or heat
that can enter through the windows.
• Aside from energy efficiency, heat absorbing glass also offers
security, safety, privacy and design versatility.

86. Low emissivity (Low-E) glass
• This type of glass has a special coating that reflects the infrared
portion of light while letting the visible light through.
• In other terms, it filter the sun’s heat while allowing a considerable
amount of light to enter the building or home.

87. Low E glass
• What makes this glass truly special is it’s ability to reflect away the
infrared heat from the sun during summer and reflect back the
infrared heat already inside the house during the winter.

90. Reflective glass
• This kind of glass is often used in warm and sunny regions or
locations.
• Reflective glass reduces solar radiation that can minimize ultraviolet
damage at home.
• Aside from its considerable benefits, it also provides design
versatility and visual impact making it a popular choice for well
designed homes and buildings.

93. Impact resistant glass
• This type of glass is popular and often used at homes that are located at
Hurricane risk zone.
• It is normally used when there is a possibility of strong impact or where
glass could fall if shattered.
• This glass is popular choice for exterior storefronts, balconies, stair-
railings, roof glazings and curtain walls.
• Impact resistant glass is widely popular because of its safety and security
benefits.

94. Impact resistant glass
• It is strong enough to prevent from breaking up into large sharp
pieces.
• It remains intact when shattered and in the event of breaking, it is
held in place by an interlayer that is usually polyvinyl butyral (PVB).
• Aside from the protection during Hurricanes, this type of glass also
adds a good layer of security against intruders or potential
burglars. It also offers good UV protection and noise reduction.

96. Uses of glass
• Packaging
• Tableware
• Housing and building
• Interior design and
furniture
• Appliances and electronics
• Automotive and transport
• Medical field
• Fibre optic cables
• Renewable energy

108. Uses of glass in interiors

109. Uses of glass in interiors
• When it comes to interior design, glass has many uses.
• Glass Stairs made popular by architect Peter Brohlin’s for the iconic Fifth
Avenue Apple Store in New York, have started to show up in many a
residence.
• An all-glass stair has treads (steps), a stringer (diagonal support) and a rail of
glass.
• While this stair is actually cantilevered from a support (likely a piece of steel)
hidden in the wall, the stair is essentially all glass.

110. Uses of glass in interiors
• Because of its transparency, the staircase seems to float, blocking
neither light nor view.
• And in many ways it becomes, with its lightness and transparency, an
ethereal, contemporary sculpture.
• If natural light available from only two sides, glass stairs are a perfect
way to illuminate the interiors of older row houses in historic
neighbourhoods

113. Uses of glass in interiors
• Glass Floors are often used in conjunction with glass stairs and mostly
on upper floors of a house were we seek to bring more light under it. It
makes most sense to use these under a sky lit roof

116. Uses of glass in interiors
• Glass Walkways allows us to be enclosed yet open to the view.
• When closed the walkway connects two sides of the house, but it does
so in dramatic fashion. The cove lighting and subtle barrel-vaulted
wood ceiling are nice touches.

120. Uses of glass in interiors
• Glass Bathrooms are controversial.
• Privacy becomes an issue when the material you are trying to use is
transparent.
• There are today glass walls that can change its opacity in the same way
you turn a light on or off.
• With a flick of a switch these transparent walls become completely
white, blocking most of the light that would come through.

122. Uses of glass in interiors
• Glass Blocks are very versatile, they can be used up as a solid wall a
window or as flooring.
• For a contemporary twist to modernise the appearance of your room,
glass blocks can be stacked to create walls.

123. Uses of glass in interiors
• These screens still let light through but can also provide privacy, so are
perfect for dividing up larger rooms into smaller areas.
• Considering they can still let light in, yet provide privacy at the same
time, they make the ideal decorative shower screens in bathrooms and
look great too

127. Uses of glass in interiors
• Glass Balustrades are often associated with contemporary offices, glass
balustrades now showcase the height of modern interior design for
homes across the country.
• For a sophisticated look and feel that allows light to flow freely
through your house, it is a great idea to finish off your home with the
finest quality glass panes banisters

129. Uses of glass in interiors
• Patterned Glass
• Whether you want to improve the internal or external appearance of
your property, patterned glass can help create texture and originality.
• With a range of various styles and designs available anyone can find the
right type of glass to fit the purpose.

133. Uses of glass in interiors
• Mirrored wardrobes and walls are the perfect asset to any home.
• They add depth to a room, widening up smaller spaces by reflecting the
light.
• Available in a whole range of colours and designs, mirrored glass can be
cut to fit any shape or size creating a beautiful and spacious room.

137. Advantages
• Use of glass in construction work adds beauty to the building
• Its use fulfils the architectural view of external decoration
• By using glass in interior it saves the space inside the building

138. Advantages
• Glass cladding in building fulfils functional requirement of lighting, heat
relation and energy saving
• It gives an appearance of openness and harmony
• As toughened glass is available, one can have good interior design with
use of glass in transparent staircase, coloured shelves, ceiling etc

139. Advantages
• Glass is an excellent material for thermal insulation, waterproofing and
energy conservation
• Glass is bad conductor of heat; it saves energy air conditioning of
building
• For making glass partition on upper floor, no extra design is required
for slab as glass is light in weight

140. Disadvantages
• As glass is a very costly material, it may increase the budgeted cost of
construction work
• Use of glass also enhances the cost of security
• Its use in hilly area and desert may cause more maintenance cost
• Glass is also unsafe for earthquake prone areas

141. Companies
Industry Year of establishment Business products
Binani Industries 1972 fibre glass and composites
Gujarat Borosil 1988 container glass, tinted glass,
automotive glass and architectural
glass
Haldyn Glass 1964 vials, liquor bottles, food and
beverage bottles
Asahi 1984 automotive glass, architectural
glass, solar glass and consumer
glass

142. Companies
Industry Year of establishment Business products
La Opala RG- 1988 Laopala, Diva and Solitaire crystal
Hindustan National Glass 1964 Glass containers
Empire 1900 products-glass containers for
pharmaceuticals industry
Borosil Glass Work- 1962 consumer, lighting, low iron solar
glass, scientific and industrial glass
Saint Gobin Sekurit- 1966 float glass, automotive glass and
glass containers

143. Companies
Industry Year of establishment Business products
Nile 1984 Glass and lead alloy
Swiss glass coat equipment 1991 Carbon steel glass equipment and
accessories
Sezal Glass 1991 solid glass, kook glass, tone glass,
fort glass, armor glass, décor glass
and fireban glass

144. Snapshot of well known glass productions

145. Snapshot of well known glass productions

146. snapshot of well known glass productions

147. Well known glass productions

148. Well known glass productions