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nucleophilic addition reaction sem ii poc i
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Carbonyl compounds* (Aldehydes and ketones) i. Nucleophilic addition, Electromeric effect,
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nucleophilic addition reaction sem ii poc i
1.
03 NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION REACTION 02 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS 01 NUCLEOPHILESSEM-II,FYPOC-I
2.
03 CHEMISTRY OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS 02 TYPES OF NUCLEOPHILES 01 NUCLEOPHILESCONTENT that
donates an electron pair Weak & Strong Polar Nature © Dr. Atul R. Bendale
3.
NUCLEOPHILES All molecules or
ions with a free pair of electrons or at least one pi bond can act as nucleophiles. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they are by definition Lewis bases. Nucleophilic describes the affinity of a nucleophile to the nuclei. Neutral nucleophilic reactions with solvents such as alcohols and water are named solvolysis. Nucleophiles may take part in nucleophilic substitution, whereby a nucleophile becomes attracted to a full or partial positive charge. Nucleophiles are “electron rich” compounds, also known as “positive- charge loving”, or “nucleus loving”. Definition: A nucleophile is a chemical species that donates an electron pair to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction. © Dr. Atul R. Bendale
4.
01 Strong Nucleophiles Usually anions
with a full negative charge(with negative charged O, N, and C atoms are strong nucleophiles) Examples: NaOCH3 , LiCH3 , NaOH or KOH, NaCN or KCN, NaCCR (acetylide anion), NaNH2, NaNHR, NaNR2, NaI, LiBr, KI, NaN3, RO⁻, OH⁻, RLi, RC≡C:⁻, and NH₂⁻ 02 Weak Nucleophiles · Typically neutral molecules · Participate in SN1- type substitutions Examples: H2O, ROH, H2S, RSH In above examples Pink colored compounds are examples of Strong Nucleophile In above examples Blue colored compounds are examples of Weak Nucleophile © Dr. Atul R. Bendale
5.
CARBONYL Before we consider
in detail the reactivity of aldehydes and ketones, we need to look back and remind ourselves of what the bonding picture looks like in a carbonyl. Carbonyl carbons are sp2 hybridized, with the three sp2 orbitals forming soverlaps with orbitals on the oxygen and on the two carbon or hydrogen atoms. These three bonds adopt trigonal planar geometry. The remaining unhybridized 2p orbital on the central carbonyl carbon is perpendicular to this plane, and forms a ‘side-by-side’ pbond with a 2p orbital on the oxygen. The carbon-oxygen double bond is polar: oxygen is more electronegative than carbon, so electron density is higher on the oxygen side of the bond and lower on the carbon side. Recall that bond polarity can be depicted with a dipole arrow, or by showing the oxygen as holding a partial negative charge and the carbonyl carbon a partial positive charge. © Dr. Atul R. Bendale
6.
NUCLEOPHILESATTACKSONCARBONYL After the carbonyl
is attacked by the nucleophile, the negatively charged oxygen has the capacity to act as a nucleophile. However, most commonly the oxygen acts instead as a base, abstracting a proton from a nearby acid group in the solvent or enzyme active site. There are three fundamental events in a nucleophilic addition reaction: Overall reaction can be summarized as Attack of Nucleophile on carbonyl carbon Formation of the new s bond between the nucleophile, Nu, to the electrophilic C of the C=O group •Breaking of the p bond to the O resulting in the formation of an intermediate alkoxide •Protonation of the intermediate alkoxide to give an alcohol derivative © Dr. Atul R. Bendale
7.
NUCLEOPHILESATTACKSONCARBONYL Depending on the
reactivity of the nucleophile, there are two possible general scenarios: •Strong nucleophiles (anionic) add directly to the C=O to form the intermediate alkoxide. The alkoxideis then protonated on work-up with dilute acid. •Weaker nucleophiles (neutral) require that the C=O be activated prior to attack of the Nu. This can be done using a acid catalyst which protonates on the Lewis basic O and makes the system more electrophilic. 1. Nucleophile attack first 2. Protonation second 1. Protonation first 2. Nucleophile attack second © Dr. Atul R. Bendale
8.
NUCLEOPHILICADDITIONEXAMPLES Addition of water The
addition of water to an aldehyde results in the formation of a hydrate The formation of a hydrate proceeds via a nucleophilic addition mechanism. 1. Water, acting as a nucleophile, is attracted to the partially positive carbon of the carbonyl group, generating an oxonium ion 2. The oxonium ion liberates a hydrogen ion that is picked up by the oxygen anion in an acid‐base reaction Small amounts of acids and bases catalyze this reaction. This occurs because the addition of acid causes a protonation of the oxygen of the carbonyl group, leading to the formation of a full positive charge on the carbonyl carbon, making the carbon a good nucleus. Adding hydroxyl ions changes the nucleophile from water (a weak nucleophile) to a hydroxide ion (a strong nucleophile). Ketones usually do not form stable hydrates. Example of Nucleophilc addition. No-1 © Dr. Atul R. Bendale
9.
Addition of alcohol Reactions
of aldehydes with alcohols produce either hemiacetals (a functional group consisting of one —OH group and one —OR group bonded to the same carbon) or acetals (a functional group consisting of two —OR groups bonded to the same carbon), depending upon conditions. Mixing the two reactants together produces the hemiacetal. Mixing the two reactants with hydrochloric acid produces an acetal. For example, the reaction of methanol with ethanal produces the following results A nucleophilic substitution of an OH group for the double bond of the carbonyl group forms the hemiacetal through the following mechanism: 1. An unshared electron pair on the alcohol's oxygen atom attacks the carbonyl group 2. The loss of a hydrogen ion to the oxygen anion stabilizes the oxonium ion formed in Step 1 3. The oxonium ion is lost from the hemiacetal as a molecule of water. 4. A second molecule of alcohol attacks the carbonyl carbon that is forming the protonated acetal 5. The oxonium ion loses a proton to an alcohol molecule, liberating the acetal Example of Nucleophilc addition. No-2 © Dr. Atul R. Bendale NUCLEOPHILICADDITIONEXAMPLES
10.
Addition of hydrogen
cyanide The addition of hydrogen cyanide to a carbonyl group of an aldehyde or most ketones produces a cyanohydrin. Sterically hindered ketones, however, don't undergo this reaction The mechanism for the addition of hydrogen cyanide is a straightforward nucleophilic addition across the carbonyl carbony oxygen bond. Addition of ylides (the Wittig reaction) The reaction of aldehydes or ketones with phosphorus ylides produces alkenes of unambiguous double‐bond locations. Phosphorous ylides are prepared by reacting a phosphine with an alkyl halide, followed by treatment with a base. Ylides have positive and negative charges on adjacent atoms. The following illustration shows the preparation of 2‐methylbutene by a Wittig reaction. Addition of organometallic reagents Grignard reagents, organolithium compounds, and sodium alkynides react with formaldehyde to produce primary alcohols, all other aldehydes to produce secondary alcohols, and ketones to produce tertiary alcohols. Example of Nucleophilc addition. No-3 © Dr. Atul R. Bendale NUCLEOPHILICADDITIONEXAMPLES
11.
Addition of ammonia
derivatives Aldehydes and ketones react with primary amines to loose water molecule, form a class of compounds called imines (R-N=CH2) The mechanism for imine formation proceeds through the following steps: 1. An unshared pair of electrons on the nitrogen of the amine is attracted to the partial‐positive carbon of the carbonyl group 2. A proton is transferred from the nitrogen to the oxygen anion 3. The hydroxy group is protonated to yield an oxonium ion, which easily liberates a water molecule. 4. An unshared pair of electrons on the nitrogen migrate toward the positive oxygen, causing the loss of a water molecule. 5. A proton from the positively charged nitrogen is transferred to water, leading to the imine's formation Example of Nucleophilc addition. No-4 © Dr. Atul R. Bendale NUCLEOPHILICADDITIONEXAMPLES
12.
Addition of ammonia
derivatives Some other examples: Oximes, 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones, and semicarbazones are often used in qualitative organic chemistry as derivatives for aldehydes and ketones. © Dr. Atul R. Bendale NUCLEOPHILICADDITIONEXAMPLES
13.
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