This document provides an overview of key concepts for expressing past time and tense in English, including: - The simple past tense is used to express actions or situations that began and ended completely in the past. Examples of its forms are given for regular and irregular verbs. - The past progressive expresses actions that were ongoing or in progress at a specific time in the past. It uses the past tense of "be" plus the present participle verb form ending in "-ing." - Time clauses beginning with words like "after," "before," "until," "as soon as," "while," and "when" can be used to express the sequence or timing of past events. The time clause is usually followed

2. Preview
2-1 Expressing past time: the simple past
2-2 Forms of the simple past: regular verbs
2-3 Forms of the simple past: be
2-4 Regular verbs: pronunciation of –ed endings
2-5 Spelling of –ing and –ed forms
2-6 The principal parts of a verb
2-7 Irregular verbs: a reference list
2-8 The simple past and the past progressive
2-9 Forms of the past progressive
2-10 Expressing past time: using time clauses
2-11 Expressing past habit: used to
CONTENTS

3. CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW
Alada rides the bus to work.
Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.
Today she is taking extra clothes to work.

4. CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW
Alada rides the bus to work.
Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.
Today she is taking extra clothes to work.
PRESENT TENSE

5. CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW
Alada rides the bus to work.
Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.
Today she is taking extra clothes to work.
PAST TENSE
PRESENT TENSE

6. 2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
We graduated from college in 2007.

7. 2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(a) Our family ate lunch outside yesterday.
(b) Adrianna studied English for six hours
last Wednesday.
THE SIMPLE PAST

8. activities or situations
SIMPLE PAST began and ended in past
(yesterday, last night, in 2007)
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(a) Our family ate lunch outside yesterday.
(b) Adrianna studied English for six hours
last Wednesday.
THE SIMPLE PAST

9. watch
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(c) They watched the movie last night.
(d) Alexandra answered the question yesterday.
THE SIMPLE PAST
+ed = watched
answer +ed = answered

10. 2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(e) We slept in tents at camp last summer.
THE SIMPLE PAST

11. 2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(e) We slept in tents at camp last summer.
(f) I understood most of the directions yesterday.
THE SIMPLE PAST
Irregular past:
sleep slept
understand understood
eat ate

12. Simple past forms of be was and were
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(g) I was a lifeguard last summer.
(h) They were in Belgium last month.
THE SIMPLE PAST

13. We started school last week.
2-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS

14. 2-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS
STATEMENT I-You-She-He-It-We-They
started school last week.

15. 2-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS
STATEMENT
NEGATIVE
I-You-She-He-It-We-They
started school last week.
I-You-She-He-It-We-They
did not start school last week.

16. 2-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS
QUESTION
SHORT
ANSWER
I-you-she-he-it-we-they
start school last week?
Did
I-you-she-he-it-we-they did.Yes,
I-you-she-he-it-we-they didn’t.No,

17. 2-3 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: BE
She was sick last Monday.

18. STATEMENT
2-3 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: BE
I-She-He-It was home last week.
We-You-They were home last week.

19. STATEMENT
NEGATIVE I-She-He-It was not home last week.
2-3 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: BE
I-She-He-It was home last week.
We-You-They were home last week.
We-You-They were not home last
week.

20. QUESTION
I-she-he-it home last week?Was
2-3 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: BE
we-you-they home last week?Were
SHORT
ANSWER
I-she-he-it was.
we-you-they were.
Yes,
Yes,
I-she-he-it- wasn’t.
we-you-they weren’t.
No,
No,

21. They _______ at the movies last night at 8:00.
2-1, 2-2, 2-3 Let’s Practice
They ____ at the grocery store last night at 8:00.
weren’t
were
is
They were at the movies last
night at 8:00.?
ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:
NEGATIVE STATEMENT:

22. 2-1, 2-2, 2-3 Let’s Practice
This airplane was made
in 1625.
This airplane ______ made in 1625.
This airplane ___ made in 1943.
wasn’t
was
?
1943 is
ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:
NEGATIVE STATEMENT:

23. ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:
2-1, 2-2, 2-3 Let’s Practice
Did Carla get a bad grade
on her test?
Carla ________ a bad grade on her test.
Carla ________ an excellent grade on her test.
didn’t get
got
NEGATIVE STATEMENT:
get
?

24. 2-4 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS
talk/t/
She talked to me for an hour.

25. voiceless sound + -ed /t/
(a) talked = talk/t/
stopped = stop/t/
hissed = hiss/t/
watched = watch/t/
washed = wash/t/
examples:
k
/k/ /p/
pp
,
2-4 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS

26. /k/ /s/ /ch/ /sh/,
voiceless sound + -ed /t/
(a) talked = talk/t/
stopped = stop/t/
hissed = hiss/t/
watched = watch/t/
washed = wash/t/
examples: /p/
ss
ch
sh
, , ,
2-4 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS

27. voiced sound + -ed /d/
(b) called = call/d/
rained = rain/d/
lived = live/d/
robbed = rob/d/
stayed = stay/d/
examples:
ll
/l/ /n/
n
,
2-4 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS

28. voiced sound + -ed /d/
(b) called = call/d/
rained = rain/d/
lived = live/d/
robbed = rob/d/
stayed = stay/d/
examples: /l/ /n/ /v/
v
/b/
bb
all vowel sounds
y
, , , ,
2-4 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS

29. “t” or “d” + -ed / d/
(c) waited = wait / d/
needed = need / d/
t
d
e
e
e
2-4 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS

30. 2-4 Let’s Practice
behave__ 1. /t/
2. /d/
3. / d/
e
?

31. 2-4 Let’s Practice
behave__ 1. /t/
2. /d/
3. / d/
e
/d/

32. 2-4 Let’s Practice
plant___? 1. /t/
2. /d/
3. / d/
e

33. plant___
2-4 Let’s Practice
/ d/
e 1. /t/
2. /d/
3. / d/
e

34. We are learning to speak English.
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS

35. smiledsmilingsmile
hopedhoping
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
-ing form: drop -e, add -ing
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
-e NO
-ed form: add -d
hope
(a)

36. learnlearning
helpinghelphelped
learned
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
add -ing
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
Two Consonants NO
add -ed
(b)
Two consonants

37. heatheatingheated
rainedrainingrain
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
add -ing
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
Two Vowels
+ One Consonant
NO
add -ed
(c)
Two vowels + one consonant

38. planningplanned
stopping
plan
stoppedstop
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
add -ing
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel
+ One Consonant
YES
add -ed
(d)
ONE-SYLLABLE VERBS
Double the consonant and

39. visit
offeringoffered
visiting
offer
visited
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
add -ing
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel
+ One Consonant
NO
add -ed
(e)
TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
First syllable stressed

40. preferredprefer
admitting admitted
preferring
admit
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
add -ing
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel
+ One Consonant
YES
add -ed
(f)
TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
Second syllable stressed,
double the consonant

41. playedplay
enjoying enjoyed
playing
enjoy
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
NO
keep the -y
(g)
vowel + -y
-y

42. worriedworry
studying studied
worrying
study
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
NO
-y + -ing
(h)
consonant + -y
-y
-i + -ed-y

43. dieddie
tying tied
dying
tie
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB
-y + -ing
(i)
-ie
-ie
add -d

44. 2-5 Let’s Practice
-ING form ________
rain
-ED form ________
raining
rained

45. 2-5 Let’s Practice
-ING form _________
study
-ED form _________
studying
studied

46. 2-5 Let’s Practice
-ING form _____
lie
-ED form _____
lying
lied
Please don’t
lie to me!

47. They became friends.
2-6 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB

48. 2-6 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
SIMPLE FORM
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finish
hope
try
Simple Form
No final –s, –ed, or –ing
see
sing
go

49. 2-6 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
SIMPLE PAST
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finished
hoped
tried
Simple Past
–ed for regular verbs
saw
sang
went

50. 2-6 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
PAST PARTICIPLE
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finished
hoped
tried
Past Participle
–ed for regular verbs
seen
sung
gone
perfect tenses & passive

51. 2-6 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finishing
hoping
trying
Present Participle
–ing for all verbs
seeing
singing
going
used with progressive tenses

52. Somebody spent all my money.
2-7 IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST

53. 2-7 IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST
SIMPLE FORM: awake
SIMPLE PAST: awoke
PAST PARTICIPLE: awoken

54. 2-7 IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST
SIMPLE FORM: forget
SIMPLE PAST: forgot
PAST PARTICIPLE: forgotten

55. 2-7 IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST
SIMPLE FORM: shave
SIMPLE PAST: shaved
PAST PARTICIPLE: shaved/shaven

56. 2-7 IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST
SIMPLE FORM: throw
SIMPLE PAST: threw
PAST PARTICIPLE: thrown

57. 2-7 Let’s Practice
SIMPLE FORM: give
SIMPLE PAST: _____gave
PAST PARTICIPLE: _____given

58. 2-7 Let’s Practice
SIMPLE FORM: sit
SIMPLE PAST: ___sat
PAST PARTICIPLE: ___sat

59. 2-7 Let’s Practice
SIMPLE FORM: think
SIMPLE PAST: _______thought
PAST PARTICIPLE: _______thought

60. He ran to work yesterday.
He was running when the bus drove by.
2-8 THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

61. 2-8 THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
THE SIMPLE PAST
X
(a) Edgar ran to work yesterday.
(b) Pat drove to work this morning.
began and ended at particular
time in the past

62. 2-8 THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
(c) Edgar was running when the bus drove by.
(d) They were eating when I got home.
in progress
was/were + -ing
XX

63. 2-8 THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
(e) When the bus drove by, Edgar was running.
(f) The bus drove by while Edgar was running.
when = at that time
while = during that time
XX

64. He wasn’t studying.
2-9 FORMS OF THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

65. was not talking.
wasn’t talking.
NEGATIVE
STATEMENT I-She-He-It
2-9 FORMS OF THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
was talking.
You-We-They were talking.
I-She-He-It
You-We-They were not talking.
weren’t talking.

66. QUESTION
SHORT
ANSWER
I-she-he-it talking?Was
Yes,
No,
2-9 FORMS OF THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
you-we-they talking?Were
I-she-he-it was.
I-she-he-it wasn’t.
Yes,
No,
you-we-they were.
you-we-they weren’t.

67. 2-9 Let’s Practice
Yesterday, the camels ___________
in the desert.
walk
were walking

68. 2-9 Let’s Practice
At 8:00, we began to work.
At 8:30, we ____________.
work
were working

69. 2-9 Let’s Practice
Spot __________ at Mac.
Mac _____________ at Spot.
was looking
look
wasn’t looking
SpotMac

70. 2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
Our son called while we were using
the computer.

71. 2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(a) After I exercised, I took a shower.
(b) I took a shower after I exercised.
(a) time clause main clause
time clause main clause
time clausemain clause

72. 2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(a) After I exercised, I took a shower.
(b) I took a shower after I exercised.
(b) main clause time clause
time clause main clause
time clausemain clause

73. 2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(c) I took a shower after I exercised.
(d) Before I took a shower, I exercised.
after
before
until
as soon as
while
when
subject
and verb
a time
clause
+ =

74. 2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(e) I exercised I took a shower.
(f) I exercised, I took a shower.
until = to that time and no longer
as soon as = immediately after
until
As soon as

75. main clause + comma + time clause
When Mary came home, I was studying.
2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(g) Mary came home I was studying.
(h)
while
time clause + comma + main clause

76. 2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
First: I rang the doorbell
Then: it played music
(i) When I rang the doorbell, it played music.
when allows simple past
in both clauses

77. two actions at the same time
past progressive okay in both
2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(j) She was learning to ski while he was
playing golf.

78. 2-10 Let’s Practice
While we ___________, our children
____________ school.
attend
work
were working
were attending

79. 2-10 Let’s Practice
Lynn _________ while she __________
a book.
fall asleep
was reading
read
fell asleep

80. 2-10 Let’s Practice
First: I went shopping.
Then: I put the food away.
After _____________, ________________.I went shopping I put the food away
________________ after ______________.I went shoppingI put the food away

81. 2-11 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
He used to be a baby, but now he is
man with a family.

82. 2-11 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
(a) I used to swim every afternoon.
Now I work in the afternoon.
(b) Fatima used to play piano, but now
she plays the violin.
(c) Jasmine used to laugh, but she
doesn’t anymore.
used to past situations
no longer exist
used to + simple form of a verb

83. 2-11 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
(d) Did you used to swim every afternoon?
(OR Did you use to swim every afternoon?)
did + subject + used to
(OR did + subject + use to)

84. 2-11 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
(e) I didn’t used to swim every day, but
now I swim every afternoon.
(f) Fatima never used to love school, but
now she loves it.
For negative ideas,
never is more common.

85. 2-11 Let’s Practice
Correct?
The children used to swam in the ocean.

86. The children used to swim in the ocean.The children used to swam in the ocean.
2-11 Let’s Practice
Correct? No

87. 2-11 Let’s Practice
Correct?
Were you used to ask questions in school?

88. 2-11 Let’s Practice
Correct?
Were you used to ask questions in school?
No
Did you used to ask questions in school?

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• Clipart, Inc.
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