3. What is call?
• "the search for and study of applications of
the computer in language teaching and
learning“.
• The main aim of CALL is to find ways for using
computers for the purpose of teaching and
learning.
• More specifically, CALL is the use of computer
technologies that promote educational
learning
4. Types of call programme
• Traditional CALL
• Traditional CALL programs presented
a stimulus to which the learner had to provide
a response. In early CALL programs the stimulus
was in the form of text presented on screen, and
the only way in which the learner could respond
was by entering an answer at the keyboard.
• Some programs were very imaginative in the way
text was presented, making use of colour to
highlight grammatical feature. Discrete error
analysis and feedback were a common feature of
traditional CALL
5. Types of call programme
• Explorative CALL
• More recent approaches to CALL have favoured a
learner-centred, explorative approach rather than a
teacher-centred, drill-based approach to CALL.
• Multimedia CALL
• Early personal computers were incapable of
presenting authentic recordings of the human voice
and easily recognizable images,
• which made it possible to combine sound,
photographic-quality still images and video recordings
in imaginative presentations - in essence the earliest
manifestation of multimedia CALL
7. Advantages of CALL
• Authenticity:
• Provide authentic information through
multimedia - texts, images, sounds, videos,
and animations
• Allowing learner to communicate and collaborate
with target language culture and its speakers
while accessing authentic materials.
• Critical thinking skills:
• Call enhance critical thinking of the learner.
8. Motivation
• the extent to which the individual works or
strives to learn the language because of a
desire to learn the language
• A “motivated learner” is
• (a) Eager to learn the language,
• (b) Willing to expend effort on the learning
activity,
• (c) Willing to maintain the learning activity.
9. Cont…
• Motivation in the field of language learning
• is considered to create the difference between
foreign and second language learning.
• Foreign language learning
• occurs when the language being learnt is not
used as medium of communication.
• For example, learning English in Pakistan.
10. Cont…
• Second language learning
• occurs in an environment where the language
being learnt is used in everyday
communication.
• E.g. learning Urdu in Pakistan
• Types
• 1. Instrumental motivation.
• 2. Integrative motivation.
• Identified by Gardner and Lambert
11. Cont…
• Instrumental motivation
• Learners learn a language not because of they
want to learn it but because they need to learn it.
• Needs can be
• Need to sell things to speaker of language
• Need to pass an examination in the language
• Need to read text in the language for work or
study
• important for FL learners.
12. Cont…
• Integrative motivation.
derives from learner’s desire to be the part of
speech community that uses a particular
language.
• important for SL learners.
• CALL and motivation
• CALL has positive effects on student’s
motivation of language learning.
• Motivates student-initiated discussion more
than teacher-initiated discussion.
13. Cont…
• increased the number of opportunities for students to
produce more output.
• improves students' attitude toward writing and
encourage them to write more and spend more time
revising.
• Word processing, for example, makes it easier for
students to manipulate text and revise what they have
written.
• (c) The opportunities for learner control
• (d) The opportunities for rapid, frequent non-
judgmental feedback
14. Adaptation of Call
• Computers can give a new role to teaching
and learning materials
• Without computers, students cannot really
influence the linear progression of the class
content but computers can adapt to the
student
15. cont...
• Adapting to the student usually means that
the student controls the pace of the learning
• It also means that students can make choices
in what and how to learn
• They can skip unnecessary items or do
remedial work on difficult concepts.
• Such control makes students feel more
competent in their learning
16. Cont...
• Students tend to prefer exercises where they
have control over content
• such as branching stories, adventures, puzzles
or logic problems
• With these, the computer has the role of
providing attractive context for the use of
language rather than directly providing the
language the student needs
17. Authenticity of CALL
• The availability of authentic materials is
another benefit that computers and
technology can offer.
• In addition, students can access those
authentic materials through the internet at
any time of the week from anywhere.
18. Authenticity
• One advantage of the CALL program is the
authenticity f the text.
• We thing that both new technology and
authenticity of used materials are valuable as
additional language teaching and learning
resource.
• Authentic video materials give a chance to
work with variety of voices, accents and
intonations (and with different background
noise), show language use in different
situations and styles
19. Cont…
• Authentic texts can be quick and easy to find
• One of the main advantages for the teacher of
using authentic texts is that it is possible to find
interesting and relevant texts for your students
from your own reading of the internet,
newspapers, magazines etc.
• The chances that you will find a good text while
reading through a textbook or graded reader for
pleasure are much fewer.
20. Cont…
• Authentic texts can be up to date and topical
• Or to put it another way, textbook readings can
be based on texts that are out of date in terms of
content, are not helpful.
• They have to learn how to cope
• If students are given a text that is several levels
above what they usually read, students have
little choice but to learn to deal with lots of
unknown vocabulary. This should give them the
motivation to use the reading skills.
21. Cont…
• There is a sense of achievement
• This true however much you had to skip parts of
the book or use your dictionary in order to get
to that point.
• There is more stuff for teachers to choose from
• While this is true in terms of number and
variety of texts, lack of time can actually make
the selection of good texts you can use well
smaller than if you were just choosing from all
the available graded texts in the teachers’ room.
22. Cont…
• making comprehension and guessing vocabulary
much easier
• Some of the advantages that a graded text has in
terms of the students being able to guess
vocabulary from context due to understanding the
language around it can be replicated with an
authentic text by them being able to guess the
meaning of the words they don’t know.
• Students can recycle the vocab
• In language learning experience, about reading
newspapers in a foreign language is that the same
vocabulary comes up day and after day.
