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A Tale of Automobiles
- 1. A Tale of Automobile By-1703011-1703020 Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CHITTAGONG UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
- 2. Bugatti La Voiture Noire revealed at GENEVA MOTOR SHOW 2019
- 3. Birth of Automobile From Sledge to Economy Car
- 4. INITIALIZATION OF TRANSPORT Wheels & Others • Oldest Form of Transport: Archaeological evidence shows that skates made of animal bones are the oldest human- powered means of transport, dating back to 3000 BC. • WHEEL !!! : Around 3500 B.C., wheels were created to serve as potter’s wheel in Mesopotamia. • Horse and Cart: The earliest form of a “carriage” (from Old Northern French meaning to carry in a vehicle) was the chariot in Mesopotamia around 3,000 BC.
- 5. The First Car • The history of automobile dates back to the 15th century when Leonardo da Vinci was creating designs and models for transport vehicles. • In 1769 the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation was built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot. • In 1808, François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by an internal combustion engine fueled by hydrogen.
- 6. Again First CAR(this time real) • The four-stroke petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine that still constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion was patented by Nikolaus Otto. The similar four-stroke diesel engine was invented by Rudolf Diesel. • In 1885. Karl Benz (founder of Mercedes-Benz)developed the first “PRODUCTION” vehicle which was powered by petrol or gasoline. It was unveiled to the public by him on 3 July,1886. It was also honored as the FIRST TRUE AUTOMOBILE.
- 7. Best Selling Vehicle until 90s those which introduced mass people to automobile Ford Model T (the vehicle which changes the way industry runs) 16.5 million units sold First assembly line production First True ECONOMY Car Volkswagen Beetle • 21.5 million units sold • Identified with Adolf Hitler • Longest running , most manufactured car
- 8. Basic parts of automobiles Battery Brakes Transmission Axle Radiator wheel
- 10. Based on Load Capacity Base on Purpose Automobile Light Duty Vehicle Heavy Duty Vehicle Goods Vehicle Passenger Vehicle
- 11. Based on Fuel Used Automobile Petrol Engine Vehicle Diesel Engine Vehicle Gas Vehicle Electric Vehicle Steam Engine Vehicle Fuel Cell Vehicle
- 12. Based on number of Wheels and Axles: Automobile Two Wheelers Three Wheelers Four Wheelers Six Wheelers Six axle
- 13. Based on the Side of Based on Type of Drive Transmission Automobile Manual Transmission (changing gear ratios manually) Automatic Transmission (capable of changing gear ratios as they move) Right Hand Drive Left Hand Drive
- 16. SKETCH AND RENDERING TAPE DRAWING DIGITAL MODELING Or COMPUTER AIDED SKETCHING(CAS) CLAY MODELING INTERIOR BUCK MODELCAR ERGONOMICS Designing
- 17. SKETCH AND RENDERING • The concept of a new design is demonstrated through idea sketching. • It is done after market analysis and analysis of consumer trend
- 18. Tape Drawing • The full size sketch of the concept is created on a upright surface using black photographic tape. • It is done to determine the match between the design and the actual image
- 19. DIGITAL MODELING OR CAS • Computer Aided Design(CAD) is the recreation of design in computer generated 3d model whose data is then used for evaluating the design and aerodynamics. • Software used for CAS 1. Alias 2. 3Ds Max 3. Blender 4. Solidworks 5. Creo Parametric 6. AutoCAD
- 20. CLAY MODELING • A 5-axis CNC milling machine creates a life-size of the car which is then completed under precise hands of modelers. • First introduced by designer Harley Earl, head of the General Motors styling studio in the 1930s. • Industrial plasticine, or “clay”, is used for this purpose.
- 21. CAR ERGONOMICS • Car ergonomics involves almost everything related to passengers sitting inside the car. • It includes • Seating position, sitting posture, under thigh support, lumbar support • Position of Pedals, Dials and Stalks. • Position of dashboard. These are designed to make the journey more comfortable.
- 23. Fuel Economy/Emission • Fuel economy is the measured fuel efficiency of the vehicle in miles per gallon or km per liter. • Increasing fuel efficiency includes I. ReducingWind Drag II. EngineTechnologies III. Reduce Friction IV. DecreaseWeight • Emission engineering modifies the emission of hydrocarbons ,NOx, CO, CO2, and evaporative emission. Safety Engineering • Safety Engineering deals with various crash scenarios and their impact on driver and passenger. • This includes Seat belt and air bag functionality testing Front and side impact testing Tests of rollover resistance
- 24. Fig. Motor vehicle fuel economy from 1966 to 2008 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration
- 25. NVH Engineering • NVH means noise, vibration, and harshness. • NVH includes humming or vibration, Wind whistles, or tire and road noise. • NVH Engineers uses computer models, NVH Engineering of tires, active noise cancellation to get rid of noise and vibration
- 26. Engine Electronics • Automotive electronics are electronic systems used in vehicles, including engine management, ignition, radio, carputers, telematics, in-car entertainment systems and others. • This includes 1. Engine electronics (ECU) 5.Driver assistance 2. Transmission electronics 6.Passenger comfort 3. Chassis electronics 7.Entertainment systems 4. Passive safety 8.Electronic Integrated Cockpit systems
- 27. Performance Durability or Corrosion Engineering • Performance is a measurable and testable value of a vehicles ability to perform in various conditions. • It’s generally associated with • How quickly a car can accelerate • Its top speed • How short and quickly a car can come to a complete stop from a set speed • In this part, engineers try to reduce corrosion as far as possible. • It is done by simulating in computers using software like COMSOL or testing in severe driving condition and corrosive salt baths.
- 28. Assembly feasibility • In this segment, the product development engineers work with the assembly/manufacturing engineers so that the resulting design is easy and cheap to make and assemble . • In this segment, tolerances(the error margin of of different components) are considered, assembly line is optimized to save cost and assembly sequence are designed. Quality Management • The IATF (International Automotive Task Force) developed the standard ISO/TS 16949 which defines the design, development, production, and when relevant, installation and service requirements. • Several tests like crash test, cold and hot weather test are run on the prototype car.
- 30. Casting • A manufacturing process by which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold containing a hollow cavity of the desired shape, such as an engine cylinder block
- 31. Pressing • metal plate is pressed vertically under high pressure into the desired panel.
- 32. Engine assembly • A process by which all the parts of engine (crankshaft, camshaft, cylinder, piston etc.) are assembled together through machining and parts assembly
- 33. Body assembly • Panels made through pressing are assembled and welded into the shape of the car. mechanical components are assembled, with the addition of the electronics, wiring and piping. A high level of precision and safety are required at this stage.
- 34. Assembly line • An assembly line is a manufacturing process in which parts are added as the semi- finished assembly moves from workstation to workstation where the parts are added in sequence until the final assembly is produced. a finished product can be assembled faster and with less labor than by having workers carry parts to a stationary piece for assembly.
- 35. Painting • Painting is required to protect car materials from corrosion, improve the exterior and ensure distinctiveness & make it attractive.
- 36. Interior assembly • The painted shell proceeds through the interior assembly area where workers assemble all of the instrumentation and wiring systems, dash panels, interior lights, seats, door and trim panels, headliners, radios, speakers, all glass except the automobile windshield.
- 37. Pre manufacturing Test •Tensile strength test •Parts defect test •Compressive stress & strain test •Digital simulation test •High-altitude tests •Endurance tests •Salt spray testing
- 38. Shower testing Thermal testing wind tunnel testing • Low temperature testing • High temperature testing Post manufacturing tests
- 39. Safety Test •Frontal offset test •Side Impact Test •Pedestrian/brake Test •Whiplash Test •FUEL TANK TEST
- 40. On Road test • a test to ensure that a vehicle is roadworthy, specially after repair or servicing, by driving it on roads. It includes, • Turning tire test • High speed test • Brake test • Belgian road test • Desert driving test etc Nissan road test track
- 41. Recycling • the process of the dismantling of vehicles for spare parts converting waste materials into new materials and objects. It is an alternative to "conventional" waste disposal that can save material and prepare them for reuse.
- 42. Parts that can be reused • Used Engine Oil & oil filters -Motor oil never wears out - it just gets dirty. Improperly disposing of motor oil leads to contaminated soil, streams, rivers and groundwater. • Auto Glass -auto glass can be transformed into fiberglass insulation, concrete blocks and glass bottles, while the plastic is reused for carpet glue • Engines and Transmissions - Remanufactured engines can be even more efficient than they were when they were first built due to the availability of more advanced materials
- 43. Parts can be reused • Scrap Metal & plastics - car rims, door handles and other scrap metal & plastics from damaged and decommissioned vehicles can be sold at scrap metal yards, where they'll be melted down for a new life in some other form • Batteries -Batteries contains A large amount of lead. More than 50 percent of lead used in the production of new lead products around the world is sourced from recycled lead. • Tires & Rubber Hoses -Used tires make up 2% of total waste generated in the United States each year, but out of the290 million scrap tires produced annually.
- 45. DEPOLLUTION Depollution means that it is having all of the hazardous materials or components safely removed as required by the Environmental Agency. When a vehicle goes through a depollution process, different kind of vehicle’s fluids are drained.
- 46. Dismantle This process involves • Recycling Catalytic Converters: Palladium, Rhodium, and Platinum are just some of the precious metals foundin catalytic converters. • . Recycling Car Tyres As far as materials go tyres have always been one of the harder materials to source a second use for.
- 47. Destroy • It means, once the vehicle has been deconstructed, the metal shell of the car will be crushed and sent to a metal mill. • It includes: DETINNING Melting
- 48. ELECTRIC CAR REBORN SIBLING OF AUTOMOBILE
- 49. History of Electric Car • According to PBS, Thomas Davenport built first practical electric vehicle. • Between 1897 & 1899, Thomas Edison began a project to create a more powerful and longer lasting battery for electric cars but eventually gave up the project. • In 1931, Porsche developed an electric vehicle known as “Lohner Porsche”. • But the Ford Model T introduced drastically reduced price for gasoline car which partially defames the electric car. Slowly electric car fades into obscurity in the rising fame of gasoline car.
- 50. Fig. The Developing Trend of Battery Source: Institute for Local Self Reliance This developing trend of battery technology increases the enthusiasm amongst the start-up like Tesla, Rivian, Xpeng Motors to invest in this technology more and make the electric vehicle mainstream again. Electric cars will undercut gasoline e cars on price by the mid-2020s.
- 51. EV sales is ramping up drastically in this decade due to the ever developing technology and increasing awareness about environment. The EV companies are selling their cars at a more competitive price with gasoline cars. Now there is enough charging infrastructure to support these huge amount of Evs. The Chinese manufacturer are playing a vital role to make the EVs mainstream .They now hold half of the total EV market.
- 52. Bottleneck of Electric Car • This graph depicts the greatest disadvantage of EVs which is the energy density. A Tesla Model 3 need a 478kg battery module to obtain the range of 523km. On the contrary, for the same distance combustion engine uses 22.05kg(mileage 17 KMPL) • Another disadvantage is li-ion battery are very vulnerable to temperature which oblige them to include a temperature control unit thus increases weight and consumes power. • The electric car also consumes a huge amount of time to charge its battery whereas their counterparts gasoline engine take maximum 5 minutes only. 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 Gasoline Hydrogen Li-ion battery LNG Series 1 EnergyDensity(Wh/kg)
- 53. HYDROGEN VEHICLE ANOTHER LOST SIBLING
- 54. History of Fuel Cell • The journey of fuel cell is accelerated by NASA Space Program during cold car space war. Project Gemini tested fuel cells to provide electrical power during manned missions. • In 1966, General Motors developed the first fuel cell road vehicle , the Chevrolet Electrovan which had PEM(Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cell. • As of 2016,there are three electric cars publicly available:the Toyota Mirai, the Hyundai Nexo, and the Honda Clarity.
- 55. Achilles heel of Hydrogen Fig1. Comparison of Efficiency between Hydrogen and Battery Fig2. Comparison between price of full charging of an EV and Hydrogen • This figures show the problems with Fuel Cell vehicles. Batteries is far more efficient than Hydrogen. • Due to complexity in production, Hydrogen is also about 3 times more expensive than their Electric counterparts. • There is also lack of Hydrogen production infrastructure which also hinders the sale of hydrogen.
- 56. New Dawn for Hydrogen While American and Chinese manufacturers are racing over EVs, Japanese Government along with their automobile companies are planning to outlive oil with hydrogen. This venture opens the path to research for a better way to produce Hydrogen which will lead to the self- dependent “Hydrogen Society”.
- 57. Self-driving Car • Self-driving car is the new hype of this decade. It is a car capable of sensing its environment and can drive with little or no human input. • This self-driving technology is backed by many sensors, gps, sonar and car-to-car communication and importantly AI. • Now-a-days, every big name like General Motors, Ford, Mercedes Benz, BMW have their own self driving technology.
- 58. Automobile Industries in Bangladesh 1. India is the most developed in terms of automotive industry. It has some domestic brands like TATA Motors, Mahindra ,Bajaj. Honda, BMW, Toyota, General Motors, Ford, Benz and some other prominent automobile manufacturers have their plants in India 2. Pakistan has the fast growing auto market. And their new Tax policies have made easier for some automakers like Renault, Nissan, Kia, SsangYong, Volkswagen to express their interests to enter the market. Locally, Pakistan has assembler of Toyota,Honda etc. 3. And Bangladesh is considered to have third largest automotive industry among south asian countries. (Wiki). It has some large plants which assemble passenger cars and commercial vehicles from Mitshubishi, Proton and Hino, TATA respectively. It has some local manufacturers which manufacture motorcycles , autorickshaws .
- 59. Automobile companies in Bangladesh • Pragoti • Bangladesh Machine Tools Factory • Walton Hi-Tech Industries Limited • Runner Automobiles • PHP Automobiles • Bangladesh Honda Private Limited (A Subsidiary of Honda) • Niloy-Hero Motors (Joint venture between Hero MotoCorp and Niloy Motors) • Aftab Automobiles • Jamuna Automobiles
- 60. Pragoti Industries Limited • Government owned • Started in 1966, country’s largest car assembly plant, assembled and marketed more than 50000 vehicles including cars, Jeeps, Buses, Trucks, Pickups, Ambulances, Tractors . • Location – Manufacturing plant at Barabkundo, Sitakundo, CTG • Provides Employments to about 539 employees
- 61. Assembled Cars Mitsubishi Pajero Sport QX Origin : Japan Mahindra Scorpio Jeep Origin: India Foday Landfort SUV Origin: China Foday Lion Pickcup Origin China Mahindra Scorpio Pickup Origin: India Mitsubishi L200 Origin: Japan Tata 1316 Origin: India
- 62. Bangladesh Machine Tools Factory • Founded on 1979 • Run by Bangladesh Army • Located at Gazipur, BD • Mainly assembles various vehicles for defense industry. • Has 3 assembly lines with production of 3 cars per day. • Arunima trucks and Toyota Land Cruiser 70 series are it’s product.
- 63. PHP Automobiles Limited • Country’s first private automobile assembling organization. • Factory Located at Anowara , Chittagong. • Assembling Proton Preve , Proton Saga, Proton EXORA, Proton x70,Proton Persona. It can assembly 12 cars in eight hour with manpower of 200 . • Manufacturing Bikes- PHP Super,PHP Pride,PHP Merkaba
- 64. • Started a journey as a private company back in 1967. It assembled Toyota Land Cruiser (Jeep) in that time. • Assembling Plant is located at Fouzderhat Heavy Industrial Estate, Chittagong on a land measuring about 12.33 acres. Presently, the Company is mainly engaged in assembling and body fabrication of HINO luxury bus of model RM2. Aftab Automobiles Nitol-Niloy Group • Doing assembly and making body if several commercial vehicles of TATA motors of India. • Started it’s journey back in 1980. But from 1991 , it started it’s journey of building TATA’s vehicles.
- 65. Walton Hi-Tech Industries Limited • Location- Gazipur,Bangladesh • Walton High tech Industries Ltd. started it’s journey in 2008. • It is the first motorcycle manufacturer in Bangladesh. • In 2015, 6% of the motorcycles sold in Bangladesh are made by Walton. • They export their motorcycles to different countries including Nepal. Fusion125 Xplore140
- 66. Prospect From this chart we can easily see the rise in the sales of vehicles in Bangladesh. So, the automobile market has a very prospective future. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 7,353 14,427 17,055 19,467 20,149 23,102 RECONDITIONED CAR IMPORTED Car Imported Ref:
- 67. What hinders our Automobile Industries? HINDERS Unskilled workers Government Rules ands regulations High Tax Rate Political Unrest Lack of Research and Knowledge
- 68. Economic aspects of automotive industry: As a major sector in the world market automotive industries plays a vital role in the economy of a country that produces automobiles in large scales. In the OCED countries automobile industry accounts for almost 4% of total output in the Czech Republic and Germany. Over 2% of employed people works in the industries in the large automobile producing countries. In many car-producing countries a large share of output is exported. Automobile exports represent more than 20% of manufacturing exports in Japan, the Slovak Republic, Hungary, Canada and Spain, and account for more than or close to 15% of total exports in these countries.
- 69. The following chart shows the relation of sales and industry value of global automotive industries between 2013 and 2018:
- 70. Automotive industry employment by country:- Total exports 1
- 71. The picture shows the relation between GDP and automobile production of G 7 countries:- Source: Bundesbank; ISTAT; INSEE; Data stream;. OECD Economic Outlook 86 database; OECD, MainEconomic Indicators database
- 72. Effects of Automobile Industries on the Environment There are nearly 1 billion automobiles worldwide.With the cultural and technological revolution came the automobile, totaling 53 million in the 1950s, world automobiles in 2010 exceed 550 million. About 19 million vehicles are added each year to the global total. While it gave us an enormous advantage of speed it also caused us a heavy burden of environmental pollution. According to Whitelegg (1993) about 26.6 tones of waste and 922 square meter of polluted air are produced before a customer can use an average car. And it is highly significant that these numbers represent only about 10 % of all environmental pressure imposed by the whole life cycle of the car. About 80 % of this pressure stems from the usage phase, and another 10 % is linked with the disposal of the car. Comparing an average car from 1975 and 2000, the amount of air pollution decreased by 95 % (Graedel, Allenby, 1998).
- 73. Car pollutant emissions are associated with refining and distribution of fuels, manufacturing and disposal of the vehicle. Car pollution mainly causes air pollution, sound pollution, water waste, hazardous waste(mercury, lead, cadmium), global warming etc. Some air pollutants emitted from automobiles are Particulates(one tenth of a human hair in width), Hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxides, diesel exhaust, Volatile Organic Compounds(benzene, acetaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene ), Nitrogen oxides (NOx) , SO2, CO, CO2 Etc.
- 74. • 22% of Beijing’s and 34% of US’s air pollution is due to vehicle emissions.
- 75. Sound pollution is one of the major cost that we have to pay for the blessings of the automobiles. The main source of sound pollution is the automotive vehicles. The data from a study on a number of traffic policemen are given in the chart. Even washing the car regularly takes a toll on the environment, especially in a country like the UAE where water is a highly valuable commodity. generally we use up about 480 liters of water for a wash lasting ten minutes. Global warming, hazardous waste are also outcomes of the car pollution.
- 76. • Cars release approximately 333 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere annually, which is 20 percent of the world's total, according to the Environmental Defense Fund. Motor vehicles also contribute 72 percent of the nitrogen oxides and 52 percent of reactive hydrocarbons. The following chart shows the Simplified car life-cycle environmental impact:-
- 77. Now what can we do to reduce car pollution? Well firstly we have to grow awareness about the effects of car pollution and we have to try our best to avoid using automotive vehicles. Instead we can ride bicycle in short distance or simply we can walk. But that doesn’t solve all problems. Using higher efficiency automotive vehicles will decrease the pollution. To save water during car wash we can use water bucket instead of a hose pipe.
- 78. We can use electric cars instead of petrol or diesel engine cars. The following chart shows the comparison of life time GHG emission between an electric car and a normal car:- The government should take some strict measures to limit the car pollution.
- 79. Thanksalot