1. Multidisciplinary Nature Of Environmental Studies: Definition, Scope And
Importance
2. Natural Resources: Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources, Natural Resources
and Associated Problems.
A) Forest Resources: Use and Over Exploitation, Deforestation, Case Studies
Timber Extraction, Mining, Dams And Their Effect On Forest And Tribal People.
B) Water Resources: Use and Over Utilization of Surface and Ground Water,
Floods, Drought, Conflicts Over Water, Dams- Benefits and Problems.
C)Mineral Resources: Use and Exploitation, Environmental Effects of Extracting
and Using Mineral Resources, Case Studies.
3. D) Food Resources: World Food Problems, Changes Caused by Agriculture and
Overgrazing, Effects of Modern Agriculture, Fertilizer Pesticide Problems, Water
Logging, Salinity, Case Studies.
E) Energy Resources: Growing Energy Needs, Renewable and Non-Renewable
Energy Sources, Use of Alternate Energy Sources. Case Studies
F) Land Resources: Land as A Resource, Land Degradation, Man Induced
Landslides, Soil Erosion and Desertification. Role Of an Individual in Conservation
of Natural Resources. Equitable Use of Resources for Sustainable Lifestyles.
4. Ecosystems: Concept of An Ecosystems, Structure and Function of An Ecosystems,
Producers, Consumers and Decomposers, Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
5. Ecological Succession, Food Chains, Food Webs, And Ecological Pyramids.
Introduction, Types, Characteristic Features
6. Structure and Function of The Following Ecosystem: A. Forest Ecosystems B.
Grassland Ecosystems C. Desert Ecosystems D. Aquatic Ecosystems (Ponds,
Streams, Lakes, Rivers, Oceans, Estuaries)
7. Biodiversity and Its Conservation: Introduction, Definition, Genetic, Species &
Ecosystem and Diversity and Biogeographical Classification of India. Value Of
Biodiversity: Consumptive Use, Predictive Use, Social, Ethical, Aesthetic And Option
Values. Biodiversity At Global, National and Local Levels, India as A Mega- Diversity
Nation. Hotspots Of Biodiversity.
8. Threats to Biodiversity: Habitat Loss, Poaching of Wildlife, Man- Wildlife Conflicts.
Endangered And Endemic Species of India. Conservation Of Biodiversity:
In-Situ and Ex-Situ Conservation of Biodiversity.
9. Environmental Pollution: Definition, Causes, Effects And Control Measures Of Air,
Water, Soil, Marine, Noise, Thermal Pollution, Nuclear Hazards. Solid Waste
Management: Causes, Effects and Control Measure of Urban and Industrial Wastes.
Role Of Individual in Prevention of Pollution.
10. Social Issues and Environment: From Unsustainable to Sustainable Development,
Urban Problems Related to Energy, Water Conservation, Rain Water Harvesting,
Watershed Management Environmental Ethics: Issues and Possible Solutions,
Climate Change, Global Warming, Acid Rains, Ozone Layer Depletion, Nuclear
Accidents and Holocaust. Dies, Wasteland Reclamation. Consumerism And Waste
Products. Etc
hindi notes for hindi medium students.
Indira Gandhi krishi vishwavidyalaya raipur
Land degradation and conservation measures , hesia and lesiaKhushiSharma709267
┬а
The document discusses land degradation, its causes, and conservation measures. It then contrasts high external input agriculture (HEIA) and low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA). HEIA relies on high-yielding hybrid seeds, synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, and irrigation. It increases yields but degrades soils and the environment over time. LEISA utilizes local resources and cultural practices more sustainably with lower external inputs and greater biodiversity to maintain yields long-term in an environmentally friendly manner.
"Zero tillage a profitable resource saving technology in india and global content".
presented by
Sunil Kumar
M.Sc. Agronomy
Department of agronomy forages and grassland management, CSKHPKV, Palampur. India
PowerPoint presented Erika Styger at the First First Workshop on the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in Latin America at EARTH University in Costa Rica, Oct. 31-Nov. 1, 2011
Zero tillage, also known as no-tillage, involves direct seeding of crops into untilled soil with minimal soil disturbance. It provides benefits such as conserving soil moisture, reducing erosion, and allowing timely sowing of crops. However, it also poses some challenges like increased soil compaction and potentially lower yields for some crops compared to conventional tillage. Overall, zero tillage is seen as an important conservation agriculture practice for improving the sustainability of cropping systems.
about agri. ministery, ICAR, National horticultural board, National horticultural mission,PRADHAN MANTRI FASAL BIMA YOJNA (PMFBY)
Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)
National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)
Soil Health Card Scheme
Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)
Scheme on Micro irrigation
Subsidy scheme for construction storages facilities
Market Information Service for Horticulture Crops
National bamboo mission
WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUES AND PROGRAMMES IN INDIA, NATIONAL WATER POLICY Udaybhaskar Mogallapu
┬а
This document discusses several water management institutions and programs in India. It describes the Command Area Development and Water Management (CADWM) Programme, which aims to enhance irrigation potential and agricultural productivity through coordinated efforts. It also outlines several other organizations involved in water management, including the Central Groundwater Board, Central Soil and Materials Research Station, Central Water Commission, National Institute of Hydrology, National Projects Construction Corporation, National Water Development Agency, and Water Quality Assessment Authority. The Command Area Development Authority (CADA) aims to bridge the gap between irrigation potential created and utilized through various activities.
Land degradation and conservation measures , hesia and lesiaKhushiSharma709267
┬а
The document discusses land degradation, its causes, and conservation measures. It then contrasts high external input agriculture (HEIA) and low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA). HEIA relies on high-yielding hybrid seeds, synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, and irrigation. It increases yields but degrades soils and the environment over time. LEISA utilizes local resources and cultural practices more sustainably with lower external inputs and greater biodiversity to maintain yields long-term in an environmentally friendly manner.
"Zero tillage a profitable resource saving technology in india and global content".
presented by
Sunil Kumar
M.Sc. Agronomy
Department of agronomy forages and grassland management, CSKHPKV, Palampur. India
PowerPoint presented Erika Styger at the First First Workshop on the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in Latin America at EARTH University in Costa Rica, Oct. 31-Nov. 1, 2011
Zero tillage, also known as no-tillage, involves direct seeding of crops into untilled soil with minimal soil disturbance. It provides benefits such as conserving soil moisture, reducing erosion, and allowing timely sowing of crops. However, it also poses some challenges like increased soil compaction and potentially lower yields for some crops compared to conventional tillage. Overall, zero tillage is seen as an important conservation agriculture practice for improving the sustainability of cropping systems.
about agri. ministery, ICAR, National horticultural board, National horticultural mission,PRADHAN MANTRI FASAL BIMA YOJNA (PMFBY)
Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)
National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)
Soil Health Card Scheme
Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)
Scheme on Micro irrigation
Subsidy scheme for construction storages facilities
Market Information Service for Horticulture Crops
National bamboo mission
WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUES AND PROGRAMMES IN INDIA, NATIONAL WATER POLICY Udaybhaskar Mogallapu
┬а
This document discusses several water management institutions and programs in India. It describes the Command Area Development and Water Management (CADWM) Programme, which aims to enhance irrigation potential and agricultural productivity through coordinated efforts. It also outlines several other organizations involved in water management, including the Central Groundwater Board, Central Soil and Materials Research Station, Central Water Commission, National Institute of Hydrology, National Projects Construction Corporation, National Water Development Agency, and Water Quality Assessment Authority. The Command Area Development Authority (CADA) aims to bridge the gap between irrigation potential created and utilized through various activities.
This presentation about legal measures of insect pest management in Nepal. This presentation try to elaborate the mandate of Nepal Government for controlling insect pest .
By Mr. Ioseb Murvan─▒dze.Techn─▒cal manager, Prof. Teo Urushadze. E and M spec─▒al─▒st.PCC.
Presentation by the Georgia Agricultural Research, Extension and Training GEF-IBRD Project given at the 6th Regional Nutrient Reduction Conference in the Black Sea - Danube Basin in Ankara, Turkey.
Conservation agriculture practices can help address problems with conventional agriculture in India like erratic rainfall, soil degradation, and high resource use. Minimum soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and diversified crop rotations are the key principles of conservation agriculture. Adopting no-tillage and mulch farming can reduce runoff and evaporation, improve soil health, and increase water storage in the soil. Studies show conservation agriculture practices lead to higher yields and water use efficiency compared to conventional tillage and help promote a more sustainable agricultural system in India.
1. The document discusses integrated weed management (IWM), which aims to control weeds through a coordinated approach using multiple methods, including cultural, mechanical, chemical, and biological control.
2. IWM seeks to minimize herbicide use and prevent the buildup of herbicide-resistant weeds through a combination of prevention, eradication, and control techniques.
3. The principles of IWM include placing crops in competitive advantage over weeds, reducing weed survival mechanisms in soil, and using practices that are flexible, environmentally friendly, and discourage perennial and parasitic weeds.
This document provides information about a course on pumps and wells, including the outline, aim, textbooks, and evaluation method. The course covers topics like pumps and pumping plants, deep well turbine and submersible pumps, water wells, tubewells, their design and construction, development and testing, and failure and rehabilitation. The aim is to teach the hydraulic principles applied to pumps and how to design, construct, and maintain pumps and irrigation projects. Students will be evaluated based on midterm exams, attendance, and a final exam worth 70 marks totaling 100 marks for the course.
Wastelands refer to degraded lands that are currently underutilized, and are deteriorating for lack of appropriate soil & water management or on account of natural causes.
Wastelands develop naturally or due to influence of environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or management constraints.
The classification scheme adopted for monitoring of wasteland on 1:50,000 scale.
On the other hand, the Wasteland Development Board and some other institutions have considered all those categories of land as wastelands which are not under the use of forest pasture and cultivation.
From the utilization point of view, wastelands are classified as forest wasteland and non-forest wasteland, cultivated wasteland and non-cultivated wasteland .
In the wasteland classification scheme followed by Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development and National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Department of Space, Govt. of India during 2003 for Wastelands Atlas of India 2005, 28 categories of wastelands were identified which have been now brought down to 23 categories in the wasteland classification scheme followed in 2006 for the preparation of Wastelands Atlas of India 2010.
Following thirteen categories of lands were classified under wastelands in India.
Gullied and/or ravenous land
Upland with or without scrub.
Water logged and marshy land.
Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-coastal /inland.
Shifting cultivation area.
Underutilized /degraded notified forest land.
Degraded pastures/grazing land.
Sands-deserted/coastal
Mining-industrial wastelands.
Barren rocky/stony waste/ sheet rocky area.
Steep sloping areas.
Snow covered land/or glacial area.
Degraded land under plantation crops
Environmental studies and disaster management notes AFOR5221ISHAN DEWANGAN
┬а
1. Multidisciplinary Nature Of Environmental Studies: Definition, Scope And
Importance
2. Natural Resources: Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources, Natural Resources
and Associated Problems.
A) Forest Resources: Use and Over Exploitation, Deforestation, Case Studies
Timber Extraction, Mining, Dams And Their Effect On Forest And Tribal People.
B) Water Resources: Use and Over Utilization of Surface and Ground Water,
Floods, Drought, Conflicts Over Water, Dams- Benefits and Problems.
C)Mineral Resources: Use and Exploitation, Environmental Effects of Extracting
and Using Mineral Resources, Case Studies.
3. D) Food Resources: World Food Problems, Changes Caused by Agriculture and
Overgrazing, Effects of Modern Agriculture, Fertilizer Pesticide Problems, Water
Logging, Salinity, Case Studies.
E) Energy Resources: Growing Energy Needs, Renewable and Non-Renewable
Energy Sources, Use of Alternate Energy Sources. Case Studies
F) Land Resources: Land as A Resource, Land Degradation, Man Induced
Landslides, Soil Erosion and Desertification. Role Of an Individual in Conservation
of Natural Resources. Equitable Use of Resources for Sustainable Lifestyles.
4. Ecosystems: Concept of An Ecosystems, Structure and Function of An Ecosystems,
Producers, Consumers and Decomposers, Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
5. Ecological Succession, Food Chains, Food Webs, And Ecological Pyramids.
Introduction, Types, Characteristic Features
6. Structure and Function of The Following Ecosystem: A. Forest Ecosystems B.
Grassland Ecosystems C. Desert Ecosystems D. Aquatic Ecosystems (Ponds,
Streams, Lakes, Rivers, Oceans, Estuaries)
7. Biodiversity and Its Conservation: Introduction, Definition, Genetic, Species &
Ecosystem and Diversity and Biogeographical Classification of India. Value Of
Biodiversity: Consumptive Use, Predictive Use, Social, Ethical, Aesthetic And Option
Values. Biodiversity At Global, National and Local Levels, India as A Mega- Diversity
Nation. Hotspots Of Biodiversity.
8. Threats to Biodiversity: Habitat Loss, Poaching of Wildlife, Man- Wildlife Conflicts.
Endangered And Endemic Species of India. Conservation Of Biodiversity:
In-Situ and Ex-Situ Conservation of Biodiversity.
9. Environmental Pollution: Definition, Causes, Effects And Control Measures Of Air,
Water, Soil, Marine, Noise, Thermal Pollution, Nuclear Hazards. Solid Waste
Management: Causes, Effects and Control Measure of Urban and Industrial Wastes.
Role Of Individual in Prevention of Pollution.
10. Social Issues and Environment: From Unsustainable to Sustainable Development,
Urban Problems Related to Energy, Water Conservation, Rain Water Harvesting,
Watershed Management Environmental Ethics: Issues and Possible Solutions,
Climate Change, Global Warming, Acid Rains, Ozone Layer Depletion, Nuclear
Accidents and Holocaust. Dies, Wasteland Reclamation. Consumerism And Waste
Products. Etc.
All syllabus have been included.
Indira Gandhi krishi vishwavidyalaya raipur
Brackish water is water that is more saline than fresh water but not as saline as seawater. It typically contains between 0.5-30 grams of salt per liter. India has significant areas of brackish water resources including estuaries, backwaters, and mangroves totaling around 11.4 million hectares. However, only around 1.94 million hectares of this area is currently used for brackish water aquaculture. Various crops can be grown using brackish water irrigation if properly managed through drainage, frequent irrigation, and growing salt tolerant varieties. Reverse osmosis and distillation are commonly used to desalinate brackish groundwater for agricultural and domestic purposes.
Puddling involves saturating soil and breaking up aggregates through plowing and harrowing when the soil is flooded or saturated. This process is important for rice cultivation as it controls weeds, conserves water, and makes transplanting easier. However, puddling also destroys the soil structure, reduces pore space, increases compaction, and can lead to issues like waterlogging over the long term. Puddling decreases hydraulic conductivity and permeability while increasing bulk density, moisture retention, and causing changes to the soil thermal properties. Overall, puddling improves conditions for rice growth but degrades the soil physical properties.
This document discusses the reclamation of various types of wastelands. The major problems of reclaiming wastelands are issues around land ownership, lack of integrated site-specific technologies, high investment costs, and lack of institutional financing. Methods for reclaiming culturable wastelands aim to stop further degradation and develop degraded land. Specific techniques are outlined for different types of problematic lands, including salt-affected lands, sandy areas, ravinous/gullied areas, mining/industrial lands, steep sloping areas, degraded pastures, stony wastelands, shifting cultivation areas, saline soils, alkali soils, waterlogged lands, and degraded forest lands. Reclamation generally involves drainage, addition of
Rice is one of the most important crops worldwide and in India. It is grown in various climates and using different cultivation methods. India is the second largest producer of rice, with West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, and Bihar being the top producing states. The two main species of cultivated rice are Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima. Rice cultivation requires specific soil and climate conditions and employs practices such as transplanting seedlings, direct seeding, and irrigation management. Pests, diseases, and weeds present ongoing challenges to rice production.
The document provides an overview of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) crop insurance scheme in India. The key points are:
1) PMFBY aims to provide insurance coverage and financial support to farmers against crop failure from natural disasters and stabilize farmer incomes.
2) It covers food and oilseed crops as well as horticultural crops. Insurance is provided at the village level and premium subsidies are shared equally by central and state governments.
3) Farmers availing loans are covered compulsorily while others can opt-in voluntarily. Premium rates are 2-5% of the sum insured depending on the crop season. Claims are paid out based
This document discusses soil sodicity and management strategies. It shows monthly variation in soil salinity, with highest levels in summer months. It then outlines causes of sodic soils like salt accumulation and exchange of sodium for other cations. This leads to poor physical properties and low productivity by damaging roots and limiting aeration. Diagnosis involves measuring pH, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and gypsum requirement. Amendments like gypsum, acids, and limestone can replace sodium with calcium to disperse clay and improve structure. Finer gypsum is more soluble but its dissolution depends on sodium level and water availability. Proper reclamation requires identifying soil properties and selecting amendments to sustain crop growth.
1. Transformation of agriculture into agri business, various stakeholders and components of agri business systems.
2. Importance of agri business in the Indian economy and new agricultural policy.
3. Distinctive features of agri business management: importance and needs of agro based industries
4. Classification of industries and types of agro based industries, institutional arrangement, procedures to set up agro based industries.
5. Constantine establishing agro based industries
6. Agri value chain: understanding primary and support activities and their linkages
7. Business environment:PEST and SWOT analysis
8. Management functions: roles and activities
9. Organisation culture: planning meaning definition, types of plans
10. Purpose aur mission, goals are objectives, strategies, policies procedures, rules, programs and budget, components of business plan.
11. Steps in planning and implementation
12. Organisation staffing, directing and motivation, ordering, leading, supervision, communications, control
13. Capital management and financial management of agri business
14. Financial statements and there importance
15. Marketing management: segmentation, targeting and positioning
16. Marketing mix and marketing, strategies consumer behaviour analysis
17. Product life cycle, sales and distribution management
18. Pricing policy,various pricing methods
19. Project management definition,project cycle, identification,formulation, appraisal implementation, monitoring and evaluation
20. Project appraisal and evaluation┬аtechniques
This document provides information about the Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS) in India. It discusses that WBCIS provides insurance protection to cultivators against adverse weather conditions. It was introduced in 2003 and implemented across several states for major Kharif and Rabi crops. The scheme calculates insurance sums based on expected input costs. All cultivators can voluntarily enroll, while loan recipients must enroll. Claims are settled based on weather data from reference stations within 45 days. While it provides timely payouts, it does not guarantee individual yields and assesses losses across reference units instead of per person.
The document discusses the roles of various organizations in promoting organic farming in India and Karnataka. It outlines that NGOs, central and state governments, ICAR, KVKs, and other organizations conduct training programs, provide financial assistance and inputs, help with certification, and create market linkages to support farmers in adopting organic practices. The central and Karnataka state governments have also introduced various schemes to encourage organic farming.
1. The document discusses various aspects of agricultural credit such as purpose, time period, security, generation of surplus funds, approach, and principles of credit.
2. It categorizes agricultural credit based on purpose as production credit, investment credit, marketing credit, and consumption credit. It also differentiates credit based on time period as short-term, medium-term, and long-term credit.
3. Security for agricultural loans includes secured loans against land mortgage, collateral security against crops/livestock, and personal security based on character and repaying capacity without tangible assets.
get more ppts on my YouTube channel:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcWy1iNwpvkdAUj1pdgRCIQ
Shanti shiksha Evam Satat Prayas
рдкрд░реНрдпрд╛рд╡рд░рдг рдПрд╡рдВ рд╕рддрдд рд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд╕
Environment and sustainable development
This presentation about legal measures of insect pest management in Nepal. This presentation try to elaborate the mandate of Nepal Government for controlling insect pest .
By Mr. Ioseb Murvan─▒dze.Techn─▒cal manager, Prof. Teo Urushadze. E and M spec─▒al─▒st.PCC.
Presentation by the Georgia Agricultural Research, Extension and Training GEF-IBRD Project given at the 6th Regional Nutrient Reduction Conference in the Black Sea - Danube Basin in Ankara, Turkey.
Conservation agriculture practices can help address problems with conventional agriculture in India like erratic rainfall, soil degradation, and high resource use. Minimum soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and diversified crop rotations are the key principles of conservation agriculture. Adopting no-tillage and mulch farming can reduce runoff and evaporation, improve soil health, and increase water storage in the soil. Studies show conservation agriculture practices lead to higher yields and water use efficiency compared to conventional tillage and help promote a more sustainable agricultural system in India.
1. The document discusses integrated weed management (IWM), which aims to control weeds through a coordinated approach using multiple methods, including cultural, mechanical, chemical, and biological control.
2. IWM seeks to minimize herbicide use and prevent the buildup of herbicide-resistant weeds through a combination of prevention, eradication, and control techniques.
3. The principles of IWM include placing crops in competitive advantage over weeds, reducing weed survival mechanisms in soil, and using practices that are flexible, environmentally friendly, and discourage perennial and parasitic weeds.
This document provides information about a course on pumps and wells, including the outline, aim, textbooks, and evaluation method. The course covers topics like pumps and pumping plants, deep well turbine and submersible pumps, water wells, tubewells, their design and construction, development and testing, and failure and rehabilitation. The aim is to teach the hydraulic principles applied to pumps and how to design, construct, and maintain pumps and irrigation projects. Students will be evaluated based on midterm exams, attendance, and a final exam worth 70 marks totaling 100 marks for the course.
Wastelands refer to degraded lands that are currently underutilized, and are deteriorating for lack of appropriate soil & water management or on account of natural causes.
Wastelands develop naturally or due to influence of environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or management constraints.
The classification scheme adopted for monitoring of wasteland on 1:50,000 scale.
On the other hand, the Wasteland Development Board and some other institutions have considered all those categories of land as wastelands which are not under the use of forest pasture and cultivation.
From the utilization point of view, wastelands are classified as forest wasteland and non-forest wasteland, cultivated wasteland and non-cultivated wasteland .
In the wasteland classification scheme followed by Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development and National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Department of Space, Govt. of India during 2003 for Wastelands Atlas of India 2005, 28 categories of wastelands were identified which have been now brought down to 23 categories in the wasteland classification scheme followed in 2006 for the preparation of Wastelands Atlas of India 2010.
Following thirteen categories of lands were classified under wastelands in India.
Gullied and/or ravenous land
Upland with or without scrub.
Water logged and marshy land.
Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-coastal /inland.
Shifting cultivation area.
Underutilized /degraded notified forest land.
Degraded pastures/grazing land.
Sands-deserted/coastal
Mining-industrial wastelands.
Barren rocky/stony waste/ sheet rocky area.
Steep sloping areas.
Snow covered land/or glacial area.
Degraded land under plantation crops
Environmental studies and disaster management notes AFOR5221ISHAN DEWANGAN
┬а
1. Multidisciplinary Nature Of Environmental Studies: Definition, Scope And
Importance
2. Natural Resources: Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources, Natural Resources
and Associated Problems.
A) Forest Resources: Use and Over Exploitation, Deforestation, Case Studies
Timber Extraction, Mining, Dams And Their Effect On Forest And Tribal People.
B) Water Resources: Use and Over Utilization of Surface and Ground Water,
Floods, Drought, Conflicts Over Water, Dams- Benefits and Problems.
C)Mineral Resources: Use and Exploitation, Environmental Effects of Extracting
and Using Mineral Resources, Case Studies.
3. D) Food Resources: World Food Problems, Changes Caused by Agriculture and
Overgrazing, Effects of Modern Agriculture, Fertilizer Pesticide Problems, Water
Logging, Salinity, Case Studies.
E) Energy Resources: Growing Energy Needs, Renewable and Non-Renewable
Energy Sources, Use of Alternate Energy Sources. Case Studies
F) Land Resources: Land as A Resource, Land Degradation, Man Induced
Landslides, Soil Erosion and Desertification. Role Of an Individual in Conservation
of Natural Resources. Equitable Use of Resources for Sustainable Lifestyles.
4. Ecosystems: Concept of An Ecosystems, Structure and Function of An Ecosystems,
Producers, Consumers and Decomposers, Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
5. Ecological Succession, Food Chains, Food Webs, And Ecological Pyramids.
Introduction, Types, Characteristic Features
6. Structure and Function of The Following Ecosystem: A. Forest Ecosystems B.
Grassland Ecosystems C. Desert Ecosystems D. Aquatic Ecosystems (Ponds,
Streams, Lakes, Rivers, Oceans, Estuaries)
7. Biodiversity and Its Conservation: Introduction, Definition, Genetic, Species &
Ecosystem and Diversity and Biogeographical Classification of India. Value Of
Biodiversity: Consumptive Use, Predictive Use, Social, Ethical, Aesthetic And Option
Values. Biodiversity At Global, National and Local Levels, India as A Mega- Diversity
Nation. Hotspots Of Biodiversity.
8. Threats to Biodiversity: Habitat Loss, Poaching of Wildlife, Man- Wildlife Conflicts.
Endangered And Endemic Species of India. Conservation Of Biodiversity:
In-Situ and Ex-Situ Conservation of Biodiversity.
9. Environmental Pollution: Definition, Causes, Effects And Control Measures Of Air,
Water, Soil, Marine, Noise, Thermal Pollution, Nuclear Hazards. Solid Waste
Management: Causes, Effects and Control Measure of Urban and Industrial Wastes.
Role Of Individual in Prevention of Pollution.
10. Social Issues and Environment: From Unsustainable to Sustainable Development,
Urban Problems Related to Energy, Water Conservation, Rain Water Harvesting,
Watershed Management Environmental Ethics: Issues and Possible Solutions,
Climate Change, Global Warming, Acid Rains, Ozone Layer Depletion, Nuclear
Accidents and Holocaust. Dies, Wasteland Reclamation. Consumerism And Waste
Products. Etc.
All syllabus have been included.
Indira Gandhi krishi vishwavidyalaya raipur
Brackish water is water that is more saline than fresh water but not as saline as seawater. It typically contains between 0.5-30 grams of salt per liter. India has significant areas of brackish water resources including estuaries, backwaters, and mangroves totaling around 11.4 million hectares. However, only around 1.94 million hectares of this area is currently used for brackish water aquaculture. Various crops can be grown using brackish water irrigation if properly managed through drainage, frequent irrigation, and growing salt tolerant varieties. Reverse osmosis and distillation are commonly used to desalinate brackish groundwater for agricultural and domestic purposes.
Puddling involves saturating soil and breaking up aggregates through plowing and harrowing when the soil is flooded or saturated. This process is important for rice cultivation as it controls weeds, conserves water, and makes transplanting easier. However, puddling also destroys the soil structure, reduces pore space, increases compaction, and can lead to issues like waterlogging over the long term. Puddling decreases hydraulic conductivity and permeability while increasing bulk density, moisture retention, and causing changes to the soil thermal properties. Overall, puddling improves conditions for rice growth but degrades the soil physical properties.
This document discusses the reclamation of various types of wastelands. The major problems of reclaiming wastelands are issues around land ownership, lack of integrated site-specific technologies, high investment costs, and lack of institutional financing. Methods for reclaiming culturable wastelands aim to stop further degradation and develop degraded land. Specific techniques are outlined for different types of problematic lands, including salt-affected lands, sandy areas, ravinous/gullied areas, mining/industrial lands, steep sloping areas, degraded pastures, stony wastelands, shifting cultivation areas, saline soils, alkali soils, waterlogged lands, and degraded forest lands. Reclamation generally involves drainage, addition of
Rice is one of the most important crops worldwide and in India. It is grown in various climates and using different cultivation methods. India is the second largest producer of rice, with West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, and Bihar being the top producing states. The two main species of cultivated rice are Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima. Rice cultivation requires specific soil and climate conditions and employs practices such as transplanting seedlings, direct seeding, and irrigation management. Pests, diseases, and weeds present ongoing challenges to rice production.
The document provides an overview of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) crop insurance scheme in India. The key points are:
1) PMFBY aims to provide insurance coverage and financial support to farmers against crop failure from natural disasters and stabilize farmer incomes.
2) It covers food and oilseed crops as well as horticultural crops. Insurance is provided at the village level and premium subsidies are shared equally by central and state governments.
3) Farmers availing loans are covered compulsorily while others can opt-in voluntarily. Premium rates are 2-5% of the sum insured depending on the crop season. Claims are paid out based
This document discusses soil sodicity and management strategies. It shows monthly variation in soil salinity, with highest levels in summer months. It then outlines causes of sodic soils like salt accumulation and exchange of sodium for other cations. This leads to poor physical properties and low productivity by damaging roots and limiting aeration. Diagnosis involves measuring pH, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and gypsum requirement. Amendments like gypsum, acids, and limestone can replace sodium with calcium to disperse clay and improve structure. Finer gypsum is more soluble but its dissolution depends on sodium level and water availability. Proper reclamation requires identifying soil properties and selecting amendments to sustain crop growth.
1. Transformation of agriculture into agri business, various stakeholders and components of agri business systems.
2. Importance of agri business in the Indian economy and new agricultural policy.
3. Distinctive features of agri business management: importance and needs of agro based industries
4. Classification of industries and types of agro based industries, institutional arrangement, procedures to set up agro based industries.
5. Constantine establishing agro based industries
6. Agri value chain: understanding primary and support activities and their linkages
7. Business environment:PEST and SWOT analysis
8. Management functions: roles and activities
9. Organisation culture: planning meaning definition, types of plans
10. Purpose aur mission, goals are objectives, strategies, policies procedures, rules, programs and budget, components of business plan.
11. Steps in planning and implementation
12. Organisation staffing, directing and motivation, ordering, leading, supervision, communications, control
13. Capital management and financial management of agri business
14. Financial statements and there importance
15. Marketing management: segmentation, targeting and positioning
16. Marketing mix and marketing, strategies consumer behaviour analysis
17. Product life cycle, sales and distribution management
18. Pricing policy,various pricing methods
19. Project management definition,project cycle, identification,formulation, appraisal implementation, monitoring and evaluation
20. Project appraisal and evaluation┬аtechniques
This document provides information about the Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS) in India. It discusses that WBCIS provides insurance protection to cultivators against adverse weather conditions. It was introduced in 2003 and implemented across several states for major Kharif and Rabi crops. The scheme calculates insurance sums based on expected input costs. All cultivators can voluntarily enroll, while loan recipients must enroll. Claims are settled based on weather data from reference stations within 45 days. While it provides timely payouts, it does not guarantee individual yields and assesses losses across reference units instead of per person.
The document discusses the roles of various organizations in promoting organic farming in India and Karnataka. It outlines that NGOs, central and state governments, ICAR, KVKs, and other organizations conduct training programs, provide financial assistance and inputs, help with certification, and create market linkages to support farmers in adopting organic practices. The central and Karnataka state governments have also introduced various schemes to encourage organic farming.
1. The document discusses various aspects of agricultural credit such as purpose, time period, security, generation of surplus funds, approach, and principles of credit.
2. It categorizes agricultural credit based on purpose as production credit, investment credit, marketing credit, and consumption credit. It also differentiates credit based on time period as short-term, medium-term, and long-term credit.
3. Security for agricultural loans includes secured loans against land mortgage, collateral security against crops/livestock, and personal security based on character and repaying capacity without tangible assets.
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Shanti shiksha Evam Satat Prayas
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Environment and sustainable development
tHESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG тАУ BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #ASHA,#DIPHTHERIA,#ICDS,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
Bilingual and interesting notes for class X Geography Chapter- 1.
Topics which are covered in this ppt-
- Classification of resources
- Resource planning
- sustainable development
- Agenda 21
- Land resources
- Land utilization
- Land use pattern
- Soil as resource
- Types of soil
- Soil erosion
- Soil conservation
The document is an assignment on managing coffee rust for a course on field and horticultural crop diseases and their management. It discusses the causal fungus of coffee rust, Hemileia vastatrix, and outlines management strategies like field sanitation, spraying copper or dithiocarbamate fungicides, maintaining canopy cover to reduce dew formation, and using resistant coffee varieties to reduce disease incidence. It was submitted by a student to their professor for the 2023-2024 session.
The document describes the disease cycle of coffee rust, caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix. It begins with a microscopic spore infecting coffee plant leaves through natural openings, invading and killing cells to produce more spores. These new spores are then released and dispersed by rain, wind, animals, and people to infect other plants, completing the cycle in 4 to 7 weeks. A single initial spore can generate tens of thousands of additional spores through 4 to 6 generations of replication and infection.
QUICK BOOK ON DISEASES OF FIELD AND HORTICULTURAL CROPS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT-...ISHAN DEWANGAN
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QUICK BOOK ON DISEASES OF FIELD AND HORTICULTURAL CROPS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT- I APP 5312
SYLLABUS:-
APP5312 3(2+1)
Symptoms, etiology, disease cycle and management of major diseases of following crops: Field Crops: Rice: blast, brown spot, bacterial blight, sheath blight, false smut, khaira and tungro; Maize: stalk rots, downy mildew, leaf spots; Sorghum: smuts, grain mold and anthracnose, Bajra: downy mildew and ergot; Groundnut: early and late leaf spots, wilt Soybean: Rhizoctonia blight, bacterial spot, seed and seedling rot and mosaic; Pigeonpea: Phytophthora blight, wilt and sterility mosaic; Finger millet: Blast and leaf spot; black & green gram: Cercospora leaf spot and anthracnose, web blight and yellow mosaic; Castor: Phytophthora blight,Tobacco: black shank, black root rot and mosaic. Horticultural Crops: Guava: wilt and anthracnose; Banana: Panama wilt, bacterial wilt, Sigatoka and bunchy top:Papaya: foot rot, leaf curl and mosaic, Pomegranate: bacterial blight; Cruciferous vegetables: Alternaria leaf spot and black rot; Brinjal: Phomopsis blight and fruit rot and Sclerotinia blight; Tomato: damping off, wilt, early and late blight, buck eye rot and leaf curl and mosaic; Okra: Yellow Vein Mosaic; Beans: anthracnose and bacterial blight; Ginger: soft rot; Colocasia: Phytophthora blight; Coconut: wilt and bud rot; Tea: blister blight; Coffee: rust
For any query contact : ishandewangan102@gmail.com
Disclaimer: It is for self study however, if you find it helpful you can study
IGKV 3 year notes, bsc ag 5 semester notes, DISEASES OF FIELD AND HORTICULTURAL CROPS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT- I notes, APP5311 notes, agriculture notes, Ishan Dewangan notes, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur, btc cars Bilaspur, IGKV 3 YEAR 1 SEMESTER NOTES
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT APB 5312 NOTESISHAN DEWANGAN
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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT APB 5312
SYLLABUS:-
APB5312 (1+0)
Theory Introduction and meaning of intellectual property, brief introduction to GATT, WTO, TRIPs and WIPO, Treaties for IPR protection: Madrid protocol, Berne Convention, Budapest treaty, etc. Types of Intellectual Property and legislations covering IPR in India:-Patents, Copyrights, Trademark, Industrial desigm, Geographical indications, Integrated circuits, Trade secrets. Patents Act 1970 and Patent system in India, patentability, process and product patent, filing of patent, patent specification, patent claims, Patent opposition and revocation, infringement, Compulsory licensing, Patent Cooperation Treaty, Patent search and patent database. Origin and history including a brief introduction to UPOV for protection of plant varieties, Protection of plant varieties under UPOV and PPV&FR Act of India, Plant breeders rights, Registration of plant varieties under PPV&FR Act 2001, breeders, researcher and farmers rights. Traditional knowledge-meaning and rights of TK holders. Convention on Biological Diversity, International treaty on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (ITPGRFA). Indian Biological Diversity Act, 2002 and its salient features, access and benefit sharing.
IGKV 3 year notes, bsc ag 5 semester notes, intellectual property right notes, apb5312 notes, agriculture notes, Ishan Dewangan notes, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur, btc cars Bilaspur, IGKV 3 YEAR 1 SEMESTER NOTES
QUICK BOOK ON PESTS OF CROPS AND STORED GRAIN AND THEIR MANAGEMENT AENT5312 N...ISHAN DEWANGAN
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QUICK BOOK ON PESTS OF CROPS AND STORED GRAIN AND THEIR MANAGEMENT AENT5312
SYLLABUS:-
AENT 3(2+1)
General account on nature and type of damage by different arthropods pests. Scientific name, order, family, host range, distribution, biology and bionomics, nature of damage, and management of major pests and scientific name, order, family, host range, distribution, nature of damage and control practice other important arthropod pests of various field crop, vegetable crop, fruit crop, plantation crops, ornamental crops, spices and condiments. Factors affecting losses of stored grain and role of physical, biological, mechanical and chemical factors in deterioration of grain. Insect pests, mites, rodents, birds and microorganisms associated with stored grain and their management. Storage structure and methods of grain storage and fundamental principles of grain store management.
For any query contact : ishandewangan102@gmail.com
Disclaimer: It is for self study however, if you find it helpful you can study
IGKV 3 year notes, bsc ag 5 semester notes, PESTS OF CROPS AND STORED GRAIN AND THEIR MANAGEMENT notes, AENT5312 notes, agriculture notes, Ishan Dewangan notes, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur, BTC cars Bilaspur, IGKV 3 YEAR 1 SEMESTER NOTES
Entrepreneurship development & business management AEXT5311 notesISHAN DEWANGAN
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ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT & BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Theory Concept of Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship Development, Characteristics, types and
functions of entrepreneurs.
Role of entrepreneurship in economic development & achievement motivation. Barriers of entrepreneurs.
SWOT Analysis, contract farming, joint venture, public private partnership, social
responsibility of business.
Government policy and programs and institutions for entrepreneurship development,
Impact of economic reforms on Agribusiness/ Agri enterprises.
Developing Managerial Skills, Entrepreneurial Development Process; Organizational
skill (controlling, supervising, problem solving, monitoring & evaluation)
Business Leadership Skills (Communication, direction and motivation Skills),
Supply chain management and Total quality management.
Project Planning Formulation and report preparation; Opportunities for Agri entrepreneurship and rural┬аenterprise.
AEXT 5311 notes, IGKV 5 semester notes, 3 year 1 semester notes, entrepreneurship development and business management notes, BTC CARS, BILASPUR, Ishan Dewangan , B.Sc agriculture notes, agriculture notes, business management┬аnotes┬аigkv,
Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility Management ASOIL5311 Notes IGKVISHAN DEWANGAN
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Introduction and importance of organic manures, properties and methods of preparation of
bulky and concentrated manures. Green/leaf manuring. Fertilizer recommendation
approaches. Integrated nutrient management.
Chemical fertilizers: classification, composition and properties of major nitrogenous,
phosphatic, potassic fertilizers, secondary & microtrient fertilizers, Complex ertilizers,
nano fertilizers Soil amendments, Fertilizer Storage, Fertilizer Control Order.
History of soil fertility and plant nutrition. criteria of essentiality. role, deficiency and toxicity
symptoms of essential plant nutrients, Mechanisms of nutrient transport to plants, factors
affecting nutrient availability to plants. Chemistry of soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
calcium, magnesium, sulphur and micronutrients. Soil fertility evaluation, Soil testing.
Critical levels of different nutrients in soil. Forms of nutrients in soil, plant analysis, rapid
plant tissue tests. Indicator plants. Methods of fertilizer recommendations to crops. Factor
influencing nutrient use efficiency (NUE), methods of application under rainfed and irrigated
conditions
Igkv 5 semester notes, ASOIL5311 Hindi medium notes, ASOIL5311 English medium notes, ASOIL notes, igkv 3 year notes, IGKV NOTES agriculture notes, bsc ag 5 semester notes, Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility Management ASOIL5311 Notes IGKV, Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility Management notes
Geoinformatics and Nano-technology and Precision Farming Notes AENGG5311 IGKVISHAN DEWANGAN
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Geoinformatics and Nano-technology and Precision Farming Notes
SYLLABUS:-
Precision agriculture: concepts and techniques; their issues and concerns for Indian
agriculture; Geo-informatics- definition, concepts, tool and techniques; their use in Precision
Agriculture. Crop recommendation using geospatial technologies; Spatial data and their management in GIS;
Remote sensing concepts and application in agriculture; Image processing and interpretation;
Global positioning system (GPS), components and its functions; Introduction to crop
Simulation Models and their uses for optimization of Agricultural Inputs; STCR approach for
precision agriculture; Nanotechnology, definition, concepts and techniques, brief introduction
about nanoscale effects, nano-particles, nano-pesticides, nano-fertilizers, nano-sensors, Use
of nanotechnology in seed, water, fertilizer, plant protection for scaling-up farm productivity.
AENGG5311 NOTES, AENGG5311 HINDI NOTES, AENGG5311 ENGLISH NOTES, AENGG5311 NOTES IGKV, GEOINFORMATICS AND NANO TECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION FARMING NOTES, IGKV 5 SEMESTER NOTES, IGKV 3 YEAR NOTES, IGKV RAIPUR, BS AGRICULTURE 3 YEAR 1 SEMESTER NOTES, ISHAN DEWANGAN, AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING NOTES
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers found that lockdowns led to significant short-term reductions in nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter pollution globally as economic activities slowed. However, the impacts on greenhouse gases and long-term air quality improvements remain uncertain without permanent behavior and economic changes.
Farming system and sustainable agriculture notesISHAN DEWANGAN
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Farming System-scope, importance, and concept, Types and systems of farming system and
factors affecting types of farming, Farming system components and their maintenance,
Cropping system and pattern, multiple cropping system, Efficient cropping system and their
evaluation, Allied enterprises and their importance, Tools for determining production and
efficiencies in cropping and farming system; Sustainable agriculture-problems and its impact
on agriculture, indicators of sustainability, adaptation and mitigation, conservation agriculture
strategies in agriculture, HEIA, LEIA and LEISA and its techniques for sustainability,
Integrated farming system-historical background, objectives and characteristics, components of
IFS and its advantages, Site specific development of IFS model for different agro-climatic
zones, resource use efficiency and optimization techniques, Resource cycling and flow of
energy in different farming system, farming system and environment, Visit of IFS model in
different agro-climatic zones of nearby states University/ institutes and farmers field.
PROBLEMATIC SOIL AND THEIR MANAGEMENT ASOIL5221 NOTESISHAN DEWANGAN
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Soil compaction reduces pore space in soil, increasing density and restricting water and air movement. It can occur naturally over long periods, but is often caused artificially by heavy machinery and vehicles. This leads to poorer root growth, lower crop yields, reduced water infiltration and fertilizer efficiency, and increased cultivation difficulty. Preventing compaction through reduced traffic and appropriate tire inflation can help maintain soil quality.
This document provides information on seed technology and seed production of various crops. It begins with definitions of seed and seed technology. It then discusses causes of variety deterioration and methods to control deterioration. Principles of foundation and certified seed production are outlined. Detailed information is provided on seed production methods for various crops including wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, bajra, potato, tomato, chilies, berseem and lucerne. Key steps discussed include source of seed, field selection, isolation distances, sowing methods, fertilizer use, irrigation, plant protection, rouging, and harvesting.
The document describes the Crop Doctor app, which uses artificial intelligence and machine learning to help farmers diagnose crop diseases and pest problems. The app allows farmers to upload photos of their crops, instantly diagnoses any issues, and provides treatment advice. It is available for free in English and Hindi and aims to improve crop yields and prevent diseases.
Temperature control is a set of procedures to meet and maintain standards regarding temperature, which is vital for food safety. A temperature control program identifies target products, establishes monitoring devices, and keeps records to control bacteria growth through temperature. Temperature control is applied in storage, distribution, initial supply, and manufacturing processes like baking, boiling, canning, freezing, and refrigeration to either add or remove heat and control microorganisms.
This document discusses ways to reduce food waste from various industries and locations. It recommends donating perishable and excess food to those in need to prevent it from going to waste. Specific strategies mentioned include perishable food donations from manufacturers and redistributing surplus food from companies and individuals. Reducing pre-sale waste at food service establishments is also suggested, such as ordering appropriate quantities and donating excess prep waste. Leftover food can also be fed to animals as a way to reduce waste.
Sources Of Contamination And Their ControlISHAN DEWANGAN
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The document discusses various types of food contamination including biological, chemical, and physical contaminants. Biological contaminants can enter food through poor hygiene practices, while chemical contaminants may come from excessive pesticide or fertilizer use. Physical contaminants include foreign objects that enter food unintentionally. Contamination can occur directly in food or through cross-contamination between foods, equipment, or people. Proper sanitation, cleaning, separation of raw and cooked foods, and handwashing are recommended to prevent different types of contamination.
HYGIENE AND SANITATION IN FOOD SERVICE ESTABLISHMENTS- INTRODUCTIONISHAN DEWANGAN
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Food service establishments must follow proper hygiene and sanitation practices to prevent food contamination and the spread of disease. This includes having a separate storage area for food containers that can be easily cleaned and sanitized. Employees must have access to proper hand washing and sanitation facilities. Food service establishments also need a sustained source of safe water and proper waste management so solid and liquid waste does not contaminate food or the environment. The buildings should be located away from toxic areas and constructed in a way that allows for easy cleaning, disinfection, and maintenance.
This document discusses various food safety management tools including food safety management systems, pre-requisite programs, good manufacturing practices, good hygiene practices, sanitation standard operating procedures, and hazard analysis and critical control points. It describes the basic concepts and principles of each tool, highlighting their importance in ensuring food safety from biological, chemical and physical hazards throughout the food production and supply chain. Key aspects covered include premises, equipment, transportation and storage requirements, personnel training, cleaning and sanitation procedures, hazard identification and establishing critical limits to control risks. The overall aim of these tools is to produce food safely and prevent contamination and adulteration.