I talk about Libya's current transitional system of recognised government, including executive and legislative, and the major issues the country is yet to face on the way to a stable system of Government.

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Post author By Charlie July 8, 2021
The Transitional Government System of Libya
theweeklyrambler.com/the-transitional-government-system-of-libya/
There is a good chance you have heard of Libya due to its ongoing instability and warring
among factions vying for power following the 2011 Libyan Civil War and overthrow and
killing of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi who had ruled Libya through an autocratic
government for decades up until that point, the Revolution came among the wider Arab
Spring during that year. Due to the consequences and fallout since that time, the country
remains unstable and its politics sits in a transitional state through an UN-backed
Government and temporary 2011 constitution, we shall be focusing on the system of the
current UN-backed government and legislature.
Libya is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa and it is bordered with
Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Algeria, and Tunisia, and also has a coast along the
Mediterranean Sea. Its capital city is Tripoli which is located on its western coast.
The coastal area of Libya was inhabited by Neolithic peoples as far back as 8000 BC and
Afroasiatic ancestors of the Berbers are thought to have moved into the area by the time
of the Late Bronze Age, the earliest known tribe was the Garamantes who were based in
Germa, capitol of the Garamantian Kingdom and nowadays an important
historical archeological site.
The Phoenicians upon arriving in the coastal areas were the first known to setup trading
posts on what is now the Libyan coast, and by the 5 Century BC, Carthage had
extended its control across much of North Africa, the Punic peoples trace their origins to
the Phoenicians. In 630 BC the ancient Greeks arrived and colonized around Barca in
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what is now Eastern Libya and founded Cyrene, now another important archeological
site, four further important Greek cities were established within an area of Libya that
would become historically known as Cyrenaica.
Cyrenaica was later overrun by the Persians under Cambyses II in 525 BC and was
under either Persian or Egyptian rule for the next two centuries. After that Alexander the
Great entered Cyrenaica in 331 BC and took it back under the control of the Greeks as
part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Following the fall of Carthage the Romans did not
immediately take the area historically known as Tripolitania, which instead came under
the kings of Numidia, who eventually asked for and obtained the protection of the Roman
Empire, where then Tripolitania came under the Africa Nova Roman province, where it
experienced prosperity, with a golden age in the 2 and 3 centuries.
The last Greek king of Cyrene, Ptolemy Apion, also gave Cyrenaica to the Romans, who
annexed the region in 74 BC, joining it to Crete as a province of the Romans. By the time
of Emperor Claudius, Cyrenaica saw its first Christian communities established, but the
region would become devastated by the Kitos War, and became almost entirely
depopulated of both Greeks and Jews. The area was repopulated by Trajan through
military colonies, but the decline had begun.
During the Roman Empires decline, the classical cities fell into ruin, which was hastened
by the invasion of the Vandals through North Africa during the 5 Century. When the
Eastern Roman Empire rose, it reconquered North Africa under the reconquest of
Justinian I during the 6 Century, defeating the Vandal Kingdom there. Efforts were made
to save the old cities, but they would nonetheless collapse into disuse. The Byzantines
hold over North Africa was weak, and Byzantine governors were unpopular there due to
high taxes imposed to meet costs of the military, while towns and public services suffered
decay. Byzantine control in the area was at its weakest by the 7 Century, with frequent
Berber rebellions, and the looming threat of Muslim invasion.
Cyrenaica would eventually be conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate, and by 647 the
Byzantines lost Tripoli to an army led by Abdullah ibn Saad. The final historical area of
Libya, known as Fezzan, was conquered by the Rasidun Caliphate in 663. The Berber
tribes came to accept Islam, but put-up resistance to Arab political rule.
After the Rasidun came the Umayyad Caliph of Damascus who ruled for several decades
until they were overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate in 750, where Libya was ruled from
Baghdad. The Caliph later appointed Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab as governor of Ifriqiya in 800,
where the area enjoyed much autonomy under the dynasty. The Shiite Fatimids came to
control Western Libya by the 10 Century, and ruled the entire region by 972,
where Bologhine ibn Ziri was appointed governor, and this Berber Zirid dynasty would
later break away from the Fatimid Caliphate, and instead recognised the Abbasid
Caliphate as the rightful rulers.
The Fatimids retaliated by having thousands migrate to the area mainly from two Arab
Qaisi tribes, Banu Sulaym and Banu Hilal, which led to the drastic alteration of the Libyan
countryside, putting in place the cultural and linguistic Arabisation of the region. Zirid rule
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soon ended in Tripolitania in 1001 when the Banu Khazrun Berbers broke away and kept
the region under their control until 1146, where the Normans of Sicily overtook the area,
bringing back European rule for the time. The Moroccan Almohad Caliphate later
conquered the area from them in 1159.
Tripolitania for the next five decades saw warfare between the Almohads, Ayyubids, and
Banu Ghaniya insurgents. Almohad rule would end in 1221 where then the
Tunisian Hafsid Dynasty took over independent from the Almohads, they would rule for
the next three centuries, and by the 16 Century found themselves caught up in a power
struggle between Spain and the Ottomans, Habsburg Spain briefly took Tripoli in 1510
and it was ruled by the Knights of St. John, before being conquered by the Ottomans.
Cyrenaica having been ruled by the Abbasids, eventually fell under control of various
Egyptian states, including the Tulunids, Ikhshidids, Ayyubids, and Mamluks, and then
were taken by the Ottomans in 1517, although Ottoman authority there remained
relatively absent
Fezzan on the other hand had seen some independence under the rule of
the Awlad Muhammad dynasty following Kanem-Bornu imperial rule. The Ottomans
conquered it between 1556-1577, and in the 1580s Fezzan gave their allegiance to the
sultan.
Tripoli came under rule of a Pasha under the Ottomans, with true power eventually
moving to the janissaries and in 1611 a coup was staged by the deys against the pasha.
A series of deys would rule Tripolitania for the next century. Tripoli eventually fell into
military anarchy due to lack of direction from the Ottomans, and many coups took place,
with many deys lasting little more than a year, and a civil war in Tripolitania occurred from
1793 to 1795, which was triggered by the Ottomans reasserting their authority, and ended
with Tripolitania reinstating its independence under Yusuf Karamanli.
In the early 19 Century, Tripolitania found itself fighting against the United States during
the Barbary Wars, and by 1819, treaties of the Napoleonic Wars forced Barbary states to
give up piracy almost in entirety, which caused Tripolitania’s economy to tank significantly,
this eventually led to civil war. Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II sent in troops to restore order,
ending the Karamanli dynasty and bringing Tripolitania back under Ottoman rule. But
order remained shaky, and revolts continued into the late 1850s.
Italy would later conquer the area following the Italo-Turkish War from 1911 to 1912, and
Italy turned the three regions into colonies, becoming part of Italian North Africa. The area
included two colonies, Italian Cyrenaica, and Italian Tripolitania, which were run by Italian
governors. This time saw 150k Italians move to the colonies, and making up as much as
20% of the territory’s population. But all was not well, a Libyan resistance movement rose
up, most prominently under Omar Mukhtar, fighting against Italian colonization, Mukhtar
was captured and executed in 1931 but became a national hero, and Libyan resistance
continued.
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Italy’s colonization of Libya saw many atrocities against the indigenous peoples,
especially during the period known as the pacification of Libya, involving mass genocide
of the indigenous peoples, as well as deaths from disease and starvation. In 1934
Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and Fezzan were combined by Italy and named Italian Libya. The
imperials then made improvements to infrastructure and public works, including a large
expansion of the railway and road networks, and encouraging establishment of industry
and agriculture.
During World War II from 1940, Italian Libya became embroiled in the North African
Campaign which ended in defeat for the Italians and Germans by 1943, and Libya came
under the occupation of the Allies, with the British administering Tripolitania and
Cyrenaica, and the French administering Fezzan. A peace treaty had Italy relinquish its
claim to Libya in 1947.
Libya declared its independence in 1951 becoming the United Kingdom of Libya, where it
was a constitutional and hereditary monarchy under King Idris, who would be its only ever
monarch. Libya was initially one of the poorest states in the world, but quickly became
very wealthy after it discovered significant oil reserves in 1959. But much of the wealth
became concentrated in the hands of the King, which caused growing resentment among
factions in Libya.
Eventually in 1969 Muammar Gaddafi led a military coup against the King, known as the
Al Fateh Revolution. The King was overthrown and Gaddafi became known as the
Brother Leader and Guide of the Revolution and he governed the country as Chairman.
Moves were made to reduce existing Italian influence, such as in 1970 with all Italian-
owned assets being expropriated, and 12,000 Italian community were expelled, alongside
a smaller community of Jews. Gaddafi Revolutionary Committees instituted rules that
turned Libya into an autocratic country, although one upside was the improvements in
women’s rights during the time.
There was a failed coup attempt in 1975. In 1977 Libya became the Socialist People’s
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, where Gaddafi passed power to General People’s Committees
and claimed to be no more than a symbolic figurehead himself. The new government
structure was claimed to be a type of direct democracy. Also, in 1977 Libya begun
delivering support to Goukouni Oueddei and the People’s Armed Forces rebel group in
Chad, which later became the Chadian-Libyan Conflict when the country invaded Chad in
support of the rebels, against groups backed by France, the war would eventually be won
by the French backed side.
Libya also fought a four-day border war with Egypt in 1977 which led to a ceasefire
mediated by Algeria. Libya also militarily supported Uganda in the Uganda-Tanzania War,
which ended with Tanzania’s victory and the loss of hundreds of Libyan lives. Gaddafi
became known for his financial support into various groups, even including trade unions
in Australia, and support of terrorist groups. The US launched an airstrike in Libya in 1986
in a failed attempt to kill Gaddafi, and was in response to a terrorist attack in West Berlin.
Libya was later sanctioned by the UN following the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 which
killed all 259 people on board and a further 11 people on the ground.

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Gaddafi would remain the country’s ruler until 2011 where the Arab Spring led to a full-
scale uprising that begun in Feb 2011, known as the Libyan Civil War, following uprisings
in Tunisia and Egypt. But unlike the revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt which did not
develop into full scale civil war as the governments were overthrown relatively quickly,
Libya’s did turn into a civil war as the government and military put up much more
resistance to the uprising.
During the war an alternative government developed that received Western backing,
called the National Transitional Government, but Gaddafi and his forces continued
fighting. This led to the West and the UN condemning Gaddafi for violating international
law, and Libya was then expelled. A UN resolution was eventually passed to establish a
no-fly zone over Libya against Gaddafi, which was not voted against, although Russia,
China, India, Brazil, and Germany abstained. A US-led NATO coalition begun operations
against Gaddafi soon after, which led to the revolution being ultimately successful.
Tripoli was soon occupied by rebels and the decisive Battle of Sirte saw the capture and
killing of Muammar Gaddafi.
Since the end of that civil war the country remained unstable due to Libya being split
among rival militias, with them divided among regional, city, and tribal lines, and the new
Western backed government failed to be able to consolidate its control. An election was
held in July 2012 which saw the National Transitional Council hand power over to the
General National Congress, tasked with forming an interim government and drafting a
new constitution that was to be approved in a national referendum.
But strong instability continued through sectarian violence, the destruction of a Sufi
mosque in Tripoli, and other acts of vandalism and destruction of heritage sites by
suspected Islamist militants. Then in September 2012 Islamist militants attacked the US
consulate in Benghazi, killing the US ambassador to Libya and three others, generating
massive outrage.
Several short-lived weak governments followed. Elections in 2014 were held to elect a
new legislative body, the House of Representatives, to replace the General National
Congress, the elections saw much violence and low turnout. Secularists and liberals
performed good in the election, which angered Islamist lawmakers from the General
National Congress, who went ahead and declared a continuing mandate for the Congress
in opposition to the House of Representatives, forcing them to flee to Tobruk where they
setup their own government, while a UN-backed government of National Accord later
emerged in Tripoli.
Soon after this the Second Libyan Civil War has been ongoing, with tribal militias and
Islamic jihadist groups also taking advantage of the chaos to gain power and influence in
the region, including fighters loyal to ISIS who seized Sirte and Derna, Egypt supported
the Tobruk government by launching airstrikes against ISIS in Libya.

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Attempts were made to bring the two rival governments and parliaments together but
made little progress, and meanwhile terrorism increased, which also begun to affect
neighboring countries, and Libya became a major transit point among the chaos of
migrants trying to reach Europe to escape the war and find a better life. An agreement
was eventually reached that saw the creation of the UN-backed Government of National
Unity, a bid to unite the Tobruk government and the Government of National Accord and a
ceasefire was put in place between warring factions in October 2020, and the National
Unity government was officially accepted by the House of Representatives in March 2021,
elections for President and the parliament are set to take place in December this year, but
there is still a long way to go towards fully stabilizing the country, and fighting could very
well break out again.
The country’s official language is Arabic, and the largest religion is Sunni Islam. The
country’s currency is the Libyan dinar. The country’s population is over 6,966,680.
Government Type
Seal of the current National Unity Government.
Due to the current state of Libya, the country does not have a Head of State but instead a
council that performs functions of the Head of State. There is a Prime Minister who is
Head of Government of the UN-Backed Government of National Unity. The legislative
government consists of the House of Representatives which is the primary chamber, but

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there is also the High Council of State which is an advisory body for the Government of
National Unity and the House of Representatives. The state’s armed forces are currently
unified under a joint commission which I will explain further on later.
The current system was put together under a UN backed agreement in 2015 and through
the subsequent Libyan Political Dialogue Forum. There will be elections in Libya
scheduled to take place this year to elect the parliament and also elections at some point
in the future to elect a Head of State. A new constitution has been drafted and is waiting
to be approved in a future national referendum.
So as of now the transitional 2011 constitution is the supreme law in effect but since it has
pretty much been transitioned through it is basically useless for this post and so much of
this post focuses on the 2015 agreement, as there is little information currently available
on the 2017 draft constitution. But once there is information available on it and it is
released, we shall create a bonus post on Libya’s government system after that going
over Libya’s new government system – that is IF all goes to plan, as things do still remain
shaky. A ceasefire has been in effect since late 2020.
Since things are not very clear and there is not really a constitution to follow, this will likely
be a shorter blog post than the other Government System posts.
The Executive Government

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The National Unity Government and Presidential Council are based in the capital Tripoli.
Photo by Bryn Pinzgauer from Flickr. CC BY 2.0. Source.
The 2015 agreement saw the creation of a 9-member Presidential Council to take up the
operations of the Head of State of which currently there is no single figure acting as Head
of State, just the current body. The council was later reduced to three members, with the
Chairman being the most senior figure and can be considered a president-figure of the
country. The three members each represent the three historical regions of Libya which
are, Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan.
The current members of the Presidential Council and the Prime Minister were chosen via
a vote of a 75-member meeting of the Libyan Political Dialogue Forum, a body backed by
the UN that aims to conduct decisions for the Libyan peace process through intra-Libyan
meetings and establish democratic legitimacy to Libyan institutions to bring about
democratic Libyan elections quickly and maintain political stability and peace. In essence
they have created a transitional government and council to pursue this ultimate purpose.
Most recently the Presidential Council met in Tripoli on 1 July along with the Prime
Minister of the Unity Government where they discussed electricity outages, COVID
vaccines, health measures, as well as services and matters of foreign policy.
The Prime Minister himself had also held a meeting with the Chairman of the Supreme
Judiciary Council, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Chief of Intelligence, as well as
representatives of the Libyan Investment Authority, and other institutions.
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Following the choice of Prime Minister, a list of appointees to the Libyan Government’s
Cabinet were released, which included two Deputy Prime Ministers, six Ministers of State
and thirty-five ministers that were also approved later by the House of Representatives
who also approved the three-member presidential council. The position of Defense
Minister is held jointly by the three members of the Presidential Council, making the
Presidential Council have the power of Commander-in-Chief for now.
Despite this though the Presidential Council has attempted to demand the Prime Minister
to appoint a defense minister and threatened that if he failed to do so they would appoint
one themselves and refer it to the House of Representatives for confirmation. The Prime
Minister rebuked this by saying the power to appoint Ministers lied with himself as Prime
Minister, as part of the outcome of Libyan Political Dialogue Forum meetings. This slight
altercation once again shows the potentially fragile nature of Libya’s current transitional
system towards fracturing and attempting to overrule the Unity Government and Prime
Minister.
The Presidential Council and the Government receives advice and guidance from the
High Council of State as well as oversight. The House of Representatives has also
provided oversight of the Government.
The members of the Presidential Council and the Prime Minister are Independent and not
a part of any political parties, although this does not necessarily mean they do not or will
not develop leanings towards certain influences, powers, or groups. That danger still
exists.
In and of itself due to the current state of things there has been limited governance in
Libya, whether from the UN backed Government or other opposing authorities elsewhere.
This has led to some protests springing up from citizens who are tired with the lack of
governance, corruption, and inadequate public infrastructure and utilities. Many of these
protests have been met with live gunfire from armed groups according to the latest
Freedom House Report on Libya.
The ongoing coronavirus pandemic has only served to worsen the suffering of the people
under the current political stagnation, and although the acceptance of the unity
Government has brought some limited hope, the situation still seems very tough to
remedy and a true unification of all of Libya under the Government seems like a long
shot. Many expect fighting to breakout again at some point.
Governance is crawling along though, albeit slowly, but 2021 does seem to provide some
promising news on the cooperation front during the ongoing transition. The Prime Minister
has said they have so-far acquired 600k Coronavirus vaccines, and plans a possible 2-
week shutdown of the border with Tunisia due to the pandemic. The Prime Minister also
acknowledged the dire need for a reconstruction of Libya’s health service.
The two main opposing Armed Forces, that of Haftar’s forces and forces of the GNA/Unity
have been brought together under the 5+5 Joint Military Commission, which includes five
senior military officers from Haftar’s forces, and 5 senior military officers from the

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GNA’s/Unity forces. This is a part of the wider Libyan Peace Process. This Commission
met in Geneva and achieved the 2020 ceasefire that is currently in effect, and it continues
to remain an influential body in the ongoing transitional phase.
The Commission aims to keep the two sides in direct discussion and in a unified state to
prevent further fighting from breaking out, but of course the possibility of breakdown
between the two sides remains a very real threat, and it will remain to be seen if following
elections in December, if both sides can continue working together.
The latest shows that the Prime Minister of the Unity Government held a meeting with the
above Commission on the 5 July. The Prime Minister announced they were working
together to choose two deputies for the Defense Ministry from members of the
Commission. The Prime Minister also said it had provided the Commission with all its
needs and paid off its financial debts.
The Legislative Government
An agreement in 2015 looked to bring the two rival parliaments together, the House of
Representatives and the General National Congress, with the House of Representatives
remaining the main legislative body while a new body was created called the High
Council of State of which its seats were given to former General National Congress
members or members affiliated with them.
The purpose of the House of Representatives is to most obviously act as a legislative
body, although it has been relatively inactive, and in many of its meetings failed to meet a
quorum. It passed a referendum law in 2018 and eventually approved the current
Presidential Council and Government in March 2021 following the 2020 ceasefire, and its
meetings in 2021 have become more frequent and hopeful.
Elections for the House of Representatives are planned to be held in December of this
year, so perhaps from then we can expect it to become more active. Certainly, though
after a proper constitution is implemented, the rules and procedure of the House of
Representatives should become clearer, and should state how many sessions must be
held within a year, usually constitutions demand that at least two sessions of a Parliament
are held annually.
The House of Representatives does have a Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
Most recently the House of Representatives have been working to pass the current year’s
state budget, but has not yet been passed due to another suspension of the session on
July 5 . The Prime Minister had said the session would be resumed from the 6 July. The
Prime Minister was grilled on certain parts of the expenditure, the performance of his
Foreign Minister, the work of the General Electricity Company, and the COVID-19
response. This shows that the House of Representatives in this case seems to be
working as intended on Government oversight, which is what is expected from most
parliaments around the world.
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The Prime Minister also briefed the Parliament on issues his government are facing,
which is a good sign on Government transparency and accountability.
Pro-Haftar members in the House blamed the Unity Government’s lack of cooperation
with Haftar for why the Budget had not yet been passed, claiming that if they agreed to
name a defense minister, and allocate a Budget to Haftar’s General Command, the
Budget would have passed. To read more about Haftar, go to ‘The Issues Ahead’ section
below.
The session did continue from the 6 July but once again failed to pass a Budget and will
try again on the coming Monday (12 July). The session on Monday will apparently also
include talks on the election of a Libyan President directly by the people, and distribution
of electoral centers across the country.
Some of the members of the House have claimed that the Budget will not pass until the
army (referring to Haftar’s armed forces) are satisfied with the Budget themselves. Others
have said that if the Unity Government simply accepted the Budget amendments offered
by the House Budget Committee, then the Budget would be approved. It is possible that if
an agreement still does not come forth, a modified Budget less than 57 billion dinars
excluding the emergency spending chapter could be approved instead.
The House of Representatives is meant to have 200 members with 32 of its seats
reserved for women, although the last election held only elected 188 members due to
boycotts and a lack of security at some polling stations. The High Council of State
consists of 145 members. This is according to the CIA World Factbook page for Libya.
The Issues Ahead
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Picture of Haftar in 2011. Photo by Magharebia from Flickr. CC BY 2.0.
Source.
Elections for a Head of State are planned to go ahead some point in the future, and such
plans and conduction of elections are planned to be discussed by the House of
Representatives. Elections for the House of Representatives are planned to go ahead in
December of this year (the 24th), the country’s first election in around 6-years.
But the road to the election is very rocky, with the transitional government not having full
control of all of Libya’s territory from rival factions and groups, including a prominent
threat of breakdown with General Haftar and his Libyan Arab Armed Forces (who had
fought for the House of Representatives and the Tobruk government before the Unity
Government gained legitimacy).
Haftar has been backed by Russia, Egypt, and the United Arab Emirates during the
Second Libyan Civil War. Haftar was originally a part of Gaddafi’s government but was
caught in a plot to overthrow Gaddafi, he was later released via a deal with the United
States in 1990 where he went to live, he returned to Libya following the toppling and
killing of Gaddafi after the 2011 Civil War.

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In 2019 he launched an assault against the capitol Tripoli in an attempt to take it from the
Government of National Accord in support of the Tobruk Government, but the operation
failed and was repelled by the GNA with support from Turkish forces. Hafter has
expressed interest in running for the Presidency whenever those elections are to take
place. For now Haftar’s forces and the GNA forces have been brought togther under the
5+5 Military Commission which achieved a ceasefire in 2020, although it remains fragile.
The Government institutions are also not correctly centralized across the country, and
different authorities elsewhere may have established opposing institutions, according to
the Freedom House report on Libya.
The Judiciary system itself has an unclear role, and existing judges, prosecutors, and
lawyers face intimidation and attacks. The Judiciary as a centralised system has all but
collapsed, and many courts across the country are unable to function. Informal
mechanisms have been setup in some areas to resolve disputes, while pro-Haftar areas
in Eastern Libya have a system of military courts.
There are concerns that the National Accord side of the Government themselves,
currently a part of the unity Government, and the current Presidential Council may not
dissolve peacefully following elections.
Al-Jazeera has reported that the GNA (Government of National Accord) continue to
receive assistance and supplies from Turkey and Turkish troops have remained in the
capital so far against wishes of the ceasefire, and calls for them to go has caused
divisions to spring up within the Unity Government. The HQ of the Presidential Council
was apparently raided by armed militia in May, although the Council itself denied the men
were armed or that it was any kind of attack, the incident was also on a Friday which is a
day of rest and therefore the PC was not working, although the Chairman was still
present at the hotel at the time. The PC has said it is willing to work with the groups
involved. The incident may be related to the ongoing divisions in the Government, such
as between them and supporters of Haftar.
The Presidential Council has established a security agency led by prominent armed
groups under their control, and many foreign fighters have not yet left the country despite
a demand to do so under the ceasefire, and Islamist Extremist groups remain a threat,
and so the situation remains incredibly precarious and could easily breakdown, especially
since the ceasefire is being treated more as a time to gear up, rather than head in a more
peaceful direction. Meanwhile amongst all this, the people continue to suffer most of all.
We can only hope that the promising signs in 2021 so far continue on and the December
election goes well, but even then there is still much that requires fixing.
Sources
The sources for this have been placed in hyperlinks throughout the article itself. This was
one of the more difficult government system posts to put together due to the incredibly
unique situation present in Libya currently, and the risk that it could all breakdown. I hope
to one day come back to Libya when it is more stable and past the transitional phase, but
it is unclear when this will happen.

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In all the past Government System posts I have done; Libya’s has been the most unique
as no others I have yet done have such a fractured and complex situation. Even Syria will
likely be more easily done as they still have the Assad Government in place, although
that’s not to say that it is not still a highly complex and sensitive situation, and the Assad
Government is yet to gain full control over all of Syria’s territory, and there are no
guarantees that they can continue to hold on, let’s say if Russia eventually decides to
pullout. But that will be an issue once we reach it, it is still some time away yet.
Next up will be the Government system of Liechtenstein, which should be more
straightforward than Libya, but still unique and interesting.
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