Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in obtaining knowledge and awareness of one's environment. This includes thinking, reasoning, decision making, and problem solving. Thinking involves manipulating mental representations of information to find answers and can be concrete, involving actual objects and events, or abstract, involving concepts and generalizations. Reasoning transforms information to reach conclusions through inductive or deductive logic. Decision making selects the best option from available choices based on factors like perception and experience. Problem solving is a planned process of overcoming difficulties by defining the problem, collecting relevant data, organizing information, hypothesizing solutions, and applying and reviewing the best solution.

1. COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS

2. WHAT IS COGNITION?
The word cognitionis used for every
process bywhicha livingcreature
obtains knowledgeor become aware
of its environment

3. COGNITION
IS THE INNER
PROCESS AND
PRODUCT OF
MIND THAT
LEADS TO
KNOWING
WHAT IS COGNITION?

4. TYPES OF COGNITION
• THINKING
• REASONING
• DECISION MAKING
• PROBLEM SOLVING

5. THINKING
Thinking is the
manipulation of
mental representation
of information for the
purpose of finding an
answer.

6. Thinking is an internal mental
process that uses
information as input
And involves the integration into
previous knowledge.
Thinking is the cognitive rearrangement of both
information from environment and symbols
stored in memory for the solution of a specific
problem.

7. Thinking is the
mental manipulation
of ideas
stored in the memory
for planning,
solving problems or
creating new ideas
-Wintz

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF THINKING
MENTALACTIVITY
PURPOSEFUL ANDGOAL DIRECTEDBEHAVIOUR
PROBLEMSOLVINGBEHAVIOUR
INVOLVESMENTAL MANIPULATIONOF IMAGES
SYMBOLIC

9. TYPES OF THINKING
CONCRETE
ABSTRACT
CONVERGENT
DIVERGENT
REFLECTIVE

10. CONCRETE THINKING
Also known as
perceptual thinking and
is characterized
by predominance of
actual
objects and events and
absence of concepts
and generalizations.

11. Also known as
conceptual thinking and
is characterised
by predominance of
concepts and
generalisations and
absence of actual objects
and events.
ABSTRACT THINKING

12. A technique in which
ideas from different
sources are
brought together to find
a single best solution.
CONVERGENT THINKING

13. Ability to generate
multiple
solutions to a problem
by thinking
outwards in all possible
directions.
DIVERGENT THINKING

14. REFLECTIVE THINKING
Reflective thinking is an
active, persistent, and
careful consideration
of any belief or supposed
form of knowledge in the
light of the grounds that
support it and the further
conclusion to which
it tends-Dewey

15. REASONING
Reasoning is the mental activity of transforming
information to reach conclusion
It is a highly purposeful,
systematically
organised, controlled
and selective thinking.

16. TYPES OF REASONING
INDUCTIVE
Moves from particular to general
The premises are supposed to support the conclusion
Iron is a
metal, it
expands
on heating
Metals
expand on
heating.

17. DEDUCTIVE
Moves from general to particular
The premises are intended to provide support for
the conclusion.
Iron is a
metal, it
expands
on
heating
Metals
expand on
heating.

18. DECISION MAKING
Decision making is
a Cognitive
function of
Selecting the
correct option from
the available
choices beliefs or
Patterns of action

19. FACTORS EFFECTING DECISION MAKING
Correct Perception
Creative and Critical Thinking
Accurate Reasoning
Accurate Emotional Control
Accurate Intuition
Previous Experiences

20. PROBLEM SOLVING
It is a process of overcoming difficulties that
appear to interfere with the attainment of a goal
-Skinner

21. It is a planned attack upon a difficulty for the
Purpose of finding a solution.
-Rusk
PROBLEM SOLVING

22. STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING
Involves confronting with a problem
and feeling that the problem needs
to be solved
Recognizing the problem

23. STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING
In order to understand the problem
it needs to be defined in definite
terms
DEFINING the problem

24. STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING
Involves formation of a strategy an
collection of data with the aim to
solve the problem
COLLECTIONOF RELEVANT DATA

25. STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING
The collected information is
analyzed and the necessary
information is systematically
organized
ORGANIZING INFORMATION

26. STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING
With the data in hand the
investigator formulates a hypotheses
HYPOTHESISING

27. STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING
The different hypotheses are
evaluated one by one and an
elimination-retention procedure
takes place
Evaluation of hypothesis

28. STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING
The best solution thus arrived is
applied to solving the problem and
it is further verified or reviewed in
similar problems
Application & review