Alcohol fy b. pharmacy pci

AT THE END OF PROGRAM STUDENTS SHOULD ABLE TO –
•Identify & Define Alcohol functional group
•Draw the classification of Alcohols
•Identify properties of Alcohols
Define and
classify alcohol
explain method
of preparation of
alcohol
AT THE END OF PROGRAM STUDENTS SHOULD ABLE
TO –
•Recall methods of preparation of alcohols
•Draw reactions for preparation of Alcohols
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Explain functional
group test for
alcohol
AT THE END OF PROGRAM STUDENTS
SHOULD ABLE TO –
•Explain function group tests for Alcohols
•Give Principles and reaction for same
`
Draw the
structure and
uses of alcohol
AT THE END OF PROGRAM
STUDENTS SHOULD ABLE TO –
•Recall examples with Alcohol
functional group
•Draw structure of such
examples
•Explain uses of different
•alcohol
ATTHEENDOFSESSIONSTUDENTS
SHOULDABLETO-
© Dr. Atul R. Bendale

Alcohols are organic compounds in which a
hydroxyl (-OH) group is directly attached to
saturated carbon atom.
R
1
C OH
R
2
R
Saturated carbon
SP3
Hybridised
Alcohol Functional Group
R OHRepresented by formula:
Alcohol,SEM–II,POC-I

`
• Alcohols are classified as primary (1⁰),
secondary (2⁰) and tertiary (3⁰) according to
the number of alkyl group attached to -OH
bonded carbon
primary secondary tertiary
H C OH
H
CH3
CH3 C OH
H
CH3
CH3 C OH
CH3
CH3

• Alcohols are also classified on the basis of
–OH group present in structure as
Monohydric, Dihydric, Trihydric etc.
Monohydric
one OH group
Dihydric
Two OH group
Trihydric
Three OH group
CH2
CH OH
OH
CH2 OH
H C OH
H
CH3 CH2
CH2 OH
OH

Alkyl halide react with aqueous NaOH to form
alcohol as below:
H C Br
H
CH3
+ NaOH H C OH
H
CH3
Ethyl Bromide Ethyl alcohol
Heat
H2O
1. Hydrolysis of Alkyl halide
*you can write examples of SN1 & SN2

Alkene react with water in presence of strong
H2SO4 as catalyst to form alcohol. Addition of
water (H-OH) takes place across double bond
H C C CH
H
H
H
H
CH2 + H2O
H2SO4
H C C CH
H
H
H
H
CH2
OH
H
1-butene 2-butanol
OH
H

The reaction of a Grignard reagent (RMgX) with
Formaldehyde form a primary alcohol as below:
H C H
O
RMgX
H2O/H+ R C OH
H
H
Formaldehyde Primary
Alcohol

`
Alcohol react with small piece of sodium metal
and give effervescence (bubbles) of gas due to
evolution of H2.
H C OH
H
CH3
+ 2 Na H C ONa
H
CH3
Alcohol Alkoxide
+ H2
1. Sodium metal test:

This test is used to distinguish between 1⁰, 2⁰ and 3⁰ alcohols
In this test alcohol are treated with a solution of HCl and
ZnCl2 (Lucas Reagent) to form alkyl halide. Here Zinc act as a
catalyst.
The three types of alcohol react with Lucas reagent at
different rates. This lead to different observation in test as
follows:
1. Tertiary Alcohol- cloudiness appear immediately
2. Secondary Alcohol- cloudiness appear in 5 minute
3. Primary Alcohol- Clear solution

R
1
C OH
R
2
R
+ HCl R
1
C Cl
R
2
R
Tert Alcohol
+ H2O
ZnCl2
R
1
C OH
H
R
+ HCl R
1
C Cl
H
R
Sec Alcohol
+ H2O
ZnCl2
H C OH
H
R
+ HCl
Pri Alcohol
ZnCl2
No Reaction at Room Temp

It is based on fact that, Alcohol react with acidic solution of
potassium dichromate (Orange colour chromic acid solution)
to give different products on oxidation.
This test is used to distinguish between 1⁰, 2⁰ and 3⁰ alcohols
1. Tertiary Alcohol- No reaction takes place- Orange colour
2. Secondary Alcohol- ketone- orange to blue green
3. Primary Alcohol- aldehyde- Carboxylic acid- Orange to green

H C OH
H
R
Pri Alcohol
H C R
O
Chromic Acid Chromic acid
OH C R
O
Aldehyde Carboxyllic Acid
R
1
C OH
H
R
R
1
C R
O
Sec Alcohol
Chromic Acid
Ketone
R
1
C OH
R
2
R
+ HCl
Tert Alcohol
No Reaction at Room Temp
Chromic Acid

Alcohol react with few drops of Cerric
ammonium nitrate reagent to give Red colour
+ (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6R OH (R-OH)2Ce(NO3)4 + 2NH4NO3
Red Complex

`
• This test is used to measure alcohol level in blood. It used by traffic
police to check motor driver to have a blood alcohol. Normal level is
0.15% w/v.
• The principal behind the test is as described in dichromate test.
• It performed by using Breath analyser. When air containing ethanol
is blown through tube a chemical reaction takes place and a green
colour is produced in place of orange colour.
• If Green colour extend to Red, the motorist is considered as
Drunken.
Normal
Alcohol
Alcohol Exceed

IUPAC- Methanol
1. It is common laboratory reagent for
HPLC and UV
2. Used as a jet fuel radiator
3. For manufacturing of formaldehyde
4. Antifreeze agent in chemical pipeline
5. As a solvent
6. Used for making other chemicals
Molecular formula: CH30H

1. For manufacturing of alcoholic beverages
2. As antiseptic and disinfectant in hospitals
3. As a solvent
4. In manufacturing of drugs and perfumes
5. As a fuel
6. As a hand sanitizer
IUPAC- Ethanol
Molecular formula: C2H50H

1. As surfactant to stabilize emulsion
2. As emollient in cosmetic
3. In making hair conditioner
4. As viscosity modifier
5. As anti-oxident for plastic
6. As a foaming agent in detergent
IUPAC: 1-hexadecanol
CH3
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
OH
1
Molecular formula: C16H330H

1. As a preservative in pharmaceutical and
cosmetic products
2. Has anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties
3. Has sedative, hypnotic and local anaesthetic
properties
4. For treatment of mild pain on skin
5. Its 0.05% solution in water has anti-
microbial activity
6. To treat throat infection, mouth ulceration.
IUPAC- 1,1,1-trichloro-2-
methylpropan-2-ol
Cl C C OH
Cl
Cl
CH3
CH3
Molecular formula: C-Cl3C(CH3)20H

1. As preservative in medicines
2. 5% solution is used for treatment of
head lice in child and adult
3. As a solvent
4. It is a precursor to variety of esters in
soap, perfume and flavour industry
5. Has insect repellent properties
IUPAC- Phenyl methanol
CH2 OH
Molecular formula: C6H5CH2OH

1. As lubricant and humectant in
personal care preparation
2. As laxative in the form of suppository
3. Used to produce Nitroglycerine,
which is used to prevent heart attack
4. In soap- to prevent dryness of skin
IUPAC- Propane 1,2,3 triol
CH2
CH OH
OH
CH2 OH

`
1. As humectant in personal care
preparation
2. As solvent
3. For production of unsaturated resin
4. In artificial tear formulation
5. As automotive coolant
IUPAC- Propane 1,2 diol
CH3 C C
H
OH
H
OH
H

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Alcohol fy b. pharmacy pci

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