4. WHAT IS THINKING?
• Is mental activity that goes on in a brain where a person is organizing and
attempting to understand information
• Representation of information in new and different form allow us to problem
solving and making decision.
• both information from the environment and symbols stored in long term
memory
5. ELEMENTS INVOLVED IN THE THINKING
PROCESS:
Sign and symptoms
• Symbols and signs represent the actual objects,experiences and
activities.
• For example,traffic lights,railway signals,school bells
• they stimulate and motivate resultant thinking because they tell us
what to do or how to a act.
6. VISUAL IMAGE
• As mental pictures consist of personal experiences of objects, persons or
situations, heard and felt.These mental pictures symbolize actual objects,
experiences and activities.
7. CONCEPT
• A concept is a general idea that represents the common characteristics of all
objects or events in the mind
• They are understood to be the fundamental building blocks of thoughts
• Carey,S. (1991)
• Involve in learning
8. THINKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING
• everyday,we faced a variety of problems, some solve easily and some may be
unsolvable
• Some are defined and other are not defined
• Defines problem have their have their component specified.
9. THINKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING
• It is also a type of thinking
• Problem solving is thinking directed towards a solution of a specific problem
• Required mental operation which are:
• 1. identify the problem
• 2. representing the problem
• 3. plan the solution and set some goals
• 4.evaluate all solution
• 5.select one solution and apply it
• 6.rethink and redefine the problem and the solution
Myers,David G.(2010)
11. CREATIVE THINKING
• creative thinking is simply ordinary thinking that has produced an
extraordinary outcome
• The creative thinker is artist , scientist is trying to create something new.
• (Weisburg , 1999)
13. 1.PREPARATION
• Collection of information
• Immersing yourself with the domain/ as much information relating to problem
• Ex.You need to collect the information about a student in order to evaluate his
intelligence
14. 2.INCUBATION
• In incubation this is when major problems produced a period when all
attempted solution appear futile. It starts to churn in the back of your mind, in
the sub-consciousness.
• temporary break from problem solving
• Ex.When you do not find a way to evaluate the intelligence of the student
even after repeated attempts , you tend to forget that question in the
conscious mind.
Smith, S. M. (2011).
15. 3.ILLUMINATION STAGE
• Gives sudden solution
• Following the period of incubation the creative ideas occur suddenly.
Consequently the obscure thing becomes clear.This sudden flash of solution is
known as illumination
• Ex.Watch a movie , an idea clicks in your mind and you find a solution to test
and evaluate a solution
16. 5.ELABORATION/VERIFICATION
• it is necessary to verify whether that solution is correct or not. Hence in this
last stage evaluation of the solution is done. If the solution is not satisfactory
the thinker will go back to creative process from the beginning.
• Ex. Check whether the testing the intelligence of student is correct or not
• (JamesTayler,.2018)
17. CRITICAL THINKING
• Critical thinking is a thought process that involves gathering and evaluating
information to make decisions and solve problems that you encounter.
• E.x.A manager analyzes customer feedback forms and uses this information to
develop a customer service training session for employees.
(Ethical Behaviour in the E-Classroom, 2012)
18. REFERENCES
• Chapter 1 of Laurence and Margolis' book called Concepts:Core Readings.ISBN
9780262631938
• Psychologywww.psychologydiscussion.net› thinking › thinking-types-development
• Cassandra J.Smith,in Ethical Behaviour in the E-Classroom,2012
• H. Siegel,in International Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition),2010
• Myers,David G. (2010).Social psychology (Tenth ed.). NewYork,NY. ISBN
9780073370668.OCLC 667213323.
• Smith,S.M. (2011).In M.A. Runco;S.R. Pritzker (eds.). Encyclopedia of Creativity
Volume I (2nd ed.).Academic Press.pp. 653–657.ISBN 978-0-12-375039-
