I4

2. Review
4-1 Past participle
4-2 Forms of the present perfect
4-3 Meanings of the present perfect
4-4 Simple past vs. present perfect
4-5 Using since and for
4-6 Present perfect progressive
4-7 Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect
4-8 Using already, yet, still, and anymore
4-9 Past perfect
CONTENTS

3. Jenna _____ her dog. His name __ Max.
Jenna’s grandfather ____ Max to her. Her
grandfather _____ him at an animal shelter.
Jenna _____ very good care her dog.
He __ a great dog.
loves
be
Review and Preview
PRESENT AND PAST VERBS lovegivefindtake
gave
found
takes
is
is
be

4. 4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE
She has forgotten his name.

5. 4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE
REGULAR
VERBS
IRREGULAR
VERBS
SIMPLE
FORM
SIMPLE
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
finish
stop
wait
see
make
put
finished
stopped
waited
saw
made
put
finished
stopped
waited
seen
made
put
past perfect tense
present perfect tense

6. 4-1 LET’S PRACTICE
SIMPLE
FORM
SIMPLE
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
stop
go
take
write
stopped
went
took
wrote
stopped
gone
taken
written

7. 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
He has finished all his work.

8. 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(a) I have worked very hard this year.
(b) The students have worked hard.
(c) Alex has worked very hard.
STATEMENT: have/has + past participle

9. 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(d) I’ve/You’ve/We’ve/They’ve gone home.
(e) She’s/He’s gone home.
(f) It’s been hot all week.
CONTRACTION : pronoun + have = ’ve
pronoun + has =k’s

10. NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle
4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(g) I have not gone home yet.
(h) Fatima has not gone home.

11. NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle
NEGATIVE CONTRACTION:
have + not = haven’t
has + not = hasn’t
4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(g) I haven’t gone home yet.
(h) Fatima hasn’t gone home.

12. 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(i) Have you read
the report?

13. 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(j) Has Marcy gone home?
(k) How long have you worked there?
QUESTION :
have/has + subject + past participle

14. 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(l)
SHORT ANSWER:
have/haven’t
Have you read all
of this article?
No, I haven’t. I
have only read a
few pages.

15. 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(m)
SHORT ANSWER:
has/hasn’t
Yes, she has. She
did it after school.
Has Kyung
finished her
homework?

16. ___________________ a snake?
4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
Have you ever touched
you
touch
ever

17. ________________
4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
I’ve never touched
touch
never
No,
a snake.

18. _________________ a shark?
4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
Has Justin ever seen
Justin
see
ever

19. Yes, he ___. He saw one near Cape Town,
4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
has
South Africa.

20. 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
Tyler has taken his
first steps.
Zoe hasn’t walked
by herself yet.

21. 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #1: SOMETHING HAPPENED
BEFORE NOW AT AN UNSPECIFIED TIME
PRESENT PERFECT

22. 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(a) Tyler has already taken his first steps.
(b) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.
(c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl?
occurred before now or
sometime in the past
MEANING #1

23. 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(a) Tyler has already taken his first steps.
(b) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.
(c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl?
now
time?
X
before now
X
MEANING #1

24. 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(d) Mary has painted portraits many times.
(e) Her students have painted portraits twice.
activity repeated
before now, unspecified past times
MEANING #1

25. 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(d) Mary has painted portraits many times.
(e) Her students have painted portraits twice.
now
X
before now
XXX
MEANING #1

26. 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #2: A SITUATION BEGAN
IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES TO THE
PRESENT.

27. 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock.
(g) I have played the violin for six years.
I learned to play six years ago, and I still
play it.
present perfect +
since
for
past present
MEANING #2

28. 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #2:
xx
x
8:00
now
(f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock.

29. 4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
MEANING #1: Something happened before
now at an unspecified time.
MEANING #2: A situation began in the
past and continues to the present.
Kyung has already taken the test.
OR ?

30. 4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
MEANING #1: Something happened
before now at an unspecified time
MEANING #2: A situation began in the
past and continues to the present
I’ve been studying since 8 AM.
OR ?

31. 4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
MEANING #1: Something happened
before now at an unspecified time
MEANING #2: A situation began in the
past and continues to the present
Rosa has been to Italy three times.
OR ?

32. 4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
I had an angel fish
when I was a child.
I have had many other
fish since then.

33. 4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(a) They completed the game at 4:00.
PRESENT PERFECT
(b) They have already completed the game.
specific time
unspecified time

34. 4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old.
PRESENT PERFECT
(d) I have been in Nigeria three times.
specific time
unspecified time

35. 4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(e) Jack camped in France for 9 days.
PRESENT PERFECT
(f) Eli has been camping for 9 days.(f) Eli has been camping since last Monday.
for activity began & ended in past
for / since activity began & continues

36. 4-4 LET’S PRACTICE
SPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED TIME ?
We have been in Tokyo
many times.
OR
UNSPECIFIED
PRESENT
PERFECT

37. 4-4 LET’S PRACTICE
SPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED TIME ?
Barry has never been to Tokyo.
OR
UNSPECIFIED
PRESENT
PERFECT

38. 4-4 LET’S PRACTICE
SPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED TIME ?
Gina went to Tokyo
last month.
OR
SPECIFIED SIMPLE PAST

39. 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
I have been here since 6:00 AM.

40. 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(a) I have worked here
since noon.
since Wednesday.
since April.
since 2006.
since May 9, 2007.
since yesterday.
since last week.
Since Specific point in time

41. 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.
(c) INCORRECT: I am studying English since 2007.
present perfect + since
present progressive NOT used

42. 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.
(d) INCORRECT: I study English since 2007.
present perfect + since
simple present NOT used

43. 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.
(e) INCORRECT: I studied English since 2007.
present perfect + since
simple past NOT used
INCORRECT: I was study English since 2007.

44. 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(f) I have known her since I was fifteen.
MAIN CLAUSE
(present perfect)
SINCE-CLAUSE
(simple past)
(g) Jim has played many sports since he tried soccer.
Since time clause

45. 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(h) I have worked here
for fifty minutes.
for five hours.
for ten days.
for about six weeks.
for almost two months.
for many years.
for a long time.
For length of time

46. 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(i) I have worked here for twelve years.
I got a job here twelve years ago, and I still have it.
(j) I played sports for fifteen years. I am too busy now.
present perfect + for + length of time
past present
simple past
past present

47. 4-5 LET’S PRACTICE
Mary has been playing the piano
since ___________.
3 hours
she was six
she was six
Mary has been playing the piano
for ___________.three hours

48. 4-5 LET’S PRACTICE
Alejandro has studied English
since ________________.
he started school
15 years
he started school
Alejandro has studied English
for __________________.fifteen years

49. 4-5 LET’S PRACTICE
I have driven a taxi _____ 2006.
for
since
since
My uncle has driven a taxi ____ thirty years.for

50. 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Dee has been working
for ten hours.

51. 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(a) Dee has been working since
6 o’clock.
(b) She has been working for
ten hours.
STATEMENT:
have/has + been + -ing

52. 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(c) How long has she been working?
QUESTION FORM:
have/has + subject + been + -ing

53. 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(d) Mary is playing the piano right now.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
in progress right now
duration of time not mentioned
Mary has been playing the piano right now.

54. 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(e) Mary has been playing since noon.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
began in past
in progress right now
time expressed
Mary is playing the piano since noon.
(f) Mary has been playing for an hour.

55. 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(g) CORRECT: It belongs to Amy.
(h) INCORRECT: It is belonging to Amy.
(i) CORRECT: She has owned it
for one month.
(j) INCORRECT: She has been owning
it for one month.
non-action verbs progressive tenses

56. 4-6 LET’S PRACTICE
My sister _________ the phone.
use
is using
has been using
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
She _____________ it for three
hours. I need to make a call.

57. 4-6 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Her parents __________.
They ________________
together for over thirty years.
dance
are dancing
have been dancing

58. 4-6 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Where are you _______for
the summer holiday?
I am ______ to the beach.
I ______________ to the beach
go
going
going
have been going
every summer since I was a child.

59. 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
These guys are hiking.
They have been hiking for several days.

60. 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(a) My cousin is hiking with his friends.
They have been hiking for several days.
repeated activities
unspecified times in the past
PRESENT PERFECT
(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.
duration of present activities,
action verbs

61. 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(c) INCORRECT: My cousin has been hiking
many mountains.
(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.

62. 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(e) INCORRECT: The guys have been knowing
each other for ten years.
(d) The guys have known each other for
ten years.
duration of present activities,
non-action verbs

63. (f) I have been studying medicine for one year.
OR
(g) I have studied medicine for one year.
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
same meaning

64. (h) Rolf has been running every day since he
was a child.
OR
Rolf has run every day since he was a child.
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
usual, habitual activities
either tense okay

65. (i) I’ve been studying Spanish ever since I
visited Mexico.
OR
I’ve studied Spanish ever since I visited
Mexico.
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
usual, habitual activities
either tense okay

66. 4-7 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
How long ___ your family ______ here?
We __________ here for ten years.
live
lived
have lived
has

67. 4-7 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
How long ___ your family _________ here?
We _____________ here for ten years.
live
been living
have been living
has

68. 4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
I already fed the dog.

69. 4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
ALREADY
(a) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago.
I already fed the dog.
happened before now
Position: midsentence

70. 4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
YET
(b) I usually feed the dog, but I haven’t
fed him yet.
did not happen before now
Position: end of sentence

71. (c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is
still hungry. He still wants to eat.
(d) I liked classical movies when I was
in college. I still like them.
(e) It hasn’t rained all week. It still isn’t
raining.
4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
STILL

72. (c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is
still hungry. He still wants to eat.
(d) I liked classical movies when I was
in college. I still like them.
(e) It hasn’t rained all week. It still isn’t
raining.
4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
STILL
situation continues to exist
Position: midsentence

73. 4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
ANYMORE
(f) I used to be a teacher, but I retired.
I don’t work anymore.
does not continue
Position: end of sentence

74. 4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
ALREADY
(a) I already fed the dog.
affirmative
sentences
YET
(b) I haven’t fed him yet. negative
sentencesANYMORE
(f) I don’t work anymore.
(c) He is still hungry.
(e) It still isn’t raining.
STILL affirmative
or negative
sentences

75. 4-8 LET’S PRACTICE
already
yet
still
anymore
She doesn’t have any money.
She _______ spent it all.already

76. 4-8 LET’S PRACTICE
already
yet
still
anymore
I did some homework, but I
______ have more to do.still

77. 4-8 LET’S PRACTICE
already
yet
still
anymore
We used to be friends, but we had an argument.
We don’t like each other ________.anymore

78. 4-9 PAST PERFECT
When they arrived
at the store, it had
already closed.

79. 4-9 PAST PERFECT
(a) When they arrived at the store, it had
already closed.
two events in the past
1st event - Past Perfect
2nd event – Simple Past

80. 4-9 PAST PERFECT
(b) The store had already closed when
they arrived.
FORM: had + past participle

81. 4-9 PAST PERFECT
(c) It’d closed.
She’d gone home.
He’d gone home.
They’d gone home.
We’d gone home.
You’d gone home.
CONTRACTION:
I / you / she / he / it / we / they + ’d

82. 4-9 PAST PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT
XX XX
before
now
now
(d) I’m not cooking now.
I’ve already ordered
pizza.
before
noon
noon
(e) I was not cooking at noon.
I had already ordered
pizza.
occurred before now,
at an unspecified time
occurred before another
time in the past

83. 4-9 PAST PERFECT
PAST PROGRESSIVE PAST PERFECT
XX
(f) I was waiting when
the pizza arrived.
pizza
arrived
(g) The pizza had arrived
when he came home.
in progress at a particular
time in the past
completed before a
particular time in the past
hecame
home
pizza
arrived
began
waiting
XX

84. 4-9 PAST PERFECT
1st
2nd
I had already gone to bed
when it started snowing.
a. it started snowing ____
b. I went to bed ____1st
2nd

85. 4-9 PAST PERFECT
1st
2nd
I tried to go shopping, but the
store had closed.
a. store closed ____
b. tried to go shopping ____
1st
2nd

86. 4-9 PAST PERFECT
1st
2nd
A friend called to suggest a good movie.
She had seen it last Friday.
a. the friend saw the movie ____
b. the friend called ____
1st
2nd

87. 87
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