Difference vs. Disorder: Language Development in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations
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This presentation reviews normal language development of bilinguals. It identifies common second language-influenced errors between English and Spanish as well as other languages.
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Difference vs. Disorder: Language Development in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations
- 2. Disclosure Statement: Financial — Ellen Kester is the founder and owner of Bilinguistics. Ellen Kester and Scott Prath receive salaries from Bilinguistics. Bilinguistics receives royalties from product sales. Nonfinancial — None
- 3. • Bilingualism and Language • Typical Language Development in Bilinguals ▫ Form Syntax Morphology ▫ Content • Application to All Languages • Case Studies Outline
- 4. Demographic Example: Texas Public Schools 48% 34% 14%4%
- 5. How do we qualify and work with a bilingual population when: ▫ The tests we use are not normed on this population. ▫ My gut feeling doesn’t match the test results. ▫ I don’t know what goals are appropriate.
- 9. S Se Se SE Es Es E
- 10. Spanish English ED BE BS SD ED = English Dominant BE = Bilingual English BS = Bilingual Spanish SD = Spanish Dominant
- 11. Spanish English ED BE BS SD ED = English Dominant BE = Bilingual English BS = Bilingual Spanish SD = Spanish Dominant Low Spanish Proficiency
- 12. Spanish English ED BE BS SD ED = English Dominant BE = Bilingual English BS = Bilingual Spanish SD = Spanish Dominant High English Proficiency Low English Proficiency
- 13. Spanish English ED BE BS SD ED = English Dominant BE = Bilingual English BS = Bilingual Spanish SD = Spanish Dominant
- 14. Spanish English ED BE BS SD ED = English Dominant BE = Bilingual English BS = Bilingual Spanish SD = Spanish Dominant Low English Proficiency
- 15. All of the documents and charts in this presentation can be downloaded from our Free Resource Library. Click here to visit the Resource Library
- 16. Conceptual L1 Lexical L2 Lexical (Kroll, Michael, Tokowicz, & Dufour, 2002; Kroll, van Hell, Tokowicz, & Green, 2010)
- 17. Conceptual L1 Lexical L2 Lexical (Kroll, Michael, Tokowicz, & Dufour, 2002; Kroll, van Hell, Tokowicz, & Green, 2010)
- 18. Conceptual L1 Lexical L2 Lexical (Kroll, Michael, Tokowicz, & Dufour, 2002; Kroll, van Hell, Tokowicz, & Green, 2010)
- 19. Conceptual L1 Lexical L2 Lexical (Kroll, Michael, Tokowicz, & Dufour, 2002; Kroll, van Hell, Tokowicz, & Green, 2010)
- 20. • Children tend to shift - L1 to L2 ▫ 8-10 year-olds were faster in English but more accurate in Spanish. ▫ 11-13-year-olds showed no clear advantage in either language. ▫ By 14-16 years of age children were more accurate and faster in English. • Consider: ▫ Transitional programs ▫ Dual language programs
- 21. Language Activity Children code switch between languages because they don’t know either language well. FACT or MYTH
- 22. Language Activity Raising children with two languages will confuse them. FACT or MYTH
- 23. Language Activity Parents should not use more than one language with their child. FACT or MYTH
- 24. Language Activity Children with language impairment should not learn more than one language at a time. FACT or MYTH
- 25. Differences Similarities + = Positive transfer + = Negative transfer
- 26. • 0-1 month – crying and vegetative sounds • 2-3 months – eye gaze • 6-9 months – joint attention • 9-12 months – using gestures • 12-15 months – following simple commands • 18 months – symbolic play, pretend play • 24 months – sequencing of activities • 36 months – episodic play
- 27. • Based on the Competition Model as applied to bilingual development (MacWhinney & Bates, 1989) ▫ Forward Transfer (L1 to L2) expected for ELLs • The effects of Spanish on English can result in errors in: ▫ Verb errors (especially unmarked present for past tense) ▫ Content word errors (more than general words) ▫ Prepositions ▫ Pronouns ▫ Word order
- 28. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 PK K 1st 2nd 3rd NumberofErrors Mean Errors Per Grade Spanish SpnMorph SpnSemantic SpnSyntactic SpnTotal 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 PK K 1st 2nd 3rd NumberofErrors Mean Errors Per Grade English EngMorph EngSemantic EngSyntactic EngTotal Cross-linguistic Errors in Children with Typical Development
- 29. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 PK K 1st 2nd 3rd NumberofErrors Mean Errors Per Grade Spanish SpnMorph SpnSemantic SpnSyntactic SpnTotal 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 PK K 1st 2nd 3rd NumberofErrors Mean Errors Per Grade English EngMorph EngSemantic EngSyntactic EngTotal Cross-linguistic Errors in Children with Typical Development
- 30. Morphological Errors Spanish 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Plurals Adj/AdvN egation O ther Verb:Past/Present Verb:Present/Past Verb:R eg/Irreg Verb:U nm arkedPres/Past Verb:PersonVerb:O ther G ender PK K 1 2 3 Morphological Errors English 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Plurals Adj/Adv N egation O ther Verb:Past/Present Verb:Present/Past Verb:R eg/Irreg Verb:U nm arkedPres/Past Verb:PersonVerb:O ther PK K 1st 2nd 3rd Bilingualism and Language: Form
- 31. Morphological Errors Spanish 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Plurals Adj/AdvN egation O ther Verb:Past/Present Verb:Present/Past Verb:R eg/Irreg Verb:U nm arkedPres/Past Verb:PersonVerb:O ther G ender PK K 1 2 3 Morphological Errors English 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Plurals Adj/Adv N egation O ther Verb:Past/Present Verb:Present/Past Verb:R eg/Irreg Verb:U nm arkedPres/Past Verb:PersonVerb:O ther PK K 1st 2nd 3rd Bilingualism and Language: Form
- 32. Morphological Errors Spanish 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Plurals Adj/AdvN egation O ther Verb:Past/Present Verb:Present/Past Verb:R eg/Irreg Verb:U nm arkedPres/Past Verb:PersonVerb:O ther G ender PK K 1 2 3 Morphological Errors English 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Plurals Adj/Adv N egation O ther Verb:Past/Present Verb:Present/Past Verb:R eg/Irreg Verb:U nm arkedPres/Past Verb:PersonVerb:O ther PK K 1st 2nd 3rd Bilingualism and Language: Form
- 33. Morphological Errors Spanish 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Plurals Adj/AdvN egation O ther Verb:Past/Present Verb:Present/Past Verb:R eg/Irreg Verb:U nm arkedPres/Past Verb:PersonVerb:O ther G ender PK K 1 2 3 Morphological Errors English 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Plurals Adj/Adv N egation O ther Verb:Past/Present Verb:Present/Past Verb:R eg/Irreg Verb:U nm arkedPres/Past Verb:PersonVerb:O ther PK K 1st 2nd 3rd Bilingualism and Language: Form
- 34. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Syntax Errors English PK K 1st 2nd 3rd 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Syntax Errors Spanish PK K 1st 2nd 3rd Bilingualism and Language: Form
- 35. Verb Differences - Form English (2 verb person forms) Spanish (5-6 verb person forms) • I eat • You eat • He eats • We eat • Y’all eat • They eat • Yo como • Tú comes • Él/Ella/Ud. come • Nosotros comemos • Vosotros coméis • Ellos comen Most frequent Spanish-influenced English (SIE) verb error: Unmarked present tense for past tense
- 36. Pronouns - Form • Spanish is called a Pro-Drop language because subjects/pronouns are usually dropped once the subject has been established. • In English, pronouns are required. Spanish English Maria fue a la tienda. (Ella) Compró pan. Maria went to the store. She bought bread.
- 37. Multi-Purpose Verbs Spanish phrases with multi‐purpose verbs English Equivalents Spanish‐Influenced English Tomar una decisión To make a decision Did you take a decision?* Poner una cita To make an appointment Do you want to put an appointment?* Tener hambre To be hungry Do you have hunger?* Tener 4 años To be 4‐years old I have 4 years.* •Verbs such as “do,” “make,” “put,” and “take” generally have one primary meaning and other less frequent uses. • Subject to transfer of meaning from L1.
- 38. Word Order - Form English Spanish • Strict Word Order • SVO ▫ John threw the ball. • Flexible • SVO, OSV, VOS ▫ Juan tiró la pelota. ▫ La pelota Juan tiró. ▫ Tiró la pelota Juan.
- 39. Semantic Errors English 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 M eaningXStory Articles Prepositions Pronouns PronounN oReferent G eneralW ord Use W ord Use PK K 1st 2nd 3rd 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Semantic Errors Spanish PK K 1st 2nd 3rd Bilingualism and Language: Content
- 40. Semantic Errors English 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 M eaningXStory Articles Prepositions Pronouns PronounN oReferent G eneralW ord Use W ord Use PK K 1st 2nd 3rd 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Semantic Errors Spanish PK K 1st 2nd 3rd Bilingualism and Language: Content Prepositions
- 41. Semantic Errors English 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 M eaningXStory Articles Prepositions Pronouns PronounN oReferent G eneralW ord Use W ord Use PK K 1st 2nd 3rd 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Semantic Errors Spanish PK K 1st 2nd 3rd Bilingualism and Language: Content Pronoun Dropping
- 42. Semantic Errors English 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 M eaningXStory Articles Prepositions Pronouns PronounN oReferent G eneralW ord Use W ord Use PK K 1st 2nd 3rd 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Semantic Errors Spanish PK K 1st 2nd 3rd Bilingualism and Language: Content Word Use
- 43. English • Satellite-framed ▫ verb + preposition ▫ e.g., To look for, ▫ To get on • Typically 1:1 correspondence of meaning ▫ In ▫ On ▫ Around Spanish • Verb-framed ▫ Directional information in the verb ▫ e.g. Buscar (to look for) ▫ Subir (to get/go up on) • Not 1:1 correspondence of meaning ▫ En = on, in ▫ Por = for, by Preposition Differences - Content Frequent Spanish-influenced English (SIE) error: Preposition error or omission
- 44. Prepositions - Content Spanish Prepositions English Equivalent Spanish‐influenced Eng en “in” and “on” Put the food in the plate.*, Put the soup on the bowl.* Pensar en OR Pensar de To think about or think of I think on him every day.* Enojarse con/de Get mad at Get mad with/of* Decidir de To decide on Decide of what you want?* Casarse con To marry or be married to Is he married with her?* Enamorarse de To be in love with Is he in love of her?* Consistir en To consist of What does your plan consist in?* Buscar To look for I look my toy.* Subir To go up, to get on I go the stairs.* Click here to download this chart as a pdf.
- 45. Pronoun Differences • English ▫ Pronouns are required ▫ Once subject is established a pronoun is used ▫ Related to the simple verb system • Spanish ▫ Pro-drop language ▫ Once subject is established, pronoun is dropped ▫ Related to the complex verb system Frequent Spanish-influenced English (SIE) error: Pronoun without a reference
- 46. Content Errors • Spanish-influenced English may include use of words close in meaning to the target ▫ “moose” for “deer” ▫ “turtle” for “frog” ▫ “rat” for “chipmunk” ▫ “cone house of the bees” for “beehive” • Typically do not use general, non-specific vocabulary (“this,” “thing”) Frequent SIE error: Incorrect but related vocabulary
- 47. • Bilingual children develop early vocabulary at the same rate as monolingual children (Pearson, 1993). • Early language milestones are similar (single words, lexical spurt, 2-word phrases) (Pearson and Fernandez, 2001). • Conceptual scores are similar (Pearson, 1998). • Language exposure drives vocabulary production (Pearson, Fernandez, Lewedeg, and Oller, 1997)
- 48. • For bilingual toddlers 30% of vocabulary are translation equivalents1 • Young school-age bilinguals produce same # of category items in Spanish and English BUT 70% are unique to one language2 • Task performance varies by language3 • 1 Pearson, Fernandez & Oller, 1995 • 2 Peña, Bedore & Zlatic, 2002 • 3 Peña, Bedore, & Rappazzo, 2003
- 49. Cumulative not Comparative Language and Content of Intervention Select based on what is appropriate in each language and what is appropriate for child’s and family’s situation. For example: Spanish •Gender •Verbs •Article+nouns •Food •Clothing •Household items Both •People •Functions •Categorization •Part-Whole English •Pronouns •Prepositions •Nouns •Colors •Numbers •Shapes Peña & Kester, 2004
- 50. Code-switching • A natural dynamic phenomenon that serves specific purposes in specific contexts. • Used for a variety of functions ▫ Emphasis ▫ To gain a listener’s attention ▫ To change speaking roles • Draws on the resources of both codes at once • Rule-based • Indicative of socio-linguistic competency
- 51. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 PK K 1 2 3 AverageOccurrencesper sample Spanish Code-Switching/Borrowing CS Word CS Phrase CS Sentence CS Total CS Borrow
- 52. Measures of Productivity & Complexity Often used as measures of proficiency Look very similar in English and Spanish
- 53. Mean Length of Utterances Spanish 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 PK K 1st 2nd 3rd MLU MLU Words MLU Morphemes Mean Lenth of Utterances English 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 PK K 1st 2nd 3rd MLU MLU Words MLU Morphemes
- 54. Productivity Measures Spanish 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 PK K 1st 2nd 3rd NDW TNW Productivity Measures English 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 PK K 1st 2nd 3rd NDW TNW NDW: Number of Different Words TNW: Number of Total Words
- 55. Spanish-Influenced English Linguistic Element Spanish Syntax English Syntax Examples of SIE Sentences Flexible Word Order Ridged Word Order “Juan me hit.” Modifiers Noun + Adjective Adjective + Noun The river big. Questions No auxiliary Auxiliary “Where you went?” Pronouns Pronoun dropping Maintenance of pronouns “Is hot today.” Negation Double Single “I no want nothing” Plurals Nouns & Adjectives marked Only nouns marked “The bigs trees” Prepositions (syntax) Verb‐framed Satellite‐framed To climb (on*) the bus. Multi‐purpose verbs (semantics) Often no Direct Translation Often no Direct Translation I put an appointment. Verb system Complex (3rd person unmarked, 5‐6 person forms/verb) Simple (3rd person marked, 2 person forms/verb) He look for the frog
- 56. Intervening with other languages of the world Vietnamese Romanian Hindi Urdu Arabic
- 57. Other Common Languages • “difference between ___________ and English Language”
- 58. Portuguese vs. English • Grammar - Verb/Tense: Portuguese leads to such errors as… ▫ Tense choice is a significant problem for… • Grammar - Other: Portuguese word order is… • Vocabulary: Because of shared Latin roots…
- 59. Russian vs. English • Grammar - Verb/Tense: Russian and English convey meaning through… • learners often omit the auxiliary in questions or negatives: How you do that? ▫ Tense choice is a significant problem for Russians learning English… • Grammar - Other: Russian has no articles…
- 60. Language Outcomes • Qualifies• DNQ • DNQ• DNQ Typical in both languages Typical in English, not Spanish Below normal Limits in both languages Typical in Spanish, not English
- 63. Thank you!