A brief description of Automobile wind tunnels, icing tunnels, and propeller tunnels are contained in this presentation. history, design, and operation of each wind tunnel contains in this presentation.
A wind tunnel is a facility that provides a controlled airflow for testing aerodynamic models. It has a test section where models are placed and sensors measure forces like lift and drag. Wind tunnels are classified based on speed of airflow, air pressure, and size. They can have open or closed designs and use various flow visualization techniques to study airflow patterns.
Wind tunnels are used to simulate air flow around vehicles and measure forces, pressure, and heat transfer. There are various types including closed and open return, as well as subsonic, transonic, supersonic, and hypersonic tunnels. Testing involves force measurements, pressure tests, and flow visualization to analyze aerodynamic properties. A variety of instruments are used including force balances, pressure sensors, strain gauges, and laser equipment. Car testing quantifies aerodynamic forces on models to optimize vehicle design parameters. Major wind tunnel facilities are located around the world, with costs ranging from millions to tens of millions of dollars.
This document discusses airfoil and rotor blade terminology. It defines symmetrical and nonsymmetrical airfoils and their characteristics. It also defines the angles of incidence, attack, and describes how collective and cyclic feathering changes these angles to control the helicopter. Flapping, lead, and lag are also summarized as important motions of the rotor blades that help control the aircraft.
This document describes the design and analysis of a small-scale open-loop subsonic wind tunnel and prototype generation. Key aspects include:
- The wind tunnel will be composed of a settling chamber, contraction section, test section, diffuser, and fan to study aerodynamic properties.
- Flow field and drag forces will be measured on 3D printed basic shapes and airfoils, and turbulence intensity will be determined.
- Results from the small-scale wind tunnel are intended to be compatible with practical aerodynamic properties and validate computational fluid dynamics models.
The document discusses the aerodynamics of cars. Aerodynamics is the study of how air flows over objects in motion and how it affects the object. Aerodynamic devices on cars help make them more fuel efficient and safer by reducing drag. Devices like front air dams, under trays, and roof scoops work according to Bernoulli's principle to generate downforce which pushes the car onto the road for better handling without increasing drag and decreasing top speed. Overall, aerodynamic designs help improve car performance by optimizing downforce generation and drag reduction.
The document summarizes the basic control systems of an aircraft, including primary, secondary, and auxiliary flight controls. Primary controls include elevators, ailerons, and rudders which control pitch, roll, and yaw respectively. Secondary controls include trim tabs which help balance aircraft forces. Auxiliary controls include flaps, spoilers, and slats which provide additional lift, especially at lower speeds. The document describes the purpose and function of each control surface.
This document discusses the design and testing of a wind tunnel model to study shock wave boundary layer interactions. Key points:
- A model was designed for testing in CIRA's Scirocco Plasma Wind Tunnel to reproduce conditions from ESA's EXPERT reentry capsule during flight, focusing on interactions over the capsule's flap.
- Numerical simulations were used to help determine the model design and appropriate wind tunnel test conditions.
- The model was tested and measurements compared to numerical predictions, showing reasonable agreement.
- The results will help validate simulations of interactions on the full-scale EXPERT during its planned 2011 flight, completing the methodology of extrapolating ground test results to flight conditions.
1) The document discusses a study and CFD analysis of an aerofoil at different angles of attack. It outlines the inputs and boundary conditions used in the CFD model including the velocity, temperature, pressure, and turbulence model.
2) The methodology section describes how the aerofoil model was created in CAD software and meshed. The solver settings applied in the CFD analysis are also outlined.
3) The results and discussion section analyzes the static pressure contours on the aerofoil surface at different angles of attack from 0° to 22.5°. It is observed that lift increases with angle of attack until 20°, beyond which stall may occur.
A wind tunnel is a facility that provides a controlled airflow for testing aerodynamic models. It has a test section where models are placed and sensors measure forces like lift and drag. Wind tunnels are classified based on speed of airflow, air pressure, and size. They can have open or closed designs and use various flow visualization techniques to study airflow patterns.
Wind tunnels are used to simulate air flow around vehicles and measure forces, pressure, and heat transfer. There are various types including closed and open return, as well as subsonic, transonic, supersonic, and hypersonic tunnels. Testing involves force measurements, pressure tests, and flow visualization to analyze aerodynamic properties. A variety of instruments are used including force balances, pressure sensors, strain gauges, and laser equipment. Car testing quantifies aerodynamic forces on models to optimize vehicle design parameters. Major wind tunnel facilities are located around the world, with costs ranging from millions to tens of millions of dollars.
This document discusses airfoil and rotor blade terminology. It defines symmetrical and nonsymmetrical airfoils and their characteristics. It also defines the angles of incidence, attack, and describes how collective and cyclic feathering changes these angles to control the helicopter. Flapping, lead, and lag are also summarized as important motions of the rotor blades that help control the aircraft.
This document describes the design and analysis of a small-scale open-loop subsonic wind tunnel and prototype generation. Key aspects include:
- The wind tunnel will be composed of a settling chamber, contraction section, test section, diffuser, and fan to study aerodynamic properties.
- Flow field and drag forces will be measured on 3D printed basic shapes and airfoils, and turbulence intensity will be determined.
- Results from the small-scale wind tunnel are intended to be compatible with practical aerodynamic properties and validate computational fluid dynamics models.
The document discusses the aerodynamics of cars. Aerodynamics is the study of how air flows over objects in motion and how it affects the object. Aerodynamic devices on cars help make them more fuel efficient and safer by reducing drag. Devices like front air dams, under trays, and roof scoops work according to Bernoulli's principle to generate downforce which pushes the car onto the road for better handling without increasing drag and decreasing top speed. Overall, aerodynamic designs help improve car performance by optimizing downforce generation and drag reduction.
The document summarizes the basic control systems of an aircraft, including primary, secondary, and auxiliary flight controls. Primary controls include elevators, ailerons, and rudders which control pitch, roll, and yaw respectively. Secondary controls include trim tabs which help balance aircraft forces. Auxiliary controls include flaps, spoilers, and slats which provide additional lift, especially at lower speeds. The document describes the purpose and function of each control surface.
This document discusses the design and testing of a wind tunnel model to study shock wave boundary layer interactions. Key points:
- A model was designed for testing in CIRA's Scirocco Plasma Wind Tunnel to reproduce conditions from ESA's EXPERT reentry capsule during flight, focusing on interactions over the capsule's flap.
- Numerical simulations were used to help determine the model design and appropriate wind tunnel test conditions.
- The model was tested and measurements compared to numerical predictions, showing reasonable agreement.
- The results will help validate simulations of interactions on the full-scale EXPERT during its planned 2011 flight, completing the methodology of extrapolating ground test results to flight conditions.
1) The document discusses a study and CFD analysis of an aerofoil at different angles of attack. It outlines the inputs and boundary conditions used in the CFD model including the velocity, temperature, pressure, and turbulence model.
2) The methodology section describes how the aerofoil model was created in CAD software and meshed. The solver settings applied in the CFD analysis are also outlined.
3) The results and discussion section analyzes the static pressure contours on the aerofoil surface at different angles of attack from 0° to 22.5°. It is observed that lift increases with angle of attack until 20°, beyond which stall may occur.
There are several types of drag that act on an aircraft as it moves through the air:
1) Parasite drag includes form or pressure drag from the aircraft's shape, skin friction drag from the surface, and interference drag between different parts.
2) Lift induced drag is caused by the direction of lift being perpendicular to the airflow.
3) Wave drag occurs at transonic and supersonic speeds and is caused by shock waves forming on the aircraft.
Methods to reduce drag include streamlining the aircraft's shape to reduce form drag, making surfaces smooth to reduce skin friction, adding winglets to improve lift and reduce induced drag, and research into reducing wave drag at high speeds.
The document discusses the design methodology for a subsonic wind tunnel. It involves defining the test section dimensions and desired flow velocity, designing the wind tunnel components like the nozzle, diffusers, settling chamber based on the test section, calculating pressure losses throughout the components, determining overall pressure loss and flow velocity, and selecting appropriate fans to match the design. Key components are the nozzle, diffusers, settling chamber with honeycombs and screens, and corners. Design factors for these include area ratios, lengths, hydraulic diameters, porosity and Reynolds number.
This document discusses approach and landing performance requirements. It covers topics like approach definition, maximum and minimum speeds, landing weight limitations, climb requirements, landing distances, and factors affecting landing distance. Specifically, it defines speeds like VREF (reference landing approach speed) and VAPP (actual landing speed). It also discusses requirements for landing and approach climb gradients, and how to calculate landing distance required versus landing distance available on the runway.
1) The document provides an overview of flight basics, including the four forces of flight (lift, weight, thrust, drag), Newton's laws of motion, Bernoulli's principle, airfoils, parts of an airplane, stability, and control.
2) It explains concepts such as angles of attack and incidence, how wings generate lift, the role of thrust and drag, and the three axes of movement for an aircraft.
3) The document discusses different types of stability, including static and dynamic stability, and how control surfaces like ailerons, elevators, and rudders are used to control an airplane's movement around each axis.
There are several types of drag that oppose the forward motion of an aircraft:
1) Form drag is caused by the shape of the aircraft and separation of air flowing over it. Skin friction drag results from air particles contacting the aircraft surface.
2) Induced drag is caused by lift and increases with angle of attack. It varies inversely with airspeed.
3) Parasitic drag includes form and skin friction drag and increases with airspeed. Wave drag occurs above the speed of sound due to shock waves.
4) Induced drag dominates at low speeds while parasitic drag increases rapidly at high speeds. Total drag equals parasitic plus induced drag. Drag decreases with reduced air density at higher altitudes.
This document provides an overview of basic aerodynamics and flight controls. It explains the four main forces that act on aircraft - lift, gravity/weight, thrust, and drag. It describes how control surfaces like the ailerons, elevators, and rudder are used to control the aircraft's roll, pitch, and yaw. Finally, it gives a brief tour of common flight instruments that provide information to pilots like airspeed, altitude, heading, and vertical speed. The goal is to help readers understand how aircraft fly and how pilots control and navigate them.
An airfoil is any surface such as a wing, propeller, or helicopter blade that generates lift when air flows over it. The airfoil is designed so that the airflow speeds up over the top surface, which decreases the air pressure and increases lift. The leading edge is the front part that air first meets, and the trailing edge is the back where the top and bottom airflow meet again. Spars, ribs, and stringers make up the basic wing framework, providing structure and shape. Early wings were wood but now aluminum and lightweight composite materials are most common.
The document discusses the key components and systems of a helicopter, including the fuselage, main rotor system, swash plate assembly, freewheeling unit, antitorque system, engines, and transmission system. It explains that understanding how these systems work enables pilots to more easily recognize issues and take appropriate action if problems arise.
The document provides an overview of the basic components and structures of aircraft, including the fuselage, wings, empennage, power plant, and landing gear. It describes the typical materials used in aircraft construction and gives examples of different structural designs for the fuselage, wings, empennage, and landing gear. Key terms related to aircraft components and structures are also defined.
This document discusses the field of aerodynamics and its application to vehicle design. Aerodynamics is the study of forces generated by air in motion or the motion of objects through air. It can be classified as external or internal, and applies to subsonic, supersonic and hypersonic speeds. Aerodynamics is important for vehicle design including automobiles, ships and bridges to reduce drag, lower fuel consumption, and improve vehicle stability and performance especially at higher speeds. The document outlines the historical development of aerodynamic design of vehicles and methods used to study aerodynamics, including computational modeling and wind tunnel testing.
This document discusses various aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils and wings. It describes how aerodynamic forces are generated by pressure and shear stress distributions on surfaces. It also defines key terms like lift, drag, angle of attack, center of pressure, aerodynamic center. Methods to increase lift or reduce drag like high-lift devices, supercritical airfoils, and winglets are explained. Different types of airfoils and their characteristics are also summarized.
The document discusses several aerodynamic concepts related to lift, including:
1. Lift depends on dynamic pressure, coefficient of lift, and wing area. It is generated by differences in pressure between the upper and lower wing surfaces.
2. At higher altitudes, true airspeed must increase to compensate for lower air density in order to maintain the same lift.
3. Wingtip vortices form due to pressure differences across the wing and induce downwash, reducing effective angle of attack and causing induced drag. They can be hazardous to following aircraft.
4. Ground effect reduces drag and increases lift when an aircraft is within one wingspan of the ground due to inhibition of wingtip vort
ME 438 Aerodynamics is a course taught by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui at DHA Suffa University. This set of lectures start from the basic and all the way to aerodynamic coefficients and center of pressure variations with angle of attack.
The document provides information about aerodynamics and the four main forces that act on airplanes - lift, weight, thrust, and drag. It explains how the shape of an airfoil generates lift using both Bernoulli's principle of fluid dynamics and Newton's third law of equal and opposite reactions. However, it notes that neither theory fully explains lift and some aspects of each theory have flaws. It also discusses other factors that influence lift such as angle of attack.
This document discusses the basics of aerodynamics and the forces acting on aircraft in flight. It covers key concepts like:
1. Aerodynamic forces like lift, weight, thrust and drag that act on aircraft in motion through the air based on Newton's Laws of motion.
2. How the shape of airfoils and wings generate lift using Bernoulli's principle and how control surfaces like ailerons, elevators and rudders allow for rolling, pitching and yawing.
3. The different types of drag forces - induced, parasite and wave drag - and how configuration changes and altitude affect aircraft performance.
The document discusses the different types and functions of aircraft fuselages. It describes how fuselages form the main body of an aircraft and house key components. There are three main types of fuselage structures: frame, monocoque, and semi-monocoque. Frame structures use a series of pipes but are heavier, while monocoque structures rely on the skin to take all loads but are fragile. Semi-monocoque fuselages provide a balance by sharing loads between the skin and internal structures. The document also outlines features like windows, doors, engines mounts and shapes that fuselages can take.
Wind tunnels come in several types depending on their design and airflow characteristics. The document describes blow down, atmospheric entry, high enthalpy, and continuous flow wind tunnels. Continuous flow wind tunnels can be open circuit for subsonic or supersonic testing, or closed circuit. Open circuit tunnels work by drawing in air and exhausting it, while closed circuit wind tunnels recirculate the air through a compressor. The different wind tunnel types are used to simulate various flow conditions for testing aircraft and missile components.
This document provides information about using vehicle suspension to produce compressed air. It discusses the objectives, main components, working principle and applications of the system. The key components are a pneumatic cylinder, quick exhaust valve, spring arrangement, and air collecting tank. When the vehicle encounters irregular roads, the up and down motion of the wheels is converted into compressed air energy using these components. The compressed air is stored in a tank and can be used to power pneumatic applications. Some potential applications mentioned include using the system on speed bumps to collect air and filling tires with compressed air on commercial vehicles.
There are several types of drag that act on an aircraft as it moves through the air:
1) Parasite drag includes form or pressure drag from the aircraft's shape, skin friction drag from the surface, and interference drag between different parts.
2) Lift induced drag is caused by the direction of lift being perpendicular to the airflow.
3) Wave drag occurs at transonic and supersonic speeds and is caused by shock waves forming on the aircraft.
Methods to reduce drag include streamlining the aircraft's shape to reduce form drag, making surfaces smooth to reduce skin friction, adding winglets to improve lift and reduce induced drag, and research into reducing wave drag at high speeds.
The document discusses the design methodology for a subsonic wind tunnel. It involves defining the test section dimensions and desired flow velocity, designing the wind tunnel components like the nozzle, diffusers, settling chamber based on the test section, calculating pressure losses throughout the components, determining overall pressure loss and flow velocity, and selecting appropriate fans to match the design. Key components are the nozzle, diffusers, settling chamber with honeycombs and screens, and corners. Design factors for these include area ratios, lengths, hydraulic diameters, porosity and Reynolds number.
This document discusses approach and landing performance requirements. It covers topics like approach definition, maximum and minimum speeds, landing weight limitations, climb requirements, landing distances, and factors affecting landing distance. Specifically, it defines speeds like VREF (reference landing approach speed) and VAPP (actual landing speed). It also discusses requirements for landing and approach climb gradients, and how to calculate landing distance required versus landing distance available on the runway.
1) The document provides an overview of flight basics, including the four forces of flight (lift, weight, thrust, drag), Newton's laws of motion, Bernoulli's principle, airfoils, parts of an airplane, stability, and control.
2) It explains concepts such as angles of attack and incidence, how wings generate lift, the role of thrust and drag, and the three axes of movement for an aircraft.
3) The document discusses different types of stability, including static and dynamic stability, and how control surfaces like ailerons, elevators, and rudders are used to control an airplane's movement around each axis.
There are several types of drag that oppose the forward motion of an aircraft:
1) Form drag is caused by the shape of the aircraft and separation of air flowing over it. Skin friction drag results from air particles contacting the aircraft surface.
2) Induced drag is caused by lift and increases with angle of attack. It varies inversely with airspeed.
3) Parasitic drag includes form and skin friction drag and increases with airspeed. Wave drag occurs above the speed of sound due to shock waves.
4) Induced drag dominates at low speeds while parasitic drag increases rapidly at high speeds. Total drag equals parasitic plus induced drag. Drag decreases with reduced air density at higher altitudes.
This document provides an overview of basic aerodynamics and flight controls. It explains the four main forces that act on aircraft - lift, gravity/weight, thrust, and drag. It describes how control surfaces like the ailerons, elevators, and rudder are used to control the aircraft's roll, pitch, and yaw. Finally, it gives a brief tour of common flight instruments that provide information to pilots like airspeed, altitude, heading, and vertical speed. The goal is to help readers understand how aircraft fly and how pilots control and navigate them.
An airfoil is any surface such as a wing, propeller, or helicopter blade that generates lift when air flows over it. The airfoil is designed so that the airflow speeds up over the top surface, which decreases the air pressure and increases lift. The leading edge is the front part that air first meets, and the trailing edge is the back where the top and bottom airflow meet again. Spars, ribs, and stringers make up the basic wing framework, providing structure and shape. Early wings were wood but now aluminum and lightweight composite materials are most common.
The document discusses the key components and systems of a helicopter, including the fuselage, main rotor system, swash plate assembly, freewheeling unit, antitorque system, engines, and transmission system. It explains that understanding how these systems work enables pilots to more easily recognize issues and take appropriate action if problems arise.
The document provides an overview of the basic components and structures of aircraft, including the fuselage, wings, empennage, power plant, and landing gear. It describes the typical materials used in aircraft construction and gives examples of different structural designs for the fuselage, wings, empennage, and landing gear. Key terms related to aircraft components and structures are also defined.
This document discusses the field of aerodynamics and its application to vehicle design. Aerodynamics is the study of forces generated by air in motion or the motion of objects through air. It can be classified as external or internal, and applies to subsonic, supersonic and hypersonic speeds. Aerodynamics is important for vehicle design including automobiles, ships and bridges to reduce drag, lower fuel consumption, and improve vehicle stability and performance especially at higher speeds. The document outlines the historical development of aerodynamic design of vehicles and methods used to study aerodynamics, including computational modeling and wind tunnel testing.
This document discusses various aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils and wings. It describes how aerodynamic forces are generated by pressure and shear stress distributions on surfaces. It also defines key terms like lift, drag, angle of attack, center of pressure, aerodynamic center. Methods to increase lift or reduce drag like high-lift devices, supercritical airfoils, and winglets are explained. Different types of airfoils and their characteristics are also summarized.
The document discusses several aerodynamic concepts related to lift, including:
1. Lift depends on dynamic pressure, coefficient of lift, and wing area. It is generated by differences in pressure between the upper and lower wing surfaces.
2. At higher altitudes, true airspeed must increase to compensate for lower air density in order to maintain the same lift.
3. Wingtip vortices form due to pressure differences across the wing and induce downwash, reducing effective angle of attack and causing induced drag. They can be hazardous to following aircraft.
4. Ground effect reduces drag and increases lift when an aircraft is within one wingspan of the ground due to inhibition of wingtip vort
ME 438 Aerodynamics is a course taught by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui at DHA Suffa University. This set of lectures start from the basic and all the way to aerodynamic coefficients and center of pressure variations with angle of attack.
The document provides information about aerodynamics and the four main forces that act on airplanes - lift, weight, thrust, and drag. It explains how the shape of an airfoil generates lift using both Bernoulli's principle of fluid dynamics and Newton's third law of equal and opposite reactions. However, it notes that neither theory fully explains lift and some aspects of each theory have flaws. It also discusses other factors that influence lift such as angle of attack.
This document discusses the basics of aerodynamics and the forces acting on aircraft in flight. It covers key concepts like:
1. Aerodynamic forces like lift, weight, thrust and drag that act on aircraft in motion through the air based on Newton's Laws of motion.
2. How the shape of airfoils and wings generate lift using Bernoulli's principle and how control surfaces like ailerons, elevators and rudders allow for rolling, pitching and yawing.
3. The different types of drag forces - induced, parasite and wave drag - and how configuration changes and altitude affect aircraft performance.
The document discusses the different types and functions of aircraft fuselages. It describes how fuselages form the main body of an aircraft and house key components. There are three main types of fuselage structures: frame, monocoque, and semi-monocoque. Frame structures use a series of pipes but are heavier, while monocoque structures rely on the skin to take all loads but are fragile. Semi-monocoque fuselages provide a balance by sharing loads between the skin and internal structures. The document also outlines features like windows, doors, engines mounts and shapes that fuselages can take.
Wind tunnels come in several types depending on their design and airflow characteristics. The document describes blow down, atmospheric entry, high enthalpy, and continuous flow wind tunnels. Continuous flow wind tunnels can be open circuit for subsonic or supersonic testing, or closed circuit. Open circuit tunnels work by drawing in air and exhausting it, while closed circuit wind tunnels recirculate the air through a compressor. The different wind tunnel types are used to simulate various flow conditions for testing aircraft and missile components.
This document provides information about using vehicle suspension to produce compressed air. It discusses the objectives, main components, working principle and applications of the system. The key components are a pneumatic cylinder, quick exhaust valve, spring arrangement, and air collecting tank. When the vehicle encounters irregular roads, the up and down motion of the wheels is converted into compressed air energy using these components. The compressed air is stored in a tank and can be used to power pneumatic applications. Some potential applications mentioned include using the system on speed bumps to collect air and filling tires with compressed air on commercial vehicles.
The document provides a history of the development of automobiles from early wheeled transport to modern vehicles. It discusses the earliest forms of transport from 3000 BC. The first steam-powered vehicle was built in 1769. Karl Benz developed the first true automobile powered by an internal combustion engine in 1885. The Ford Model T and Volkswagen Beetle were the best selling vehicles of the early 20th century. The document then outlines the manufacturing process for modern automobiles including design, engineering, production, and testing. Electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are discussed as alternatives to gasoline vehicles.
AT SUBSEA VESSEL OPERATIONS CONFERENCE, OSLO (YEAR 2013)coderweb
The document describes the design of an ultra deep water rigid and flexible pipelay/heavy lift/DP3 construction vessel. Some key details include:
It is 178 meters long with a breadth of 46 meters and draft of 15.6 meters. It can accommodate 239 people and has a deadweight of 11,000 tons. It is equipped with a 3000 ton crane, 1200 ton reels, 1250 ton carousels, and dynamic positioning system. Extensive analyses and testing were performed to optimize the hull design and ensure operational safety in various sea states.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF 360 DEGREE ROTATING TROLLEYIRJET Journal
The document summarizes the design and fabrication of a 360 degree rotating trolley. Key points:
- The trolley was designed to allow emptying of materials from all three sides, overcoming the limitation of conventional trolleys that only allow emptying from the rear.
- A pneumatic system is used, with a compressor connected to the vehicle engine to power pneumatic cylinders. These activate spur gears to rotate the trolley in three directions, allowing dumping in narrow streets.
- The design aims to reduce dumping time and blockages by enabling dumping from any side, improving efficiency. Calculations are shown for the double acting pneumatic cylinder. A literature review discusses previous work on multi-directional dumping
This document summarizes a design presentation for Aggieloop-001 "Basilisk", a reusable passenger capsule designed to safely transport up to 30 passengers through a low pressure tube at high speeds. Key aspects of the design include a carbon fiber shell and aluminum structure optimized for aerodynamics, weight, and strength. An air bearing levitation system allows for frictionless travel, while battery power and cooling systems provide propulsion and energy storage. Sensors, controls, and redundant safety systems ensure stable and reliable operation. The overall design aims to maximize passenger throughput safely and efficiently.
DK Group develops and markets fuel saving technologies for ships using air lubrication systems. They have developed the Air Cavity System Super Micro Bubble Generator (ACS/SMBG) which uses air bubbles inside the boundary layer of a ship's hull to reduce frictional resistance and improve efficiency by 5-10%. Full scale trials of their ACS Demonstrator vessel confirmed efficiency savings from their model tests. DK Group is working to refine their SMBG system with further tank tests and plan to install the first SMBG system on an Aframax tanker within the next year.
The document provides information about the Concorde, the first supersonic passenger airliner. It describes key facts like its cruise speed of Mach 2.04 and joint development by England and France. Unique features that allowed supersonic flight are discussed, such as its needle-like fuselage, swept-back delta wings, and droop nose. Challenges of high speeds like heat and structural issues are also summarized. The document concludes with details of the fatal 2000 Paris crash and the plane's retirement in 2003 due to low passenger numbers and rising costs.
The document discusses different types of wind tunnel designs and testing methods. It describes the history of wind tunnels dating back to da Vinci and Francis Wenham building the first wind tunnel in the 1870s. The key types of wind tunnel designs discussed are open-circuit, closed-circuit, single-return, double-return, annular, and spin tunnels. Types of testing explained include force tests using balances, pressure tests using manometers, flow visualization using tufting and smoke, and shock wave visualization using Schlieren photography.
The document discusses various topics related to airport planning and design, including:
- Regulatory authorities for aviation like ICAO, FAA, and AAI in India.
- Factors considered for airport site selection like topography, wind conditions, availability of utilities.
- Different runway configurations like simple, parallel, open-V, and intersecting runways.
- Elements of runway design like length, width, gradients, sight distances, and orientation determined by wind conditions.
- Aircraft characteristics affecting airport size like type of engine, size, weight, noise levels.
- Runway lighting and signs used to assist pilots.
Technology Innovation in the Mining SectorSammyOmbiro1
1) Glencore is implementing battery electric vehicles at its Onaping Depth Project to reduce emissions and improve productivity and mine design.
2) Key challenges of battery electric vehicles include regulations around ventilation requirements, uncertainty around supply, performance and costs of the vehicles, and designing the mine around the capabilities and needs of the vehicles.
3) Benefits of battery electric vehicles for mining include eliminating emissions, reducing ventilation requirements, lowering energy usage and costs, and potentially improving productivity through reduced heat, noise, and vibration in mines.
1) The document describes the design of an aircraft using Cradle to Cradle principles, with the goal of making it at least 90% recyclable.
2) Key aspects of the design include using ethanol as a biofuel, an aluminum structure and thermoplastic composites for secondary structures, and a disassembly process that allows for almost full recycling.
3) Analysis shows the Cradle to Cradle design meets performance requirements while having a lower operating cost than comparable aircraft, demonstrating the viability of applying these principles in aircraft design.
The document discusses the Concorde supersonic airliner, which was a joint project between Britain and France from the 1960s. It describes key features of the Concorde including its delta wings, Mach 2 cruising speed, and digital systems. It also discusses problems like high costs, noise, and a 2000 crash that killed 113 people. Air France and British Airways retired the Concorde in 2003 due to low passenger numbers after the crash and rising maintenance costs, ending supersonic passenger air travel.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on air bearings in high precision systems. It discusses the history of air bearings, how they work by generating an air film for near frictionless motion, their applications in areas like CMMs, medical devices, and production machinery where precision and cleanliness are important. The advantages of air bearings are noted as greater precision, higher speeds, increased tool life and surface finish compared to traditional bearings. The main disadvantages are higher manufacturing accuracy needs and requirement of a clean, dry air supply. In conclusion, air bearings provide a clean solution for high speed, precision applications.
Wind tunnel experiments were conducted on origami-inspired building models to understand wind flow patterns. The experiments found that a compressed, spherical model had wind flow mostly over it, creating pressure zones. A flexible, spread-out model had uniform wind flow throughout its surfaces. A vertically oriented, twisted model allowed wind to pass through it without accumulating at the base, making it more aerodynamic. The spread-out and twisted models were determined to be the most stable configurations for an origami-inspired building and tower, respectively, as they avoided concentrating wind forces.
This document provides information about a cement transfer project including the job scope, equipment to be provided, and product descriptions. The job scope involves transferring off-spec cement from Silo 12 at 5-10 tons per hour using a skid-mounted equipment package including powered screw conveyors, a receiving chute, blower, surge bin, vent, rotary air lock, controls, load cells, flex blow line, and piping. The equipment to be provided includes rotary lobe blowers, two-way valves, screw conveyors, rotary airlocks, vibrators, level sensors, and NEMA rated control cabinets. Product descriptions are given for the various equipment.
AIRPORT PAVEMENT - CONSTRUCTION & REPAIR.pptxAnujyadav514462
This document discusses the geometric design of airport runways including length, gradient, safety areas, and width. It also covers taxiway design and functions. Finally, it summarizes pavement design for both flexible and rigid surfaces and considerations for airport maintenance to repair cracks, deterioration, and other distresses in runways and taxiways.
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Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
2. CONTENT
• Automobile Wind Tunnels
• History
• Design And Operation
• Types Of Automobile Wind Tunnels
• Advantages
• Icing Tunnels
• Uses Of Icing Tunnels
• Design And Operation
• Advantages
• Propeller Tunnels
• History
• Design And Operation
• Advantages
2
3. AUTOMOBILE WIND
TUNNELS
• Old cars had very boxy designs. More
like buggies or trucks.
• Manufacturers didn’t care about the
aerodynamics because they were very
slow.
• After introducing some racing cars they
realize that, they have to consider
about the aerodynamics
3
4. HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
WIND TUNNELS
• Idea about the aerodynamics in the automobile
industry began to grow in 20th century.
• Late 1920s, automobile designers realized wind
tunnel testing could help to determine how to
alter the car body shape.
• In 1941 Chrysler company built “Chrysler
Thunderbolt” known as the “car of the future”.
• It was first car which was tested in a wind
tunnel.
4
5. HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
WIND TUNNELS
• In 1960, The Specialists of MIRA (Motor
Industry Research Association),
initiated the first dedicated automobile
wind tunnel for aerodynamic research.
• Nowadays each and every vehicle
manufacturing company has their own
wind tunnel.
5
8. EXTERNAL FLOW
TUNNELS
• To study the external flow through the
chassis
• Sensors under the tunnel’s floor to
measure the drag, lift and the
moments acting on the test object.
• Temperature and Pressure sensors at
key points
8
9. EXTERNAL FLOW TUNNELS
• Moving belts to replicate the real world situation (Especially in
Formula 1 testing where ground effects are crucial)
• Various systems to obtain the thinnest boundary layer possible
oMoving belts
oSuction
oKeeping the test object on an elevated
platform
oScoops or perforations
9
10. CLIMATIC TUNNELS
• to evaluate the performance of door
systems, braking systems, etc. under
various climatic conditions.
• The test vehicles are subjected to harsh
weather conditions
• Can identify the real world situation
when driving in different hot and cold
environments, rain or snowing.
10
11. MOST ADVANCED
AUTOMOBILE WIND TUNNEL
• The most modern wind tunnel
technology is owned by Volkswagen
Wind Tunnel Efficiency Center
• Can be tested up to speed of 250
kilometers per hour
• Simulates real traffic, climatic and
environmental conditions experienced
anywhere in the world.(Temperatures
from -30 C to 60 C)
11
12. MOST ADVANCED
AUTOMOBILE WIND TUNNEL
• Snow, rain and sunlight can also be
generated to create real world driving
environment.
• Each wheel has its own flat belt with an
integrated camera system
• Also, the quietest wind tunnel in the
world due to its acoustic insulation.
12
13. ADVANTAGES OF
AUTOMOBILE WIND TUNNELS
• visualization techniques help to
understand how certain geometric
features affect its aerodynamic
performance
• Optimization of vehicle bodies
results in considerable reduction of
fuel consumption
• improvement of comfort
characteristics
• more favorable driving
characteristics of ground vehicles.
13
14. TYPES OF DATA CAN BE
GATHERED
• Aerodynamic forces: drag, lift, side force
• Moments: pitch, yaw, roll
• Variation of aerodynamic forces and
moments with yaw
• Surface pressure distribution
• Vehicle cooling drag
• Assessment of brake cooling flows
• Aero-acoustic data
• The influence of different vehicle details
on pressure distribution
14
16. USES OF ICING TUNNELS
• Aerospace industry - Ice
detection instrumentation in
space crafts
• Aviation industry – reduce the ice
formation in the wings, engines
navigation instruments etc.
• Automotive industry– Analyze
resistance in different climate
conditions.
16
17. USES OF ICING TUNNELS
• Marine industry– reduce the
formation of ice in ship hulls
• Wind Energy - measure the
different phases of icing with
weather sensors and ice
detectors
• Civil engineering applications
17
19. DESIGN & OPERATION
• The tunnel creates a stream of cooled air and mix it with mist of water droplets.
• A model can be placed in this stream to simulate the effects of passing through
cloud at speed.
• Video recording system of the tunnel will record the formation of ice from
different angles.
• Video and still imaging cameras
• High-speed photography
• Standard flow visualization techniques
• Infrared thermography system
19
20. DESIGN & OPERATION
• Fan must be run at idle speed to
prevent the freezing of the fan.
• Insulator materials are being used to
keep the inside of the tunnel cool.
20
21. ADVANTAGES
• Create realistic icing conditions at a
component level.
• Providing information on how well ice
protection equipment is working and
on the adhesion of ice to a given
material.
21
22. • Wing tunnels which are being used to test the
propellers of aircrafts and ships, turbine blades,
compressor of gas turbine engines.
22
23. HISTORY OF
PROPELLER TUNNELS
• Wright brothers knew the performance
analysis of the propeller is important for the
success of their flyer after many
unsuccessful operations.
• In 1903, the Wrights built a wind tunnel that
they used to test the 28 inch long propeller
design.
• In 1915, Dr. Durand built the first wind
tunnel to study Aircraft's propeller
efficiency at Stanford University.
• In 1922, NASA built a wind tunnel with 20 ft.
diameter to test full scale propellers.
23
25. DESIGN & OPERATION
• Construction is similar as conventional
wind tunnels.
• Usually it has open test section and
round cross section.
• Engine or a motor is there in the test
section to drive the testing propeller.
• Another fan is there keep the air flow
at required speed.
25
27. CONCLUSION
• Using automobile wind tunnels vehicles can be designed with less drag and
more safe features.
• Automobile wind tunnels can be divided into two segments as external flow
wind tunnels and climate tunnels.
• Icing tunnels help to analyze real ice formation of the bodies with different
conditions.
• Propeller tunnels are using to every kind of propellers and gas turbine engine
blades.
• Propeller tunnels are like conventional wind tunnels with open test section and
round cross section.
27