Jamaica

Jamaica: the Maroons, the Black
Irish, and perhaps the last Black
Pope

• Background: In the beginning, as Humans started to leave
Africa, included with the second (OOA) group were the
Albinos of Caucasian phenotype Africans (Horn Africans,
Dravidians (Indians) who were probably motivated by a
quest for relief from the heat and burning Sunshine of
southern Africa - and relief from the torment heaped
upon them by normal Africans. Even today, superstitious
Blacks of southern Africa; maim and mutilate Albinos in
the ignorant belief that their body parts process magical
properties, which they use in rituals. After they crossed
the Arabian Peninsula and entered what is now India, the
decided to head north and eventually ended up in Central
Asia.

• There they found a low sunlight intensity
environment to their liking, and there they stayed,
and flourished!
•
Then, at about 1,500 B.C. the Central Asian Albinos
decided to start leaving their low sunlight intensity
environment, and return to India as invading Aryans.
Soon after, they headed WEST toward Europe. It can
only be guessed at, but perhaps after Millennia in
Central Asia, the Albinos forgot that they were
Albinos, and what devastating effect strong Sunlight
could have on them.

• For after their conquest of Europe in the late medieval "Race Wars":
Historically camouflaged as Civil Wars in Britain, and the supposedly
Religious "Thirty Years Wars" on the continent. Note there really was a
religious component to the "Thirty Years Wars": That being the original
Black Europeans (Catholics) verses insurgent original Central Asian
Albinos (Germanics & Slav's) under the banner of their newly created
"PROTEST" or "Protestant" Religions. i.e. Anglican, Episcopalian,
Presbyterian, Methodist, Lutheran, Baptist, Amish, Evangelicalism,
Pentecostalism, Quakers, Seventh-Day Adventism, et al. After the
conquest, the Catholic Church was also usurped, but the Slav's in the
East (like the Rus (Russians), chose not to completely overhaul the
Eastern Orthodox branch that they took from the Byzantines. As a result,
their Holy icons still have "Dark" Skin. The later arriving Turks took over
the Black Arabs newly created religion of Islam. After their conquest of
Europe, the Albinos went on to conquer the entire WORLD, and each
place they settled brought them the SAME problems: SUNBURN and
SKIN CANCER. Because they don't belong in those places, their one and
ONLY home is Central Asia!

BACKGROUND - Europe in the
Medieval
• Feudalism = Slavery
• Feudalism was a combination of legal and
military customs in medieval Europe that
flourished between the 9th and 15th
centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of
structuring society around relationships
derived from the holding of land in exchange
for service or labor.

• {Comment: Notice that feudalism effectively
ended at about the time of the
• "Thirty Years Wars" and the overthrow of
Black rule: suggesting that Serfs were mainly
Albinos}.

• Fief
• A fief was the central element of feudalism and
consisted of heritable property or rights granted by an
overlord to a vassal who held it in fealty (or "in fee") in
return for a form of feudal allegiance and service,
usually given by the personal ceremonies of homage
and fealty. The fees were often lands or revenue-
producing real property held in feudal land tenure:
these are typically known as fiefs or fiefdoms.
However, not only land but anything of value could be
held in fee, including governmental office, rights of
exploitation such as hunting or fishing, monopolies in
trade, and tax farms.

• Peasant
• A peasant is a member of a traditional class of farmers,
either laborers or owners of small farms, especially in the
Middle Ages under feudalism, or more generally, in any pre-
industrial society. In Europe, peasants were divided into
three classes according to their personal status: slave, serf,
and free tenant. Peasants either hold title to land in fee
simple, or hold land by any of several forms of land tenure,
among them socage, quit-rent, leasehold, and copyhold.
Serfdom is the status of many peasants under feudalism,
specifically relating to manorialism. It was a condition of
bondage, which developed primarily during the High
Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until
the mid-19th century.

• Serfs
• Serfs who occupied a plot of land were required to work for
the lord of the manor who owned that land, and in return
were entitled to protection, justice and the right to exploit
certain fields within the manor to maintain their own
subsistence. Serfs were often required not only to work on
the lord's fields, but also his mines, forests and roads. The
manor formed the basic unit of feudal society, and the lord
of the manor and his serfs were bound legally,
economically, and socially. Serfs formed the lowest social
class of feudal society - in reality there was little difference
between a Serf and a Slave.
•

• Ferdinand II and Isabel
• The Black Spanish monarch at the time of Europe's
discovery of the Americas was Ferdinand II (1452–
1516), he was King of Sicily from 1468 and King of
Aragon from 1479 until his death. As a consequence of
his marriage to Isabella I, he was also King of Castile
jure uxoris as Ferdinand V from 1474 until her death in
1504. He was recognized as regent of Castile for his
daughter and heir, Joanna, from 1508 until his own
death. In 1504, after a war with France, he became
King of Naples as Ferdinand III, reuniting Naples with
Sicily permanently and for the first time since 1458. In
1512, he became King of Navarre by conquest.

• Emperor Maximilian I
• Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (1459 – 1519), the son of Frederick III,
Holy Roman Emperor, and Eleanor of Portugal, he was also King of the
Romans (also known as King of the Germans) from 1486 and Holy Roman
Emperor from 1508 until his death, though he was never in fact crowned
by the Pope, (the journey to Rome always being too risky). He had ruled
jointly with his father for the last ten years of his father's reign, from c.
1483. He expanded the influence of the House of Habsburg through war
and his marriage in 1477 to Mary of Burgundy, the heiress to the Duchy of
Burgundy, but he also lost the Austrian territories in today's Switzerland to
the Swiss Confederacy.
Through marriage of his son Philip the Handsome to eventual queen
Joanna of Castile in 1498, Maximilian helped to establish the Habsburg
dynasty in Spain which allowed his grandson Charles to hold the thrones
of both Castile and Aragon. Since his father Philip died in 1506, Charles
succeeded Maximilian as Holy Roman Emperor in 1519, and thus ruled
both the Holy Roman Empire and the Spanish Empire simultaneously.

• King Ferdinand is best known for he and
Isabella sponsoring the first voyage of
Christopher Columbus in 1492. That year he
also fought the final war with Granada which
expunged the last Islamic state on Iberian soil
(expulsion of the Moors), thus bringing to a
close the centuries-long Reconquista. At his
death he was succeeded by Joanna, who co-
ruled with her son, Charles V, over all the
Iberian kingdoms except Portugal.

• Emperor Charles V
• Charles V (1500–1558), also known as Charles I of Spain
was Duke of Burgundy and ruler of the Netherlands from
1506, ruler of the Spanish Empire from 1516 and Holy
Roman Emperor from 1519, until he voluntarily stepped
down from these and other positions by a series of
abdications between 1554 and 1556. Through inheritance,
he brought together under his rule extensive territories in
central, western, and southern Europe, and the Spanish
colonies in the Americas and Asia. As a result, his domains
spanned nearly four million square kilometers, and were
the first to be described as "the Empire on which the sun
never sets".

• Charles was the heir of three of Europe's leading dynasties: the Houses of
Habsburg, Valois-Burgundy and Trastámara. From his own dynasty, the
Habsburgs, he inherited Austria and other lands in central Europe. He was
also elected to succeed his Habsburg grandfather, Maximilian I as Holy
Roman Emperor, a title held by the Habsburgs since 1440. He inherited the
Burgundian Netherlands and the Franche-Comté as heir of the House of
Valois-Burgundy. From the Spanish House of Trastámara, he inherited the
crowns of Castile, which was in the process of developing a nascent
empire in the Americas and Asia, and Aragon. The latter included a
Mediterranean empire that extended to Southern Italy. Charles was the
first king to rule Castile and Aragon simultaneously in his own right, and,
as a result, is sometimes referred to as the first King of Spain. The personal
union, under Charles, of the Holy Roman Empire with the Spanish empire
resulted in the closest Europe would come to a universal monarchy in the
post-classical era.

• Fearing that his vast inheritance would lead to
the realization of a universal monarchy and that
he was trying to create a European hegemony,
Charles was the object of hostility from many
enemies. His reign was dominated by war, and
particularly by three major simultaneous
conflicts: the Habsburg-Valois Wars with France,
the struggle to halt the Ottoman advance, and
the Protestant Reformation resulting in conflict
with the German princes.

• Christopher Columbus the Slaver:
• As we know, Christopher Columbus stumbled
across the Americas in 1492: what many don't
know is that Columbus, or Cristóbal Colón (to
give him his proper spanish name), was a slave
trader by trade. He had cut his nautical teeth
sailing under a Portuguese flag engaged in the
african slave trade a dozen years before
heading to the Americas in 1492.

•
BACKGROUND ON SPANISH DEMOGRAPHICS:
A perfunctory glance at a map will show that Spain was
and is the western-most easy entry point to Europe
from Africa. And Africans have crossed over to Europe
through the narrow Gibraltar Strait since the first
migrations out of Africa. Thus regardless of Albino
media characterization of Spain, it is a racially and
ethnically diverse country. In the CIA Factbook they
don't even try to break down the demographics of
Spain into the normal racial groups: Quote - Spain =
composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

• From Wiki: Spanish Ethnic groups
Definition of ethnicity or nationality in Spain is fraught
politically. The term "Spanish people" (pueblo español)
is defined in the 1978 constitution as the political
sovereign, i.e. the citizens of the Kingdom of Spain. The
same constitution in its preamble speaks of "peoples
and nationalities of Spain" (pueblos y nacionalidades
de España) and their respective cultures, traditions,
languages and institutions. The formerly nomadic
Gitanos and Mercheros are distinctly marked by
endogamy and discrimination but they are dispersed
through the country.

• The native Canarians are the descendants of the
population of the Canary Islands prior to Spanish
colonization in the 15th century. Also included
are many Spaniard citizens who are descendents
of people from Spain's former colonies, mostly
from Equatorial Guinea, Argentina, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, Morocco and
the Philippines. There is also a sizable number of
Spaniards of Eastern European, Maghrebian, Sub
Saharan-African, Asian and Middle Eastern
descent.

• Native-born Spanish citizens of all ethnic groups make up 86% of
the total population, and 14% are immigrants. Among the
immigrants, around 57% of them come from Spain's former
colonies in Latin America (including those from Cuba, Argentina,
Ecuador, Puerto Rico, Chile and Uruguay), Africa and Asia
Philippines. The rest are mostly Eastern European (especially
Romanians, Bulgarians, Russians, Serbians, Croatians, Bosnians,
Ukrainians and Albanians), North and West Africans (notably
Moroccans, Algerians, Senegalese, Guineans, Nigerians and
Cameroonians), Middle Eastern peoples including the Lebanese and
Syrian communities, Indians, Pakistanis and Chinese, as well as a
sizable number of citizens from the European Union, as of 2007
mostly Romanians, Bulgarians, British, Portuguese, Polish (central
Europe), and Germans.

• All of the above is to frame the fact that the Spain of the 1500s was
a very reluctant Slaver. Not only was the Monarchy and Nobility in
part Black and Mulattoes, but they had just defeated the honored
Moors of North Africa, who had ruled and uplifted Spain for
hundreds of years. Thus the beginnings of slavery in the Americas
under the Spanish are murky, all we can say with certainty is that
they were very uncomfortable with it: not that they were against
human exploitation, no, they appear to be only against Black
Slavery. Proof of that, is that the Spanish imported to their "HUGE"
holdings in the Americas: which were at its greatest extent on the
mainland of the Americas was: North America south of Canada and
west of the Mississippi River, plus the Florida's, all of present-day
Mexico and Central America, except Panama.

• Viceroyalty of Peru
After the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532, which
opened up the vast territories of South America to further
conquests, the Spanish Crown established an independent
Viceroyalty of Peru (a Spanish colonial administrative district), at
Lima in 1540. The Viceroyalty of Peru originally contained most of
Spanish-ruled South America, governed from the capital of Lima.
The Viceroyalty of Peru was one of the two Spanish Viceroyalties in
the Americas from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries.
However, the Spanish did not resist the Portuguese expansion of
Brazil. The Treaty of Tordesillas was rendered meaningless between
1580 and 1640 while Spain controlled Portugal.

• . The creation of Viceroyalties of New Granada and Rio de
la Plata (at the expense of Peru's territory) reduced the
importance of Lima and shifted the lucrative Andean trade
to Buenos Aires ( Argentina), while the fall of mining and
textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the
Viceroyalty of Peru. Eventually, the viceroyalty would
dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when
challenged by national independence movements at the
beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led
to the formation of the modern-day countries of Peru,
Chile, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay,
Uruguay, Argentina, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago in the
territories that at one point or another had constituted the
Viceroyalty of Peru.

• Viceroyalty of New Granada
The Viceroyalty of New Granada was the name given
on 27 May 1717 to the jurisdiction of the Spanish
Empire in northern South America, corresponding to
modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela.
The territory corresponding to Panama was
incorporated later in 1739, and the provinces of
Venezuela were separated from the Viceroyalty and
assigned to the Captaincy General of Venezuela in
1777. In addition to these core areas, the territory of
the Viceroyalty of New Granada included Guyana,
southwestern Suriname, parts of northwestern Brazil,
northern Peru, Costa Rica and Nicaragua.

• Thus contrary to Albino characterizations to explain
away the millions of Blacks on the Americas mainland,
exclusive of Brazil, the Spanish imported relatively FEW
African Slaves! Out of the hugeness of the Spanish
Empire on the American MAINLAND: a meager
~500,000 African Slaves were imported by the Spanish.
Which was a little more than the number of African
Slaves imported to English Canada and the thirteen
English colonies comprising the United States:
~350,000 African Slaves. {The great majority of African
Slaves went to the Caribbean: ~4.3 million and Brazil:
~3.1 million}. Numbers current as of March 2016.

• Columbus had laid the mental seeds for slavery during his first
voyage in 1492, when he found how docile the natives were, the
Slaver began to see them as potential Slaves and servants from
early on. By the time he had reached Cuba, Columbus had begun to
envision large settlements where the Spanish would supervise
Indian laborers. He wrote that the Indians were ''fit to be ordered
about and made to work, to sow and do everything else that may
be needed . . . all that they are ordered to do they will do without
opposition.'' He headed back to Spain with between six and nine
natives. It is not known how many of the natives died on the long
voyage. In Spain, Columbus was proclaimed a hero, and the
planning began for a second expedition. Columbus knew that if he
could not find the huge wealth of gold and silver that he had
anticipated and promised, he need another scheme. That plan was
to enslave the natives. He promised the king ''slaves, as many as
they shall order.''

• On the second voyage, begun in 1493, Columbus ordered natives to
be rounded up and returned to Spain to be sold. In February 1494,
several dozen Indian slaves arrived in Spain. Columbus expected
them to be sold and the money used to buy cattle and supplies to
be shipped to the New World. But King Ferdinand and Queen
Isabella did not like the plan. They ordered the trade stopped until
the matter could be discussed in detail. Still, Columbus continued to
ship slaves to Spain. About 1,600 were rounded up in 1495 on the
island of Hispaniola. About 550 were put in chains for the voyage to
Spain. The others were offered to crew members as personal slaves.
On the voyage back, nearly 200 Indians died and about half of those
who survived were very sick. Columbus also instituted a system of
tribute. The Indians were required to furnish a small quantity of
gold every three months. Those who failed to find enough gold - a
difficult job on some islands - had their hands cut off.

• The Spanish king and queen were doubtlessly
revolted by the brutal Albino, and remained
undecided about slavery. After ordering the slave
trade put on hold, they authorized the sale of
slaves, then again changed their minds and said
they wanted ''to consult with lawyers,
theologians, and specialists in canon law to see
whether they can be sold in good conscience.''
Finally, the royal couple ordered the Indian slaves
in Spain freed and banned future sales.

• A word about King Ferdinand and Queen
Isabella: As with all Blacks of the past in
Europe, the Albinos have created fake images
of them to support their lying history. But as
is usually the case, when we can find artifacts
outside the normal Albino sphere, we find
evidences that prove their lies, such is the
case with this portrait of their son Charles V.

• The papal bull Sublimus Dei of 1537, to which Spain
was committed, also officially banned slavery, but it
was rescinded a year after its promulgation (clearly
Pope Paul III was a Black man, perhaps one of the last
Black Popes?), and just as clearly, the fact that he had
to rescind means that the Albinos were in the process
of taking power. Still, the Spanish were not good
people, and used other forms of coerced labor in their
colonies instead: such as the Indian Reductions
method, the encomienda system, repartimiento, and
the mita.

The Sublimis Deus
• Sublimus Dei - Pope Paul III (Topic: the
enslavement and evangelization of Indians)
Sublimis Deus [English: The sublime God
(erroneously cited as Sublimus Dei) is a papal bull
promulgated by Pope Paul III on June 2, 1537,
which forbids the enslavement of the indigenous
peoples of the Americas (called Indians of the
West and the South) and all other people. It
follows the decree issued by Charles I of Spain in
1530 in which the King prohibited the
enslavement of Indians.

• The executing brief for the bull ("Pastorale
Officium") was annulled by Paul in 1537 at the
request of the Spanish who had rescinded the
decree previously issued by Charles. The bull
is cited at times as evidence of a strong
condemnation by the church of slavery in
general, but scholars point out that Paul
sanctioned slavery elsewhere after the issuing
of Sublimis Deus.

The Sublimis Deus reads:
• To all faithful Christians to whom this writing may come, health in Christ
our Lord and the apostolic benediction.
The sublime God so loved the human race that He created man in such
wise that he might participate, not only in the good that other creatures
enjoy, but endowed him with capacity to attain to the inaccessible and
invisible Supreme Good and behold it face to face; and since man,
according to the testimony of the sacred scriptures, has been created to
enjoy eternal life and happiness, which none may obtain save through
faith in our Lord Jesus Christ, it is necessary that he should possess the
nature and faculties enabling him to receive that faith; and that whoever
is thus endowed should be capable of receiving that same faith. Nor is it
credible that any one should possess so little understanding as to desire
the faith and yet be destitute of the most necessary faculty to enable him
to receive it. Hence Christ, who is the Truth itself, that has never failed and
can never fail, said to the preachers of the faith whom He chose for that
office 'Go ye and teach all nations.' He said all, without exception, for all
are capable of receiving the doctrines of the faith.

• The enemy of the human race, who opposes all good
deeds in order to bring men to destruction, beholding
and envying this, invented a means never before heard
of, by which he might hinder the preaching of God's
word of Salvation to the people: he inspired his
satellites who, to please him, have not hesitated to
publish abroad that the Indians of the West and the
South, and other people of whom We have recent
knowledge should be treated as dumb brutes created
for our service, pretending that they are incapable of
receiving the Catholic Faith.

• We, who, though unworthy, exercise on earth the power of our Lord and
seek with all our might to bring those sheep of His flock who are outside
into the fold committed to our charge, consider, however, that the Indians
are truly men and that they are not only capable of understanding the
Catholic Faith but, according to our information, they desire exceedingly to
receive it. Desiring to provide ample remedy for these evils, We define and
declare by these Our letters, or by any translation thereof signed by any
notary public and sealed with the seal of any ecclesiastical dignitary, to
which the same credit shall be given as to the originals, that,
notwithstanding whatever may have been or may be said to the contrary,
the said Indians and all other people who may later be discovered by
Christians, are by no means to be deprived of their liberty or the
possession of their property, even though they be outside the faith of
Jesus Christ; and that they may and should, freely and legitimately, enjoy
their liberty and the possession of their property; nor should they be in
any way enslaved; should the contrary happen, it shall be null and have no
effect.

• By virtue of Our apostolic authority We define
and declare by these present letters, or by any
translation thereof signed by any notary public
and sealed with the seal of any ecclesiastical
dignitary, which shall thus command the same
obedience as the originals, that the said Indians
and other peoples should be converted to the
faith of Jesus Christ by preaching the word of God
and by the example of good and holy living.
[Dated: May 29, 1537]

Indian reductions
• Indian reductions (Spanish: reducciones) were mission towns built
by Spanish Jesuit missionaries in Central and South America and
populated by the forcible relocation of indigenous populations. The
goal was to consolidate previously scattered populations to exert
more control over them including increasing baptisms and to
improve the flow of silver to the government in Spain. The local
populations, who had adapted to a way of life suitable to the many,
minor microclimates throughout the Andes, were uprooted and
forced to assimilate. The new towns were sometimes located in
areas know to be prone to natural disasters including flooding. The
large population centers disrupted family and kinship relationships.
The indigenous people were exposed to many new diseases like
Smallpox, for which they had no immunity, and many died as a
result.

Encomienda
• Encomienda, in colonial Spanish America, legal
system by which the Spanish crown attempted to
define the status of the Indian population in its
American colonies. It was based upon the
practice of exacting tribute from Muslims and
Jews during the Reconquista (“Reconquest”) of
Muslim Spain. Although the original intent of the
encomienda was to reduce the abuses of forced
labor (repartimiento) employed shortly after the
discovery of the New World, in practice it became
a form of enslavement.

• As legally defined in 1503, an encomienda (from encomendar, “to
entrust”) consisted of a grant by the crown to a conquistador,
soldier, official, or others of a specified number of Indians living in a
particular area. The receiver of the grant, the encomendero, could
exact tribute from the Indians in gold, in kind, or in labor and was
required to protect them and instruct them in the Christian faith.
The encomienda did not include a grant of land, but in practice the
encomenderos gained control of the Indians’ lands and failed to
fulfil their obligations to the Indian population. The crown’s
attempts to end the severe abuses of the system with the Laws of
Burgos (1512–13) and the New Law of the Indies (1542) failed in
the face of colonial opposition and, in fact, a revised form of the
repartimiento system was revived after 1550.

• The encomienda was designed to meet the
needs of the colonies’ early mining economy.
With the catastrophic decline in the Indian
population and the replacement of mining
activities by agriculture, the system lost its
effectiveness and was gradually replaced by
the hacienda system of landed estates. The
encomienda was not officially abolished,
however, until the late 18th century.

Repartimiento
• Repartimiento, ( Spanish: “partition,”
“distribution”) also called mita, or cuatequil, in
colonial Spanish America, a system by which the
crown allowed certain colonists to recruit
indigenous peoples for forced labor. The
repartimiento system, frequently called the mita
in Peru and the cuatequil (a Spanish-language
corruption of Nahuatl coatequitl or cohuatequitl)
in New Spain (Mexico), was in operation as early
as 1499 and was given definite form about 1575.

• About 5 percent of the indigenous peoples in
a given district might be subject to labor in
mines and about 10 percent more for seasonal
agricultural work. A colonist who wanted a
repartimiento had to apply to the viceroy or
the audiencia (provincial appeals court),
stating that the supplemental labor required
on his plantation or ranch or in his mine would
provide the country with essential food and
goods.

• Legally, the work period was not to exceed two weeks (five
in the mines), three or four times annually, and wages were
to be paid. Those requirements were practically ignored,
however, and, because the forced laborers were often
brutally treated, the Spanish government modified the
system in 1601 and 1609. Under the new arrangement, 25
percent of the indigenous peoples in a given district were
required to work for the Spaniards, but they were free to
choose their own employer and term of service. The new
system remained legally in force down to the end of the
colonial period (c. 1820). In practice, however, impressment
of indigenous peoples under the earlier system continued
in spite of additional royal prohibitive legislation in the 17th
and 18th centuries.

Slavery Timeline
• 1500–1699
1537: Pope Paul III forbids slavery of the indigenous peoples of the Americas as
well as of any other new population that would be discovered, indicating their
right to freedom and property. However, only Catholic countries apply it, and state
that they cannot possibly enforce what happens in the distant colonies (Sublimus
Dei).
1542: Spain enacted the New Laws, abolishing slavery of Native Americans in
1542. But replaced it with other systems of forced labor such as repartimiento.
1569: An English court case involving Cartwright, who had brought a slave from
Russia, ruled that English law could not recognize slavery.
1588: The Third Statute of Lithuania abolishes slavery.
1595: A law is passed in Portugal banning the selling and buying of Chinese slaves.
1590: Toyotomi Hideyoshi bans slavery in Japan. However, it continued as a
punishment for criminals.
19 February 1624: The King of Portugal forbids the enslavement of Chinese of
either sex.
1683: the Spanish Crown legally abolish the slavery of indigenous Mapuche
prisoners of war in Chile.

SLAVERY IN THE CARIBBEAN WAS
BRUTAL AND ATROCIOUS!

Thomas Thistlewood
• Thomas Thistlewood (16 March 1721 – 30 November 1786) was a British
landowner and estate overseer who migrated to western Jamaica. He is
remembered for his diary, which became an important historical
document on slavery and history of Jamaica. Thomas Thistlewood was
born in Tupholme, Lincolnshire, UK. In 1750 he left Britain and migrated
to Jamaica, where he lived until his death in 1786. He became a small
landowner and the overseer of the Egypt sugar plantation, which was
located near the Savanna la Mar. His diary, "The Diary of Thomas
Thistlewood" is a detailed record of his life and daily activities, providing
a rare and detailed insight into plantation life, from agricultural
techniques to slave-owner relations. With almost no restraints placed on
their personal freedom, whites ruled their slaves with a degree of
violence that left outside observers aghast. Thistlewood routinely
punished his slaves with fierce floggings and other harsh punishments,
some of them sickeningly ingenious. One of his favorites was "Derby's
dose," in which a slave was forced to defecate into the offending slave's
mouth, which was then wired shut for four or five hours.

Barbados art helps us differentiate
between "Real" History, and the
falsehoods of Albino history.

Richard Newton (1777–1798) was an
English caricaturist.
• This short-lived but brilliant 18th-century
caricaturist published his first caricature at
thirteen. His work included definitive
caricatures expressing the English prejudice
of the Scots. He worked for radical publisher
William Holland, producing powerful anti-
slavery works among his output. This
caricature of his is important in "Who" it
depicts as the brutal Slave Master.

• Agostino Brunias (1730 – 1796) was a London-
based Italian painter from Rome. Strongly
associated with West Indian art, he left England
at the height of his career to chronicle Dominica
and the neighboring islands of the West Indies.
Note the difference between what Albino
historians depict in the colonial caribbean, and
what Augostino Brunias depicts. To explain away
these differences, the Albinos declare that his
art was escapist and romantic.

• Some have described these Black Carib Indians as the
offspring of Runaway African Slaves and Non-Black native
Indians - even some Black institutions have stupidly
accepted that nonsense, which is no surprise. As always
when dealing with what the lying Albinos say, one must
always think "Critically". i.e. The British outlawed the
Slave trade in 1807, but did not outlaw Slavery until 1833.
The painter of these paintings "Augustin Brunias" died in
1796: at the time he painted those people, if what the
Albinos say was true: they and their still living parents,
would have been subject to re-capture and a return to
Slavery. They would certainly not have been allowed such
easy movement and social intercourse, for fear their
example would have fomented rebellion among Slaves.

More Paintings by Agostino Brunias

• Clearly the evidence indicates that life and
society in the colonial Caribbean was
different from what the Albinos say. So what
does all of this mean? It means that Blacks
need to do a lot more research into their own
history!

Jamaica
• Which brings us to the English speaking
Island of Jamaica, which was the destination
for the largest single bulk of African Slaves in
the Americas, under the British (~1 million).
But whose Spanish beginnings betray the
true racial complexity of the Americas.

The Discovery of Jamaica
• On May 5, 1494 Christopher Columbus, the
European explorer, who sailed west to get to the
East Indies and came upon the region now called
the West Indies, landed in Jamaica. This occurred
on his second voyage to the West Indies.
Columbus had heard about Jamaica, then called
Xaymaca, from the Cubans who described it as
“the land of blessed gold”. Columbus was soon to
find out that there was no gold in Jamaica.

• On arrival at St Ann’s Bay, Columbus found the Arawak Indians
inhabiting the island. Initially, Columbus thought these Indians were
hostile, as they attacked his men when they tried to land on the
island. As he was determined to annex the island in the name of the
king and queen of Spain, he was not deterred. Columbus also
needed wood and water and a chance to repair his vessels. He
sailed down the coast and docked at Discovery Bay. The Arawaks
there were also hostile to the Spaniards. Their attitudes changed
however, when they were attacked by a dog from one of the
Spanish ships and Columbus’ cross-bow men. Some of the Arawaks
were killed and wounded in this attack. Columbus was then able to
land and claim the island.

• The Spaniards, when they came, tortured and killed the Arawaks to get their land.
They were so overworked and ill-treated that within a short time they had all died.
The process was aided by the introduction of European diseases to which the
Arawaks had little or no resistance. The island remained poor under Spanish rule
as few Spaniards settled here. Jamaica served mainly as a supply base: food, men,
arms and horse were shipped here to help in conquering the American mainland.
Fifteen years later in 1509, after their first visit to the island, the first Spanish
colonists came here under the Spanish governor Juan de Esquivel. They first
settled in the St. Ann’s Bay area. The first town was called New Seville or Sevilla la
Nueva. Towns were little more than settlements. The only town that was
developed was Spanish Town, the old capital of Jamaica, then called St. Jago de la
Vega. It was the centre of government and trade and had many churches and
convents. The little attention the colony received from Spain soon led to a major
reason for internal strife. This contributed to the weakening of the colony in the
last years of Spanish occupation. The governors were not getting proper support
from home and quarrels with church authorities undermined their control.
Frequent attacks by pirates also contributed to the colony’s woes.

The English Attack
• On May 10, 1655, Admiral William Penn and General Robert
Venables led a successful attack on Jamaica. The Spaniards
surrendered to the English, freed their slaves and then fled to Cuba.
It was this set of freed slaves and their descendants who became
known as the Maroons.
• The early period of English settlement in Jamaica, drew much
attention to the buccaneers based at Port Royal. Buccaneering had
begun on the islands of Tortuga and Hispaniola. They were a wild,
rough and ruthless set of sea rovers. They took their loot of gold,
silver and jewels to Port Royal. Port Royal prior to this time was an
insignificant town in Jamaica. Under the buccaneers’ leadership the
town, within a decade and a half, grew to become known as one of
the “wealthiest and wickedest city in the world”.

• The Jamaican Maroons are descendants of Africans
who fought and escaped from slavery and established
free communities in the mountainous interior of
Jamaica during the era of slavery. African slaves
imported during the Spanish period may have provided
the first runaways. Slavery continued after the English
took over Jamaica. Africans in Jamaica continually
fought and revolted. The revolts had the effect of
disrupting the sugar economy in Jamaica and making it
less profitable. The revolts simmered down only after
the English government promised to free the slaves if
they stopped revolting.

• It is with this English Wiki of the Maroons
that we get to the main point of this paper: it
is typical Albino lie that Black = African Slave.
As we have seen from Jamaican history, the
Maroons did not escape, supposedly the
Spanish freed them. But did they really, and
who were the so-called Maroons really?

• Well, according to Africana.com, the former
Black history site of Harvard Professors Henry
Louis Gates Jr. and Kwame Anthony Appiah,
(since sold to conglomerate Time Warner -
more on that below):

• Quote: The Spanish began importing black slaves shortly
after King Ferdinand authorized the governor of
Hispaniola (island encompassing present-day Haiti and
Dominican Republic) to import Christian blacks (ladinos)
from Spain in 1501. The first black slaves brought to
Jamaica did not come directly from Africa but were either
Africans, or the descendants of Africans, who had been
enslaved for a time in Spain. In 1518 King Charles I of
Spain (Ferdinand's successor) signed a four-year contract,
or asiento, allowing an annual supply of 4,000 African
slaves to enter Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto
Rico. Slaves then came directly from Africa. By 1611
Jamaica had a population of 558 black slaves, 107 free
blacks, and between 1,200 and 1,400 Spaniards.

• As can be seen in a search of the Emory
University database their numbers are quite
different. This is quite normal, as new
material is constantly being found and used
to update our knowledge. Regardless, the
point is confirmed that the Spanish imported
few Slaves.

• Ladino people are a mix of mestizo or
hispanicized peoples in Latin America,
principally in Central America. The demonym
Ladino is Spanish, deriving from "latino" and
came into use during the colonial era to refer
to the Spanish-speaking population that did
not belong to the colonial elite of Peninsulares
or Criollos, nor to the indigenous peoples

• A peninsular was a Spanish-born Spaniard
residing in the New World or the Spanish East
Indies. The word peninsular makes reference
to Peninsular Spain situated on much of the
Iberian Peninsula.

• The Criollo were a social class in the hierarchy
of the overseas colonies established by Spain
in the 16th century, especially in Hispanic
America, comprising the locally born people of
confirmed European (primarily Spanish)
ancestry. The Criollo class ranked below that
of the Iberian Peninsulares. Criollos were
higher status/rank than all other castes —
people of mixed descent, Amerindians, and
enslaved Africans.

• Clearly then, if that account is accurate - not
necessarily the numbers - the Maroons were
actually "MOORS" from North Africa, or
indigenous Iberian Blacks such as the Silures
described in the book Germany by the
Roman historian Tacitus.

• Quote: paragraph 11 - Who were the original
inhabitants of Britain, whether they were indigenous
or foreign, is, as usual among barbarians, little
known. Their physical characteristics are various, and
from these conclusions may be drawn. The red hair
and large limbs of the inhabitants of Caledonia point
clearly to a German origin. The dark complexion of
the Silures, their usually curly hair, and the fact that
Spain is the opposite shore to them, are an evidence
that Iberians of a former date crossed over and
occupied these parts. [End quote]

End of the Moor conquest:
• In Iberia (Spain), as a result of the Moor conquest, many of the ousted
White nobles took refuge in the unconquered north Asturian highlands.
From there they aimed to reconquer their lands from the Moors: this war
of reconquest is known as the Reconquista. It began in about 900 A.D.
when a small Christian enclave of Visigoths in northwestern Spain, named
Asturias; initiated conflicts between Christians and Muslims. Soon after,
Christian states based in the north and west slowly; in fits and starts,
began a process of expansion and reconquest of Iberia over the next
several hundred years. The end for the Moors came on January 2, 1492:
the leader of the last Moorish City "Granada" (located in southern Spain)
surrendered to armies of a recently united Christian Spain (after the
marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile). This ended the
800 year reign of the Moors in Iberia. This victory was accompanied by the
forced conversion of Spanish Muslims (Moriscos) and Khazar Jews. As a
result of the Inquisition, thousands of Khazar Jews fled or were deported
to the Maghrib, where many gained influence in government and
commerce.

• Without much difficulty, Christian Spain imposed its influence on
the Maghrib coast by constructing fortified outposts (presidios) and
collecting tribute during the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries.
On or near the Algerian coast, Spain took control of Mers el Kebir in
1505, Oran in 1509, and Tlemcen, Mostaganem, and Ténès, all west
of Algiers, in 1510. In the same year, the merchants of Algiers
handed over one of the rocky islets in their harbor, where the
Spaniards built a fort. The presidios in North Africa turned out to be
a costly and largely ineffective military endeavor, that did not
guarantee access for Spain's merchant fleet. Indeed, most trade
seemed to be transacted in the numerous free ports. Moreover,
from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, sailing superior ships
and hammering out shrewd concessions, merchants from England,
Portugal, Holland, France, and Italy, as well as Spain, dominated
Mediterranean trade.

• Before going on with Jamaica history: please
note - The Jamaican governments history and
Henry Louis Gates Jr. history of Jamaica, both
clearly indicate and unquestioning acceptance of
the Albino version of history, which we prove on
a daily basis to be lies. So critical judgment
should be exercised when reading this short
version from the Gates Jamaican history site,
which is being used because it includes more
interesting details.

Jamaica
• Independent country in the Caribbean and a
member of the British Commonwealth of
Nations, located south of Cuba and west of
Haiti in the Caribbean Sea. Jamaica is the third
largest island of the Greater Antilles (island
chain in the West Indies that encompasses the
nations of Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic,
and Puerto Rico).

• Although Jamaica has a diverse population, Afro-Jamaicans
constitute the overwhelming majority. The 1991 census
recorded a total population of 2.3 million. Blacks accounted
for 2.08 million, or 90.5 percent of the total population,
while whites accounted for 5,200, or 0.2 percent. East
Indians made up 1.3 percent and Chinese 0.3 percent.
Other ethnic groups as well as small numbers of Syrians,
Lebanese, and Jews made up 0.5 percent. People of mixed
descent accounted for 7.3 percent of the population.
Recognition of this diversity led the framers of Jamaica's
constitution at independence, in 1962, to choose as the
island's motto 'Out of Many, One People,' suggesting that
despite racial and ethnic differences, all live united as one
Jamaican people.

• However, racism and color discrimination-the legacy of
more than three centuries of slavery-persist to this day
in Jamaica, although in a very subtle and suppressed
way. Since slavery was abolished in 1834, blacks have
achieved much upward social mobility, primarily
through entrepreneurship and education. They seem to
control political power, especially since Percival
Patterson became prime minister in 1992, the first
black man to hold that office. Economic power,
however, continues to elude the black majority, and
many issues concerning race have not been fully
resolved in Jamaica.

EUROPEAN CONQUEST AND
COLONIZATION
• Archaeological finds suggest that the Native American Tainos were
the first to settle the island of Jamaica, which they called Xaymaca
(meaning 'land of springs' or 'land of wood and water'). Estimates
for the Taino population at the time of the Spanish arrival in the late
1400s vary widely, with the lowest estimates ranging from 6,000 to
9,000 and the highest from 60,000 to 100,000. Taino villages were
distributed throughout the island, with the majority situated near
the coastline and adjacent to rivers. The Tainos were a seafaring
people who relied on fishing to provide a large part of their diet.
They also were agriculturalists, cultivating cassava, maize, sweet
potatoes, and arrowroot. They traded with Native American
communities living on neighboring islands in the Greater Antilles.
For administrative purposes, the Tainos divided the island into
provinces that were ruled over by a cacique (chief) assisted by
subchiefs.

Spanish Conquest
• During his second voyage to the Americas, European explorer Christopher
Columbus learned of Jamaica from the indigenous people on the island of
Cuba. He set foot on the northern part of Jamaica, at present-day Saint
Ann's Bay, on May 4, 1494. After defeating the Tainos' initial resistance,
Columbus seized the island for Spain. Spain sent Juan de Esquivel to
establish a settlement in 1509, beginning Spain's effective colonization of
Jamaica. The Spanish established Sevilla la Nueva on the northern part of
the island as their first administrative center but abandoned it in 1523 for
Saint Jago de la Vega (now Spanish Town) in the south. Interest in Jamaica
faded when it became obvious there was no gold, and the island became a
backwater in the Spanish Empire. As late as the time of the English
conquest in 1655, the island remained underdeveloped, poor, and sparsely
populated. The Spanish lived just above subsistence level, developing a
small-scale pig and cattle ranching economy. They also practiced small-
scale agricultural cultivation for domestic consumption and for sale to the
few Europe-bound vessels.

• The Spanish colonists instituted a regime of
forced labor of the Taino. Although indigenous
peoples in the Spanish colonies were legally
exempted from slavery by royal decree in 1542,
the colonists were able to compel the Tainos to
work for them under the systems of encomienda
and repartimiento. Overwork in the mines and
fields, combined with contact with European
diseases, resulted in the annihilation of Jamaica's
indigenous population by the mid-1600s.

• The Spanish began importing black slaves shortly after King
Ferdinand authorized the governor of Hispaniola (island
encompassing present-day Haiti and Dominican Republic)
to import Christian blacks (ladinos) from Spain in 1501. The
first black slaves brought to Jamaica did not come directly
from Africa but were either Africans, or the descendants of
Africans, who had been enslaved for a time in Spain. In
1518 King Charles I of Spain (Ferdinand's successor) signed
a four-year contract, or asiento, allowing an annual supply
of 4,000 African slaves to enter Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica,
and Puerto Rico. Slaves then came directly from Africa. By
1611 Jamaica had a population of 558 black slaves, 107 free
blacks, and between 1,200 and 1,400 Spaniards.

English Conquest
• On May 10, 1655, an English expedition, commanded by Admiral William Penn and
General Robert Venables, landed at the present-day coastal town of Passage Fort,
in the southeastern parish of Saint Catherine. This expedition, which had failed to
capture Hispaniola, proceeded to claim the island of Jamaica for England. At the
time of the English conquest, the Spaniards were unable to effectively resist the
invasion because only about 500 of them were armed with weapons. The English
ordered the Spanish colonists to deliver all of their slaves and goods and leave the
island. Some followed these orders, but a group led by Don Cristabal Arnaldo de
Isasi remained and put up guerrilla resistance to the English. Isasi freed the slaves,
many of whom retreated with the Spanish rebels into the hills. From there, the
Spanish and the freed blacks who had joined them frequently raided and waged
guerrilla warfare on English settlements. Isasi, finally overwhelmed by English
forces, fled to Cuba for reinforcement. Some of the blacks who had fought with
Isasi, recognizing that the Spanish case was lost, defected to the English. A black
regiment fighting for the English, led by the former slave Juan de Bolas, proved a
decisive factor in the final defeat of the Spanish, marked by Isasi's retreat in 1660.

• Jamaica's English-appointed governor Edward D'Oyley
compensated the black regiment by officially recognizing their
freedom and granting them landholdings. Other formerly Spanish-
owned slaves remained autonomous of the colonial administration,
living in their own communities as maroons. Spain officially ceded
the island to England under the Treaty of Madrid in 1670. The
English established a representative system of government, giving
white settlers the power to make their own laws through an elected
House of Assembly, which acted as a legislative body. The
Legislative Council, whose members were appointed by the
governor, served an advisory function and took part in legislative
debates. This system lasted until it was replaced in 1866 by the
crown colony system of government, which stripped the island elite
of most of its political power.

THE SLAVE TRADE AND PLANTATION
ECONOMY
• The English encouraged permanent settlement through
generous land grants. In 1664 Sir Thomas Modyford, a
sugar plantation and slave owner in Barbados (a Caribbean
island of the Lesser Antilles chain), was appointed governor
of Jamaica. He brought 1,000 English settlers and black
slaves with him from Barbados. Modyford immediately
encouraged plantation agriculture, especially the
cultivation of cacao and sugarcane. By the early 1700s
sugar estates worked by black slaves were established
throughout the island, and sugar and its by-products
dominated the economy. Other economic activities,
including livestock rearing and the cultivation of coffee and
pimento (allspice), developed as well.

• With the establishment of the plantation system, the slave
trade grew. Slaves of both genders and every age were
found in all facets of the island's economy, in both rural and
urban areas. They were laborers on plantations, domestic
servants, and skilled artisans (tradesmen, technicians, and
itinerant traders). The wealth created in Jamaica by the
labor of black slaves has been estimated at £18,000,000,
more than half of the estimated total of £30,000,000 for
the entire British West Indies. It has been postulated that
the profit generated by the 'triangular trade' (involving
sugar and tropical produce from the British Caribbean
colonies, the trade in manufactured goods for slaves in
Africa, and the trade of slaves in the British Caribbean)
financed the Industrial Revolution in Britain.

• More than 1 million slaves are estimated to have been transported
directly from Africa to Jamaica during the period of slavery; of these,
200,000 were reexported to other places in the Americas. During the 17th
and 18th centuries, the Akan, Ga, and Adangbe from the northwestern
coastal region known as the Gold Coast (around modern Ghana)
dominated the slave trade to the island. Not until 1776 did slaves
imported from other parts of Africa-Igbos from the Bight of Biafra
(southern modern Nigeria) and Kongos from Central Africa-outnumber
slaves from the Gold Coast. But slaves from these regions represented 46
percent of the total number of slaves. The demand for slaves required
about 10,000 to be imported annually. Thus slaves born in Africa far
outnumbered those who were born in Jamaica; on average they
constituted more than 80 percent of the slave population until Britain
abolished the slave trade in 1807. When Britain abolished the institution
of slavery in 1834, Jamaica had a population of more than 311,000 slaves
and only about 16,700 whites. [End quote]

Which brings us to information
contained in the following book
which further exposes the lies of
Albino history.
• From review of: Whence the ("Black Irish") of
Jamaica?
• by JOSEPH J. WILLIAMS, S.J., Ph.D., Litt. D.,
F.R.S.A., F.R.G.S., F.A.G.S. (New York: Dial
Press, 1932.)

• Five years residence in Jamaica impressed Father Williams with the fact that
the Jamaica Negroes were unlike all other Negro types that he had seen.
Particularly
among those of Gold Coast origin he found claims and remnants of
Judaism. His resultant studies led to his Hebrewisms of West Africa (1930).
But another outstanding fact was the large number of Negroes with pure Irish
names. These negroes could not be explained as descendants of slaves owned by
early Irish colonists, for no such names appear among the land-owners in the
survey
of 1670. So Father Williams turns to English records of the crushing of the Irish,
by Cromwell, with consequent deportations of large numbers of Irish as bondmen
or bondmaids to the West Indies-especially Barbados, where such names as
Cavan, Collins, Connolly, Donovan, Duffey, Dunn, Grogan, Kelly, McCann,
McSwiney, McDermott, Moriarity, O’Brien, O’Neal, O’Halloran, Walsh, abound
in the old cemeteries. Father Williams gives pictures of Jamaica negro children
named Collins, Walsh, McKeon, McDermott, Burke, Mackey, McCormack,
Kennedy. His bibliography on the deportations and barbarities includes 175
sources. Beyond this his 100-page monograph does not go.

JAMAICA - ARRIVAL 1600S
• The Irish arrived in Jamaica over 350 years ago in the mid-
1600s at the time of British Lord Protector Oliver
Cromwell's capture of Jamaica. When British Admirals Penn
and Venables failed in their expedition to take Santo
Domingo from the Spanish, they turned their attention to
Jamaica, not wanting to return to Cromwell empty-handed.
With reinforcements from British-held Barbados (many of
whom were Irish) they made quick work of dispatching the
weak Spanish defence and soon realized that they needed
workers to support their new prize. They looked eastward
to islands already under British control, Barbados, St. Lucia,
St. Kitts and Montserrat, and imported young, mainly male,
bonded servants, many of whom were Irish.

• In 1641 Ireland's population stood close to 1.5 million.
Following a 1648 battle in Ireland known as the "Siege of
Drogheda" in which Irish rebels were brutally subdued,
Oliver's son, Henry, was named Major General in command
of English forces in Ireland. Under his jurisdiction,
thousands of Irish men and women were shipped to the
West Indies to provide a source of indentured labour.
Between 1648 and 1655, over 12,000 political prisoners
alone were sent to Barbados. This was the first set to come
involuntarily as prior to that the Irish had willingly chosen
to subject themselves to terms of indenture for the chance
to start a new life in the New World upon completion of
their contracts.

• By 1652, Ireland's population had dwindled to a little over half a
million famine, rebellion and forced deportation, all
factors.Throughout the early years of the 1650s there was a push to
send young men and women to the colonies in what the English
believed was a "measure beneficial to the people removed, who
might thus be made English and Christians; and a great benefit to
the West India sugar planters, who desired the men and boys for
their bondsmen, and the women and Irish girls in a country where
they had only Maroon women and Negresses to solace them"
(Williams, 1932, pp. 10-11). The 13-year war from 1641-1654 had
left behind large numbers of widows and deserted wives. In
addition, many Irish men, their properties confiscated by Cromwell
had no means of making a living. By 1655 some 6,400 Irish had
been shipped off when in March all orders to capture "all
wanderers, men and women and other such Irish in their
possession" were revoked (Williams, pp. 12-13).

FIRST STOP
• The first stop for many of the Irish, Catholic
and non-Catholic, was Barbados where they
worked from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. with a two-hour
lunch break, under the command of an
overseer. Shirt and drawers were their only
clothes and their homes, cabins made of sticks
and plantain leaves (Williams, 1932, p. 42).

• Following the 1655 British conquest of
Jamaica, Irish labourers were largely sent from
Barbados as well as Ireland to get the island
up and running under British control. Within a
decade, when many Irish had served their
terms or indenture, their names begin to
appear among the lists of Jamaican planters
and settlers (Williams, p. 53).

LAST SHIPMENTS 1800S
• It is estimated that somewhere between 30,000 and 80,000
Irish were shipped from Ireland. One of the last shipments
was made in 1841 from Limerick aboard the Robert Kerr.
The Gleaner noted of these arrivals: "They landed in
Kingston wearing their best clothes and temperance
medals," meaning they did not drink alcohol (as quoted in
Mullally, 2003, part 2, pg. 1). The Gleaner also noted of
another set of arrivals in 1842: "The Irish are repeatedly
intoxicated, drink excessively, are seen emerging from grog
shops very dissolute and abandoned and are of very
intemperate habits" (as quoted in Mullally, 2003, part 3, p.
2). So the Irish gained a reputation for being something of a
mixed blessing - saints and sinners.

• However, other European immigrants did not seem to
fare as well as the Irish in the tropical climate. In the
mid-1830s, for example, when the government was
particularly concerned about replacement labour for
the newly-freed slaves on the sugar and coffee
plantations, the over 1,000 Germans and close to 200
Portugese from Madeira, the Azores and Portugal
notched a high mortality rate. The idea was to
eventually create townships for the European
immigrants in the island's highlands where the
temperature was cooler and they would work as small
farmers, labourers and artisans on coffee estates and
cattle pens.

• {Comment: Clearly Albino/White Europeans
could not withstand working under the "Burning
Caribbean Sun". Thus special accommodations
were needed to try and increase their survival
rate. The fact that "SOME" Irish, (the Black
Irish), needed no such accommodations proves
that they were a Black/Dark skinned people, just
like the Maltese, the free Negroes in the United
States and the Asians who it was hoped could be
used to augment them. As a corollary, this also
proves it a lie that all, or even most,
"Indentures" in the Caribbean were White}.

• However, this would take time and in order to maintain pre-
abolition levels of production, labour was needed in Jamaica's low-
lands where the best land for sugar cultivation was located. Hence
the implementation of bounties for European immigrants and the
institution of ships like the Robert Kerr, known as "man-traps" and
sub-agents who wandered into quiet Irish towns and attracted
people with the promise for free passage, high wages and the hope
of bettering their lives. The immigration of Europeans never filled
the abolition labour gap and so by 1840 the government began to
look to the Maltese, the free Negroes in the United States and the
Asians. In 1842 laws to break up what had been completed of the
townships were passed and the idea of highland colonization was
abandoned.

• In these modern times, the look of the
"NEW" Irish is celebrated by the Albinos:
•
• The Look of the Irish:
It's a Heritage as Plain as the Nose on a Face
By Henry Allen
Washington Post Staff Writer
Friday, March 17, 1995; Page B01

• You don't talk much about English faces, Polish faces, Korean faces or Nigerian
faces. You never say "He had a face like the map of Belgium."
• But Irish faces are artworks, monuments to Irishness, and we are all critics -- who
knows how many people chased Sinn Fein leader Gerry Adams around town this
week just to see what kind of an Irish face he'd brought with him. (The face of a
tough, smart priest, the youngest priest ever to be closest to the cardinal, who, in
turn, is afraid of him and doesn't know why.)
• So many Irish faces: "The common classes are strongly marked with the national
peculiarity of features, and by this they are readily recognized in other countries." -
- "A Pictorial Geography of the World" (1856).
• But what is the peculiarity? What is their Irishness?
• Among these faces:
• Map of Ireland: big chin, thin upper lip, nose of topographical complexity and
hooded eyes whose lids seem to cross the pupils on a slow diagonal -- features
almost too big for the face, heavy and quaint like a 1954 Buick Roadmaster.
• Goddess Colleen: big-boned, redheaded, like Athena with freckles, skin as pale as
Chinese takeout cartons, and a look of splendid uncaring about their architectural
cheekbones.

AND OF COURSE, BLACKS ARE NOW
WRITTEN OUT OF HISTORY - THUS WE
GET THIS LYING NONSENSE>

Black Irish
• Black Irish: The same skin without the freckles, and hair
that is not dark but black, Spanish bullfighter black,
telephone black, vestment black, a blackness said to come
from survivors of the Spanish Armada, but come on, now.
The Black Irish sometimes have quick eyes like the
redhead goddesses, suggesting that they're thinking a
little faster than you're talking.
• Wait-and-See: Dark eyes and dark mouths, dark as
bruises. They all slope down like chevrons. These faces
give away precisely nothing. They make you worry they
know something you don't. Georgia O'Keeffe had a little
of that in her face -- a dark, hard thing.
• Leprechaun: Wide, with no upper lip at all, but a long, full
lower one, and slanting eyes.

• Ha,ha,ha: Once you know the truth, the
Albinos pathetic fearful lies are almost funny
- until you remember how many were
murdered, how man lives were brutalized,
how many lives were wasted because of lack
of hope and opportunity.

The Jacobites
• Jacobitism was a political movement in Great
Britain and Ireland that aimed to restore the
Roman Catholic Stuart King James VII of
Scotland, who was also James II of England and
Ireland, and his heirs to the thrones of England,
Scotland and Ireland. The movement took its
name from Jacobus, the Renaissance Latin form
of Iacomus, the original Latin form of James.
Adherents rebelled against the British
government on several occasions between 1688
and 1746.

• After James II was deposed in 1688 and replaced
by his daughter Mary II, ruling jointly with her
husband and first cousin (James's nephew)
William III, the Stuarts lived in exile, occasionally
attempting to regain the throne. The
strongholds of Jacobitism were parts of the
Scottish Highlands and the lowland north-east
of Scotland, Ireland, and parts of Northern
England (mostly within the counties of
Northumberland and Lancashire). Significant
support also existed in Wales and South-West
England.

• The Jacobites believed that parliamentary
interference with the line of succession to the
English and Scottish thrones was illegal.
Catholics also hoped the Stuarts would end
recusancy. In Scotland, the Jacobite cause
became intertwined with the clan system. The
emblem of the Jacobites is the White Cockade.
White Rose Day is celebrated on 10 June, the
anniversary of the birth of the Old Pretender in
1688. (A cockade is a knot of ribbons, or other
circular- or oval-shaped symbol of distinctive
colors which is usually worn on a hat).

• As we know, Red Hair is a known indicator of
Albinism (whether full or partial). Note this
Wiki on Red Hair: Today, red hair is most
commonly found at the northern and western
fringes of Europe; it is associated particularly
with people in the British Isles (although
Victorian era ethnographers consider the
Udmurt people of the Volga to be "the most
red-headed men in the world"). Redheads are
common among Celtic and Germanic peoples.

• In Scotland, 10% of the population have red
hair and approximately 35% carry the
recessive redhead gene. In Ireland, as many as
10% of the population have red, auburn, or
strawberry blond hair. It is thought that up to
46% of the Irish population carry the recessive
redhead gene. A 1956 study of hair color
amongst British army recruits found high
levels of red hair in Wales and the English
Border counties.

• Does anyone seriously believe that these
people could have worked
• the "Cane Fields" of Barbados and Jamaica,
among others?

More on Maroons
• Maroons were runaway slaves in the West Indies, Central America, South
America, and North America, who formed independent settlements
together. The same designation has also become a derivation for the verb
marooning. Maroon communities emerged in many places in the
Caribbean (St Vincent and Dominica for example), but none were seen as
such a great threat to the British as the Jamaican Maroons. A British
governor signed a treaty promising the Maroons 2500 acres (10 km²) in
two locations, because they presented a threat to the British. Also, some
Maroons kept their freedom by agreeing to capture runaway slaves. They
were paid two dollars for each slave returned. Beginning in the late 17th
and early 18th centuries, Jamaican Maroons fought British colonists to a
draw and eventually signed treaties in the 18th century that effectively
freed them over 50 years before the abolition of the slave trade in 1807.
To this day, the Jamaican Maroons are to a significant extent autonomous
and separate from Jamaican society.

The Slave Trade
• The English settlers concerned themselves
with growing crops that could easily be sold in
England. Tobacco, indigo and cocoa soon gave
way to sugar which became the main crop for
the island.
The sugar industry grew so rapidly that the 57
sugar estates in the island in 1673 grew to
nearly 430 by 1739.

• Enslaved Africans filled the large labour force
required for the industry. The colonists were
impressed with the performance and
endurance of the Africans, as well as the fact
that African labour was cheaper and more
promising. They continued to ship Africans to
the West Indies to be sold to planters who
forced them to work on sugar plantations.

• The slave trade became a popular and profitable
venture for the colonists. In fact the transportation of
slaves became such a regular affair that the journey
from Africa to the West Indies became known as the
‘Middle Passage’. The voyage was so named because
the journey of a British slaver was 3-sided, starting
from England with trade goods, to Africa where these
were exchanged for slaves. Afterwards, the journey
continued to the West Indies where the slaves were
landed and sugar, rum and molasses taken aboard for
the final leg of the journey back to England.

• The slaves, however, were unhappy with their
status, so they rebelled whenever they could.
Many of them were successful in running
away from the plantations and joining the
Maroons in the almost inaccessible
mountains.

• Several slave rebellions stand out in Jamaica’s
history for example, the Easter Rebellion of
1760 led by Tacky; and the Christmas
Rebellion of 1831 which began on the
Kensington Estate in St. James, led by Sam
Sharpe. He has since been named a National
Hero.

• The Maroons also had several wars against the
English. In 1739 and 1740 after two major
Maroon Wars, treaties were signed with the
British. In the treaty of 1740, they were given
land and rights as free men. In return they
were to stop fighting and help to recapture
run-away slaves. This treaty resulted in a rift
among the Maroons as they did not all agree
that they should return run-away slaves to the
plantations.

• The frequent slave rebellions in the Caribbean
was one factor that led to the abolition of the
slave trade and slavery. Other factors included
the work of humanitarians who were concerned
about the slaves’ well-being. Humanitarian
groups such as the Quakers publicly protested
against slavery and the slave trade. They formed
an anti slavery committee which was joined by
supporters such as Granville Sharp, James
Ramsay, Thomas Clarkson and later on, William
Wilberforce.

• On January 1, 1808 the Abolition Bill was
passed. Trading in African slaves was declared
to be “utterly abolished, prohibited and
declared to be unlawful”. Emancipation and
apprenticeship came into effect in 1834 and
full freedom was granted in 1838.

• The immediate post slavery days were very
difficult for the poorer classes. Though most of
the English planters had left the islands and new
owners were running the plantations, the old
oligarchic system still remained. The will of the
masses was not deemed important and hence
ignored. To add fuel to the already burning flame,
the American Civil War resulted in supplies being
cut off from the island. A severe drought was also
in progress and most crops were ruined.

• In October 1865, an uprising in St. Thomas,
called the Morant Bay Rebellion, was led by
Paul Bogle. Bogle and his men stormed the
Morant Bay Courthouse while it was in
session. A number of white people was killed
including the custos of the parish. The
rebellion was put down by the Governor,
Edward John Eyre. More than 430 people
were executed or shot, hundreds more
flogged and 1,000 dwellings destroyed.

• Paul Bogle and George William Gordon, now
National Heroes, were hanged. George
Gordon was a prominent coloured legislator
who was sympathetic to the problems of the
poor people and was blamed for the trouble
caused by the masses.

• Eyre was subsequently recalled to England but
not before exchanging the ancient
Constitution for the Crown Colony system. The
succeeding years saw the island’s recovery
and development – social, constitutional and
economic, and its evolution into a sovereign
state.

• More than 1 million slaves are estimated to have been transported
directly from Africa to Jamaica during the period of slavery; of these,
200,000 were reexported to other places in the Americas. During the 17th
and 18th centuries, the Akan, Ga, and Adangbe from the northwestern
coastal region known as the Gold Coast (around modern Ghana)
dominated the slave trade to the island. Not until 1776 did slaves
imported from other parts of Africa-Igbos from the Bight of Biafra
(southern modern Nigeria) and Kongos from Central Africa-outnumber
slaves from the Gold Coast. But slaves from these regions represented 46
percent of the total number of slaves. The demand for slaves required
about 10,000 to be imported annually. Thus slaves born in Africa far
outnumbered those who were born in Jamaica; on average they
constituted more than 80 percent of the slave population until Britain
abolished the slave trade in 1807. When Britain abolished the institution
of slavery in 1834, Jamaica had a population of more than 311,000 slaves
and only about 16,700 whites.

• By the mid-1700s planters were distributing small
plots of marginal land to their slaves, both men
and women, as a way to offset the cost of
providing food. However, the slaves were
expected to tend their own crops only during
their limited free time. Although slaves were not
allotted much time to work the plots, they were
able to produce enough not only for their own
subsistence but also for sale. A vibrant marketing
network developed among the slaves throughout
the island, creating what is referred to as a proto-
peasantry.

• In the British mind, slaves were no more than
property and merchandise to be bought and sold.
On this premise, the British enacted a whole
system of slave laws aimed primarily at policing
slaves. In general, the premise that slaves were
no more than property allowed slave owners to
treat them brutally. The severity of this brutality
varied. Slaves on large sugar estates generally
suffered the harshest punishments, while those
on smaller estates and in towns received
somewhat better treatment.

FREE COLOURED COMMUNITY
• White men on the island often had relations with
black women (slaves or free), giving rise to a
coloured population. ('Coloured' is a term in the
former British colonies for people of mixed
European and African descent.) Children of free
women were born free, but those of slave
women were born enslaved. Some coloureds
who were born as slaves were freed through
manumission (the formal release of a slave) by
their fathers. Masters at times also manumitted
black slaves for various reasons, such as in reward
for a lifetime of servitude.

• . Free coloureds formed a middle group on the social ladder, between
blacks and whites. They disassociated themselves from the slaves but
were not accepted by the whites. The number of free people of color
(including free blacks and free coloureds) increased significantly between
1722 and 1830, from 800 individuals to 44,000. Free coloureds were
principally urban dwellers, participating in several phases of economic life.
They were artisans, merchants, mechanics, and professionals-lawyers,
schoolteachers, and journalists. A few inherited plantations from their
fathers. Free coloured women excelled as traders, shopkeepers,
innkeepers, and housekeepers. Many free coloureds were well educated,
as education was valued as the vehicle for upward social mobility and
'acceptance' by whites. Many coloureds attended universities in Britain,
and their children outnumbered whites at the Wolmers Free School in
Kingston, which was established for the white population in the 1700s. In
1837 there were 430 children of free coloureds attending this school, out
of a student body of 500.

• Despite their numbers and the education and wealth some
obtained, free coloureds had no civil rights. Therefore they were
caught up in a continuous struggle for equal rights. They protested
primarily through petitions and memorials rather than open violent
conflicts. In 1813 a petition, signed by more than 2,400 free
coloureds, demanding rights to give evidence in court was delivered
to the House of Assembly, which acceded. In 1816 free coloureds
petitioned for full political and civil rights on the grounds that they
were taxpayers but were not represented. They threatened to
cease paying taxes until they were granted these rights. Under
pressure from free coloureds, the local authorities gradually
removed legal restrictions, culminating on December 21, 1830, with
the Act for the Removal of All Disabilities of Persons of Free
Condition.

MAROON COMMUNITIES
• Since their arrival on the island, blacks had
resisted their enslavement. They engaged in
what is referred to as atomized forms of
resistance, such as foot dragging (work
slowdowns, or 'go-slows'), destruction of
property, theft, absenteeism from work, and
the covert murder of whites. But resistance
also took the forms of large-scale rebellions
and establishment of maroon communities.

• Maroonage, or the establishment of communities by runaway slaves,
began with the slaves imported by Spain and continued throughout the
period of slavery in Jamaica. The maroon communities waged relentless
warfare against British colonialism. Beginning in the 18th century, two
distinct groups of maroon communities emerged: the so-called Leeward
Maroons in the south central, or leeward, part of the island and the so-
called Windward Maroons in the north and northeast. The Leeward
Maroons had an elected chief, and the villagers were divided into politico-
military units. Their system was stratified based on ability, especially
military ability, and a careful division of labor. Some were proficient in
attacking plantations to steal provisions and free slaves, especially female
slaves because men outnumbered women in the maroon communities.
Others were hunters, hunting wild hogs; others made salt, necessary for
meat preservation; and others cleared the ground for the women to plant
crops, such as plantains, sweet corn, bananas, cacao, pineapples, cassava,
and sugarcane.

• The Windward Maroons did not have a central leader as did the
Leeward. They developed a somewhat loose federation of
communities or quasi-autonomous villages under different
leadership, having a politico-military structure that made for
democratic inter- and intra-group relationships. Nanny Town
(named after its legendary leader, Nanny; now known as
Mooretown), which was situated deep in the Blue Mountains, was
reputed to have the greatest warriors among the Windward
Maroons, numbering 300 in their ranks. Both the Leeward chief,
Cudjoe, and Nanny were notorious for their continued and
relentless attack on British colonization and slavery. Nanny fought
uncompromisingly against slavery. In addition to being a feared
warrior, she was said to be an obeah woman, possessing
supernatural powers that she allegedly used in repelling and
defeating British attacks.

• For reasons of security, maroon villages were
located in the relatively inaccessible
mountains, giving them a commanding view
of the lowlands. Guards were posted at the
entrance to watch and alert communities at
the approach of the British by blowing the
abeng, the conch shell or cow horn, as was
the practice in parts of West Africa.

• The boldness of the maroons, their prowess in guerrilla
warfare, and their knowledge of the terrain made them a
serious threat to English colonization, the plantation
economy, and slavery itself. They plundered and burned
plantations, captured slaves, took arms and ammunition,
and killed English soldiers who ventured into the interior.
Their continued successes against English forces inspired
slaves, many of whom escaped the plantations to join
maroon communities or to establish new ones. The
maroons were such a formidable force that the English
were unable to subjugate them after 85 years of intense,
bitter struggle. The English conceded defeat in 1739,
ending the First Maroon War.

• In the peace treaties, the maroons won their
independence and freedom. They were granted
semiautonomous government status and land in
return for halting all hostilities against whites,
obligating themselves to assist in case of foreign
invasion, destroying any new maroon
communities, and capturing and returning future
runaways. Thus, on the fringes of the slave-
plantation economy established by Europeans,
semiautonomous communities of free blacks
developed, with their own economy and culture
partially based on African traditions.

• An uneasy peace prevailed until July 1795, when 580
maroons from the maroon community of Trelawny
Town revolted against indignities and injustice meted
out to them by the authorities. It took considerable
force to suppress the revolt, known as the Second
Maroon War. The British forces consisted of 1,500
soldiers supported by several thousand militiamen and
100 fierce bloodhounds imported from Cuba in
December of that year. In June 1796 the government
deported 568 maroons (including men, women, and
children) from Trelawny Town and confiscated their
land.

• They sent the maroons first to Nova Scotia, in what later became
Canada, and subsequently to Sierra Leone. This deportation
effectively deterred further maroon hostilities. Fearing deportation,
they collaborated fully with the authorities, especially in
suppressing slave revolts. The action of the maroons in suppressing
the Morant Bay Rebellion in 1865 testifies to their full cooperation
with the government. The treaties successfully reduced maroonage
and the formation of new maroon communities, but some of the
maroon communities that were already established have survived
to this day. The surviving maroon communities are Nanny Town;
Scott's Hall in the present-day northern parish of Saint Mary; and
Accompong (named for Cudjoe's brother, who had distinguished
himself as a military leader with the Windward Maroons) in the
southwestern parish of Saint Elizabeth. However, the retention of
African cultural and political practices within these communities
varies.

SLAVE REVOLTS
• Ethnicity was prominent in the organization and
execution of slave revolts in Jamaica, especially those
during the 17th and 18th centuries. Akan slaves were
involved in most revolts. In 1673 about 300 Akan slaves
revolted in the north central parish of Saint Ann. In
1690 another Akan rebellion involving 400 slaves broke
out on Suttons Estate in the south central parish of
Clarendon. After setting the plantation on fire the
rebels fled to the hilly interior, from where they
conducted continuous raids on nearby plantations. In
1745 Akan slaves revolted in the southeastern parish of
Saint Thomas.

• In 1760 a slave by the name of Tacky, an Akan who had
been a chief in Africa, led the most widespread slave revolt
in Jamaica's history. Beginning in the northeastern parish of
Saint Mary, it soon spread to a number of parishes,
including Westmoreland, Saint James, and Clarendon, and
to the capital of Kingston. The rebels, inspired by the
victory of the maroons in winning their liberty, fought in
the same manner in an effort to win their freedom. It took
the authorities six months to suppress Tacky's revolt, and
by then the rebels had killed 60 whites. Tacky was shot
dead by a maroon, and the authorities executed nearly 400
slaves. Other revolts broke out in 1761, 1765, and 1766, but
they were quickly crushed by the authorities with the aid of
maroons.

• The most violent slave revolt of the 19th century was the
Baptist War, also known as the Christmas Rebellion, in
1831. Led by Samuel Sharpe, a Baptist deacon and
domestic slave, the revolt began in Saint James and soon
engulfed much of western Jamaica. In its suppression, more
than 430 blacks, including Sharpe, were executed. All who
were thought to have been associated with the revolt,
including white missionaries, were either imprisoned or
killed. This revolt was a decisive factor in the British move
toward emancipation, in addition to intensified antislavery
agitation by the Quakers (Society of Friends) in Britain, led
by Thomas Buxton, Thomas Clarkson, William Wilberforce,
and Stephen Lushington.

APPRENTICESHIP AND
EMANCIPATION
• Full emancipation was a gradual process in the British
colonies. The first step occurred with an 1833
legislative act of the British Parliament that proposed a
program known as apprenticeship. The act became
effective in all the British colonies on August 1, 1834.
All slaves' children under the age of six or born after
this date were freed, while all others were required to
undergo a transitional period as 'apprentices' before
full emancipation. The act sought to soften the effects
of abolition on slave owners by giving them monetary
compensation of £6,161,927 for their loss of property
in slaves. The slaves received no compensation.

Thomas Peters
• In November of 1776, Thomas Peters joined an all black
regiment called the Black Pioneers. Prior to joining the
regiment, he was a fugitive slave who left Wilmington,
North Carolina. While serving with the Black Pioneers,
Peters became well known and progressed to the rank of
sergeant. But when the British and their Loyalist allies
began to make plans to evacuate in 1782, the Black
Americans were the last to be provided for. The Black
Pioneers along with about 5,000 others were transported
from New York to Nova Scotia. The other refugees scattered
across the Atlantic world, profoundly affecting the
development of Nova Scotia, the Bahamas, and the African
nation of Sierra Leone.

• When Peters arrived in Nova Scotia, he became a
resident of Brindley a town near Digby. He received
rations from the government for a time, but decided to
leave Annapolis County for Saint John because he could
not secure farmland near his town lot. He relocated to
Saint John; unfortunately, the settlement situation was
much the same there. Blacks had received only one
acre each, many blacks in both Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick had a lot of trouble being granted farms.
Thomas Peters became their representative and
drafted many petitions for them. When they were
rejected he decided to travel to England to represent
them to the Crown.

• In 1790, Thomas Powers carried a petition of protest to
London from the Nova Scotia black Loyalists. The
British government responded by offering free passage
to Sierra Leone to blacks who wanted to leave Canada.
Peters' story attracted the attention of the Sierra Leone
Company through Granville Sharp a famed abolitionist
and philanthropist. The company was working to
establish a settlement in Sierra Leone, but badly
needed new settlers to rebuild the destroyed
settlement. The company offered Peters and his
followers a new promised land in the 'Province of
Freedom'.

• Peters was excited to have a new, more promising
settlement opportunity. He reported the news to the
blacks he represented and was appointed as an
intermediary between the Sierra Leone Company and
his people. Peters was influential in many people's
decision to go to Sierra Leone and worked closely with
John Clarkson the Superintendent, to prepare for the
voyage. With few options other than working as
servants or tenant farmers, some 1,200 decided to
make the journey in 1792. Entire church congregations
emigrated, providing a strong institutional basis for the
struggling African settlement. In Sierra Leone, Nova
Scotians became known as the "Krio".

• After Peters arrived in Sierra Leone he found that there
were still many problems. The blacks had not received
their land grants as soon as expected. In addition,
Clarkson was not well and could not hear all of the
people's complaints. Peters protested the lies and
exaggerations made to his people such as the promises
of no land taxes, land grants withing weeks, and a
democratic government. Some of his group of
Methodists not only agreed with him, but also wanted
him to be the governor of the colony. They decided to
have him represent their cause to Superintendent
Clarkson.

• Clarkson did not look upon Peters petition favorably and felt it was
an attack on his authority. He confronted Peters publicly and most
of the colony sided with Clarkson. Peters lost much of his influence
with the blacks of Sierra Leone. Shortly afterwards, Peters was
accused of theft from a dead man. When brought before the
courts, Peters explained that he simply collecting a debt for having
helped the man escape from slavery. A jury of his fellow blacks
didn't think much of this explanation, and convicted him. Soon after
Peters grew sick and died; a humbling end to a glorious life. The
Sierra Leone Company still refused to allow the settlers to take
freehold of the land. Some of the Settlers revolted in 1799. The
revolt was only put down by the arrival of over 500 Jamaican
Maroons, who also arrived via Nova Scotia. The “Nova Scotians”
quickly came to dominate life in Sierra Leone, which was largely
self-governing until 1801.

From - FinalCall.com News {Founded
by Louis Farrakhan}.
• According to Jewish scholar Dr. Harold
Brackman, during the 1600s “slave trading in
Brazil became a ‘Jewish' mercantile specialty
in much the same way it had been in early
medieval Europe.” In fact, wrote Jewish
scholar Jonathan Schorsch, “Jewish merchants
routinely possessed enormous numbers of
slaves temporarily before selling them off.” If a
slave auction fell on a Jewish holiday it was
postponed due to lack of buyers and sellers!

• The Jewish Encyclopedia adds that “Jewish
commercial activity” in this time included a
“monopoly of the slave trade.” Jewish traders
bought Africans in lots from the Trans-Atlantic
shippers and retailed them to inland
plantation owners.

• The Jews of Surinam gave their slave plantations
Hebrew names such as Machanayim, Nachamu,
and Goshen. According to Dr. Marcus Arkin, they
used “many thousands” of Black slaves. Rabbi
Herbert I. Bloom added that the “slave trade was
one of the most important Jewish activities ...” In
1694, Jews owned 9,000 Africans, and by 1791
there were 100 “Jewish mulattoes” in Surinam—
the result of the rape of African women by their
Jewish enslavers.

• The prominent Jewish historian Dr. Cecil Roth
wrote that the slave revolts in parts of South
America “were largely directed against [Jews],
as being the greatest slave-holders of the
region.” Jews set up militias with the sole
purpose of fighting the Black Maroons, the
escaped Africans who were fighting to free
their enslaved brethren.

• The first Hebrew poem written in the New
World was an attack on the Black Maroon
leader. The Jewish militias murdered the
Maroons and cut off their hands to award as
trophies.

Suriname (formerly Dutch Guiana)
• The Dutch captured the British colony of Suriname
(formerly Dutch Guiana) during the Second Anglo-
Dutch War(1667), and under the WIC it was developed
as a plantation slave society. It was a primary
destination for the Dutch slave trade, yet unusually it
never experienced a general slave rebellion. The
regime was one of extreme and deliberate brutality,
even by the standards of the time. Mortality was so
high that although 300,000 slaves were imported
between 1668 and 1823, the ravaged population was
never able to grow beyond a figure of 50,000.
'Maroonage' emerged as the main method of
resistence.

• As most of the land was given to the production
of sugar cane, The Dutch relied on African slaves.
As the country is mostly rain forest, escape was
not difficult. Many Africans escaped virtually off
the boat. With the help of the native populations
they were able to create their own villages and
form independent ‘tribes’. Among the various
African tribes in Suriname are the Saramaka,
Paramaka, Ndyuka, Kwinti, Aluka and Matawai.
These ‘Maroons’ as they were called by the
Spanish, raided plantations, freed more slaves,
and killed many planters.

• Unable to militarily defeat them, the Dutch formed
treaties which gave the Maroons sovereign status over
the land they occupied and various trading rights. In
1760 the Treaty of Ouca guaranteed the autonomy of
these Maroons. They were the first peoples of the
Americas to gain independence from colonial control.
Slavery was officially abolished in 1863 but it wasn’t
until 1873 the slaves were released after a ten year
transition period. As soon as they gained their
freedom, the ex-slaves left the plantation for the city of
Paramaribo. The various tribes continue to live in
Suriname as they have for hundreds of years.

• The Scottish-Dutch soldier John Gabriel
Stedman witnessed the oppression of the
slaves during a campaign against the maroons
in 1774. His book a Narrative of a Five Years
Expedition Against the Revolted Negroes of
Surinam, with vivid illustrations by William
Blake and Francesco Bartolozzi was taken to
heart by abolitionists.

Jamaica

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