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1. Doctoral Student Workshop: Contributions vs. Significance
Source: Miles, D.A. and Scott, L. (2017) Workshop: Confessions of a Dissertation Chair Part 1: The Six Mistakes Doctoral Students
Make With the Dissertation. Presented at the 5th Annual 2017 Black Doctoral Network Conference in Atlanta, GA on October 26-29
2017.
1
Let’s Stop the Madness Part 3:
Understanding the Difference Between
Contributions of the Study vs.
Significance of the Study
D. Anthony Miles
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this article is to provide some clear distinctions and insight on the differences
between the contributions of the study and the significance of the study. This is a common
confusion between the two terms and is even more confusing explaining them in the study. There
is a tendency to use the terms synonymously. I see this confusion at a prevalent level with both
novice and experienced researchers. Thus, this article tries to provide some clear understanding
of the two terms and provides some clear definitions and examples of them both.
This article provides some practical importance to researchers in social sciences. This article
provides some valuable knowledge and give the researcher guidance using the correct use of
these two terms. The objective of this article is threefold. First, the article provides some clear
definitions on contributions of the study and significance of the study. Second, this article
provides clear examples of the differences and characteristics between the two terms. Last, this
article provides examples from articles and studies using of the two terms. This article will
provide much needed clarity to many researchers that are confused by the two terms and how to
use them in the proper context.

2. Doctoral Student Workshop: Contributions vs. Significance
Source: Miles, D.A. and Scott, L. (2017) Workshop: Confessions of a Dissertation Chair Part 1: The Six Mistakes Doctoral Students
Make With the Dissertation. Presented at the 5th Annual 2017 Black Doctoral Network Conference in Atlanta, GA on October 26-29
2017.
2
Introduction
In my many years of working with doctoral students, I have found there is still another
prevailing confusion among them. There is substantial confusion between the terms,
contributions of the study and significance of the study. This is so common that I have seen this
be the case with both experienced researchers and novice researchers. This is most common
with doctoral students. Again, as professors we need to do a better job with assisting students
on understanding the differences between these two terms.
One of prevailing issues is they did not properly understand these concepts in their research
methods courses. They either have never learned the differences between the two terms or they
assume they are the same. It shows when they write their dissertations. However, help is on the
way. I think we have found a useful definition and examples to help doctoral students and
novice researchers understand the differences between the two terms.
The outline of the article will provide information on the differences between the two terms.
First, the article will provide clear definitions of the contributions of the study and significance
of the study. This article discusses the differences and definitions between the terms, the
contributions of the study and the significance of the study. Second, the article will provide
some examples of how to use them in a sentence and paragraph. This article discusses the three
significance types of the study. Last, the article discusses the three types of research
significance. The article will provide examples of them from journal articles and studies.

3. Doctoral Student Workshop: Contributions vs. Significance
Source: Miles, D.A. and Scott, L. (2017) Workshop: Confessions of a Dissertation Chair Part 1: The Six Mistakes Doctoral Students
Make With the Dissertation. Presented at the 5th Annual 2017 Black Doctoral Network Conference in Atlanta, GA on October 26-29
2017.
3
What is the Definition of Contributions of a Study?
The contributions of a study describe how the study will contribute to the body of
knowledge. There are three types of contributions of the study: (a) Conceptual/Theoretical,
(b) Empirical, and (c) Methodological. These three contributions define most research
contributions in a study (see Figure 1).
Figure 1 The Three Types of Research Contributions of Study
RESEARCH
CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceptual/
Theoretical
Methodological
Empirical

4. Doctoral Student Workshop: Contributions vs. Significance
Source: Miles, D.A. and Scott, L. (2017) Workshop: Confessions of a Dissertation Chair Part 1: The Six Mistakes Doctoral Students
Make With the Dissertation. Presented at the 5th Annual 2017 Black Doctoral Network Conference in Atlanta, GA on October 26-29
2017.
4
Conceptual/Theoretical Contributions
The conceptual (theoretical) contribution of a study involve contributions such as: (a)
improved conceptual definitions of the original constructs; (b) the identification and
conceptual definition of additional constructs to be added to the conceptual framework (e.g.,
additional dependent, independent, mediating, and/or moderator variables); (c) the
development of additional theoretical linkages (e.g., research hypotheses) with their
accompanying rationale; and (d) the development of improved theoretical rationale for
existing linkages (Summers, 2006; Asgari, 2015; Miles, 2019).
Empirical Contributions
The empirical contribution of a study involve contributions such as: (a) testing a theoretical
linkage between two constructs that has not previously been tested; (b) examining the
effects of a potential moderator variable on the nature of the relationship between two
constructs; (c) determining the degree to which a variable mediates the relationship between
two constructs; and (d) investigating the psychometric properties of an important scale
(Summers, 2006; Asgari, 2015; Miles, 2019).
Methodological Contributions
The methodological contribution of a study involve contributions such as: (a) reduce the
potential problems with shared method variance through the insightful use of multiple
methods of measurement; (b) increase the generalizability of the research through more
appropriate sampling procedures; (c) allow the investigation of the plausibility of "third-
variable explanations" for the results of past studies; and (d) enhance the construct validity
of key measures through the use of refined multiple-item measures and/or the use of
measurement approaches that do not rely on self-reports (Summers, 2006; Asgari, 2015;
Miles, 2019).
Other Research Contributions
These are rare contributions and rarely used except for special situations. Applied
Contribution refers to when a theoretical model applies in a different industry which hasn't
been empirically tested earlier. Survey Contributions are attempts to review and synthesize
work done in a research field with the goal of exposing trends, themes, and gaps in the
literature (Asgari, 2015). See The Statement Grid (Tables 1 and 2 on p. 5) on the examples of
writing the contributions of the study.

5. Doctoral Student Workshop: Contributions vs. Significance
Source: Miles, D.A. and Scott, L. (2017) Workshop: Confessions of a Dissertation Chair Part 1: The Six Mistakes Doctoral Students
Make With the Dissertation. Presented at the 5th Annual 2017 Black Doctoral Network Conference in Atlanta, GA on October 26-29
2017.
5
Table 1. Introducing: The Statement Grid – for Contributions of the Study
Overall Statement:
“The researcher identified a key contribution of this study. This study makes two key
________________ contributions.”
Contribution 1:
First, this study makes a contribution by
offering a _______________________ that is
lacking in the prior research that primarily
focused on________________________.
Contribution 2:
Second, this study offers
a__________________________ line of
inquiry that was not addressed in the prior
research. This study attempts to address the
potential problems in the prior studies with a
____________ through the insightful use of
________________________.
Table 2. The Statement Grid – Example for Contributions of the Study
Overall Statement:
“The researcher identified a key contribution of this study. This study makes a methodological
contribution. This study makes two key methodological contributions.”
Contribution 1:
First, this study makes a contribution by
offering a qualitative inquiry that is lacking in
the prior research that primarily focused on
empirical research.
Contribution 2:
Second, this study offers a divergent line of
inquiry that was not addressed in the prior
research. This study attempts to address the
potential problems in the prior studies with
shared method variance through the insightful
use of multiple methods of inquiry.
See the actual examples (see Examples 1 to 3) beginning on page 6. These provide some
examples of writing the contribution of the study.

6. Doctoral Student Workshop: Contributions vs. Significance
Source: Miles, D.A. and Scott, L. (2017) Workshop: Confessions of a Dissertation Chair Part 1: The Six Mistakes Doctoral Students
Make With the Dissertation. Presented at the 5th Annual 2017 Black Doctoral Network Conference in Atlanta, GA on October 26-29
2017.
6
[Example 1]
The researcher identified two contributions of this study. First, this study will make a conceptual
contribution to the field of leadership and management studies. This study hopes to contribute to
the theory of leadership and body of knowledge. Many researchers have explored the impact of
leaders ‘behavior on their employees. Many of these studies deal with leadership styles and how
employees respond to their managers ’actions. The results of such studies indicated that
“employees would respond to the manager’s actions with attitudes reflecting their perception of a
supervisor’s leadership style” (Mulki, Caemmerer & Heggde, 2015, p.6). Kim (2014) suggested
that leaders set the tone and atmosphere in the organization, therefore defining the organization
culture. This study will contribute to the development of additional theoretical linkages (e.g.,
research hypotheses) with their accompanying rationale.
The second contribution will be methodological. This study makes contribution by providing a
divergent research method variance through the insightful use of multiple methods of
measurement. A qualitative line of inquiry is lacking in the prior research. Some of these
unexplored research methods appear to be important and worthy of investigation in the context
of management and job performance. Yoonk Jik & Poister (2014) also asserted that by engaging
employees in building a team work environment, this could be a leading factor towards
increasing organization performance and sustainability. An investigation of these issues is
important because there is a dearth in prior research that approaches this topic from a qualitative
line of inquiry. Furthermore, the previous empirical research has focused primarily on
quantitative methodology and assessment. Very little research has contributed from a qualitative
line of inquiry [Platt, 2019].

7. Doctoral Student Workshop: Contributions vs. Significance
Source: Miles, D.A. and Scott, L. (2017) Workshop: Confessions of a Dissertation Chair Part 1: The Six Mistakes Doctoral Students
Make With the Dissertation. Presented at the 5th Annual 2017 Black Doctoral Network Conference in Atlanta, GA on October 26-29
2017.
7
[Example 2]
The researcher identified a major contribution of this study. First, this study will offer a much-
needed empirical contribution. This study makes two important empirical contributions. First, the
research uses archival data maintained by the state for public access to make connections. This
information is stored specifically for research purposes as shown in the Appendix F. This
facilitates the use of larger amounts of data and greater populations.
Second, this study will contribute to the empirical evidence for the requirement of a student’s
socio-intellectual development in the high school setting. This research maybe appropriate for
understanding the impact that precise character and behavioral skills have on student interactions
with peers, adults and their studies. Additionally, the need for a specific, codified character
education curriculum may be indicated from the results of the study. Further evidence may be
provided that character education may positively impact student success outside the classroom
[Zeig, 2019].

8. Doctoral Student Workshop: Contributions vs. Significance
Source: Miles, D.A. and Scott, L. (2017) Workshop: Confessions of a Dissertation Chair Part 1: The Six Mistakes Doctoral Students
Make With the Dissertation. Presented at the 5th Annual 2017 Black Doctoral Network Conference in Atlanta, GA on October 26-29
2017.
8
[Example 3]
The researcher identified a key contribution of this study. This study makes a methodological
contribution. This study makes two key methodological contributions. First, this study makes a
contribution by offering a qualitative inquiry that is lacking in the prior research that primarily
focused on empirical research. Second, this study offers a divergent line of inquiry that was not
addressed in the prior research. This study attempts to address the potential problems in the prior
studies with shared method variance through the insightful use of multiple methods of inquiry.
In addition, this study encompasses on several unexplored dimensions that lately have attracted
research attention and calls for another research method (Harris, 2013; Steele, 2018). Some of
these unexplored research methods appear to be important and worthy of investigation in the
context of technostress and job performance. An investigation of these issues is important
because there is a dearth in prior research that approaches this topic from a qualitative line of
inquiry. Furthermore, the previous empirical research has focused primarily on quantitative
methodology and assessment. Very little research has made a contribution from a qualitative line
of inquiry [Beltran, 2019].

9. Doctoral Student Workshop: Contributions vs. Significance
Source: Miles, D.A. and Scott, L. (2017) Workshop: Confessions of a Dissertation Chair Part 1: The Six Mistakes Doctoral Students
Make With the Dissertation. Presented at the 5th Annual 2017 Black Doctoral Network Conference in Atlanta, GA on October 26-29
2017.
9
What is the Definition of Significance of a Study?
A second problem that doctoral students have is with the meaning of significance. Many doctoral
students have considerable trouble writing and supporting the significance statement in the
dissertation proposal. The reasons stem from a poor research objective. The significance
statement gives plausible rationale as to why the study matters.
This is a very important section of the proposal. The significance is an explanation why the
proposed study is important why it represents potential contribution the field. Its emphasis
should be on why the study is worthwhile (Webster, 1998). The significance of the study is your
argument that the study makes a significant and original contribution to profession, the scholarly
literature and your discipline. The significance of the study answers questions related to why the
topic is worth studying (Calabrese, 2006). You offer reasons and arguments pertaining to why
your study is important. The reasons may be confined to the potential that your study will add
new knowledge to existing information about your area of interest. These reasons relate to how
practioners behave in carrying out their work (Bryant, 2004).
With significance, the researcher describes how the study: (a) contributes to existing research,
(b) benefits participants, (c) contributes to practice, and (d) generates new theory. If the
significance of the study is presented in the dissertation proposal, the researcher is speculative,
theorizing his or her contributions in these four areas (Calabrese, 2009)
It provides answers as to why your study is important and how it will add something to the body
of knowledge. There are three key points of the significance statement: (a) So, why is this
research important; (b) How does this research contribute to the body of knowledge; and (c)
How does this research contribute to the practice and field?
The significance of a study describes why this study is important. There are three types of
contributions of the study: (a) Theoretical Significance, (b) Practical Significance, and (c)
Research Significance. These three types of significance in a study (see Figure 2).

10. Doctoral Student Workshop: Contributions vs. Significance
Source: Miles, D.A. and Scott, L. (2017) Workshop: Confessions of a Dissertation Chair Part 1: The Six Mistakes Doctoral Students
Make With the Dissertation. Presented at the 5th Annual 2017 Black Doctoral Network Conference in Atlanta, GA on October 26-29
2017.
10
Figure 2 The Three Types of Significance in a Study
Theoretical Significance
This type of significance is important because it focuses on adding new knowledge or theory to
the body of knowledge into the field. The significance of the study is your argument that the
study makes a significant and original contribution to the scholarly literature and your discipline.
The significance of the study is your argument that the study makes a significant and original
contribution to the scholarly literature and your discipline. (Calabrese, 2009; Miles, 2019;
Webster, 1998).
Practical Significance
This type of significance is important because it focuses on the impact of your results on the
profession or on the solution of practical problems (Madsen, 1990). These reasons relate to how
practioners behave in carrying out their work (Bryant, 2004). The significance of the study is
your argument that the study makes a significant contribution to profession. The key factor here
is how your research contributes in terms of to the practice (Calabrese, 2009).
SIGNIFICANCE
Practical
Significance
Theoretical
Significance
Research
Significance

11. Doctoral Student Workshop: Contributions vs. Significance
Source: Miles, D.A. and Scott, L. (2017) Workshop: Confessions of a Dissertation Chair Part 1: The Six Mistakes Doctoral Students
Make With the Dissertation. Presented at the 5th Annual 2017 Black Doctoral Network Conference in Atlanta, GA on October 26-29
2017.
11
Research Significance
This type of significance is important because it focuses on the importance of your study and
how it is important from a research perspective. Research significance is usually one of three
types below. There are three components of research significance: (a) continuation; (b)
extension; and (c) new inquiry (Miles, 2017).
(a) Continuation. A continuation is the type of research significance that continues the prior
research with the same or similar population. This would be also be called a replication
study (Miles, 2016a).
(b) Extension. An extension is the type of significance that used is when you are extending
the prior research or theory to a new, underserved or under researched population.
Normally you are applying to prior established theory or conceptual framework or
research methodology to a new population (Miles, 2016a).
(c) New Inquiry. A new inquiry is the type of significance that is used when you are
conducting a new study (brand new), it is with a new theory and/or new population; or
new research method and design. you are doing something new (ibid).
This significance is the selling point of why your study is important You should craft your
significance carefully and conservatively. See The Statement Grid (Table 3 on p. 12) on the
examples of writing significance.

12. Doctoral Student Workshop: Contributions vs. Significance
Source: Miles, D.A. and Scott, L. (2017) Workshop: Confessions of a Dissertation Chair Part 1: The Six Mistakes Doctoral Students
Make With the Dissertation. Presented at the 5th Annual 2017 Black Doctoral Network Conference in Atlanta, GA on October 26-29
2017.
12
Table 3. The Statement Grid – The Significance of the Study
Overall Statement: “As a basis for this study, the researcher identified three major reasons
why this study is significant.”
Significance 1: First, this
study is important because
provides a theoretical
significance. This study
breaks some new ground in
management and human
resources theory. Many
nursing program deans and
administrators of how nursing
faculty experience job
satisfaction in order to
facilitate a workplace
conducive of job satisfaction
(theoretical significance).
Significance 2: Second, this
study is important because it
also provides a practical
significance. This research
attempts to provide insight to
practicing nurses considering
a transition to a role in
nursing education by
elucidating experiences of job
satisfaction by nursing faculty
(practical significance).
Significance 3: Last, this
study is important because it
also provides research
significance. This study is
important because it is a
replication study or a
continuation. This study is a
continuation of the prior
research on the nursing
shortage. This study will
replicate a prior study by
Shaw and Cruz (2014). This
study will provide additional
insight on the shortage and
inform the nursing
professorate of the current
lived experiences of job
satisfaction by nursing faculty
teaching classroom and
clinical education of
baccalaureate nursing
students (Cook, 2017).
(research significance).
See the actual examples (see Examples 4 to 6) beginning on page 13. These provide some
examples of writing the significance of the study.

13. Doctoral Student Workshop: Contributions vs. Significance
Source: Miles, D.A. and Scott, L. (2017) Workshop: Confessions of a Dissertation Chair Part 1: The Six Mistakes Doctoral Students
Make With the Dissertation. Presented at the 5th Annual 2017 Black Doctoral Network Conference in Atlanta, GA on October 26-29
2017.
13
[Example 4]
Based on the literature, there are two main reasons why this study is significant, research and
practical. First, this study provides research significance. This study is an extension of the prior
research on technostress among academics working in universities in India (Jena & Mahanti,
2014). This study is extending the prior research to a new population, (U.S. higher education
employees). This study is important because the study’s results will show differences in the
extent of technostress experienced based on the technology awareness, demographic factors, and
job characteristics of higher education workers.
In addition, the proposed study is an extension of the prior research on demographic differences
in technostress conducted by Jena and Mahanti (2014). The researchers utilized the technostress-
demographic model for investigating the effects of technology awareness, gender, age, tenure,
and marital status on technostress of academics working in universities in India (Jena & Mahanti,
2014). Jena and Mahanti (2014) called for future research to include a more diverse sample
within higher education, as well as investigate relationships between technostress and additional
demographic factors. This study, therefore, includes both academic and non-academic roles for
investigation and extends the technostress-demographic model by including additional
demographic factors and job characteristics.
In prior technostress research, technostress has been found to negatively affect job satisfaction
and job performance (Kumar, Singh, & Bhuchar, 2017; Tagurum, Okonoda, Miner, Bello, &
Tagurum, 2017). This study, therefore, may achieve research significance because it can provide
new information germane to some factors potentially affecting or contributing related to
technostress of in this population, and based on past technostress research, can be used as
justification for developing programs for mitigating the effects of technostress among U.S.
higher education workers.. Conducting this study may also open up new inquiries into further
technostress research within the higher education realm such as how technostress affects
technology acceptance and organizational effectiveness among this population.
Second, this study provides practical significance. This study is essential because if results reveal
statistically significant differences in the extent of technostress based on technology awareness,
demographic factors, and job characteristics, these results can become helpful for designing
programs for lessening the effects or preventing technostress in U.S. higher education
employees. In other populations, technostress has been linked to absenteeism, lower productivity
and job satisfaction, and costly mistakes (Chiappetta, 2017). This study offers practical
significance to those in the field who may experience technology related stress to the extent that
it negatively affects work-related progress. These examples demonstrate how addressing the
problem of to what extent technology-related stress differs based on technology awareness,
demographic factors, employment status, and department in the U.S. higher education population
can add value to this population by making their institutions more aware of the problem
potentially prompting the creation of better-coping programs, as well as reducing the costs
associated with lost revenue due to technostress (Galluch et al., 2015). [Cornish, 2019].

14. Doctoral Student Workshop: Contributions vs. Significance
Source: Miles, D.A. and Scott, L. (2017) Workshop: Confessions of a Dissertation Chair Part 1: The Six Mistakes Doctoral Students
Make With the Dissertation. Presented at the 5th Annual 2017 Black Doctoral Network Conference in Atlanta, GA on October 26-29
2017.
14
[Example 5]
The researcher found two major reasons why this study is significant. First, this study offers a
theoretical significance. This study breaks new ground by introducing the parental perception of
parental involvement with schools into the existing framework of the phenomenon. This study is
important because through identification of the parental perspective on their involvement in
school to support the education of their children, school systems may be able to use the
information to address the issue of parental involvement more effectively.
Lastly, the study offers a research significance by extending research to the under researched
parent population through an investigation into their perceptions of parental involvement in
school. This study is an extension of the prior research on the topic. The study is significant
because it will extend the prior research to the new and under-researched population of parents
[Forbes, 2019].

15. Doctoral Student Workshop: Contributions vs. Significance
Source: Miles, D.A. and Scott, L. (2017) Workshop: Confessions of a Dissertation Chair Part 1: The Six Mistakes Doctoral Students
Make With the Dissertation. Presented at the 5th Annual 2017 Black Doctoral Network Conference in Atlanta, GA on October 26-29
2017.
15
[Example 6]
As a foundation for this investigation, there are three major reasons why this study is significant.
First, this study provides a theoretical significance. The contribution of this study will add to the
field of management in theory and practice. This study will test the linkage between two
constructs; the air transportation organization, and the geographical location of Puerto Rico not
previously been tested. The foundation theories in this study are the Douglas McGregor’s Theory
X and Theory Y. Miner (2002) stated that this theory has a lack of investigation and need to be
tested. Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y of management remain virtually untested
(Schein, 2011). Due to the lack of published studies related to the theories, a study testing
McGregor's Theory X and Y with field data would be an important theoretical contribution to the
body of knowledge (Sahin, 2012). This study will allow the researcher to examine and compare
the results of the data from air transportation organizations in Puerto Rico.
Second, this study also offers a practical significance. It is significant to the field of management
practices and the relation with employees. This study will identify if there is a relationship
between leaders’ openness to new business strategies, customer and market focus, and
employee’s empowerment with the organizational performance of air transportation companies
located in Puerto Rico. There are studies that demonstrate the relationship of the variables;
however, none of these studies are related to air transportation companies located in the
geographical area of Puerto Rico. Although there are studies in other industry sectors such as
health care (Lin, Liao, Chen, & Fan, 2014) and the bank industry (Abbasi, Khan, & Rashid,
2011), it cannot be assumed the behavior of the variables will be the same in the air
transportation sector located in Puerto Rico.
Last, this study also offers a research significance as it is an extension of the prior research. This
study will extend prior research to a new population and new industry sector. This study will
contribute to the field of knowledge by extending and enhancing research related to the air
transportation organizations’ performance. The new population on which this study will be
conducted is employees in Puerto Rico. The new industry sector to which this study will extend
is the air transportation organization. This study will fill the gaps presented by conducting
research in air transportation organizations, by conducting research in the geographical location
of Puerto Rico, extending current studies about the correlation between customer and market
focus, employee empowerment, leaders’ openness to new business strategies, and organizational
performance. The investigation will demonstrate the behavior of the variables in study regarding
correlation as similar studies shown in previous researches in other geographical locations
[Morales, 2019].

16. Doctoral Student Workshop: Contributions vs. Significance
Source: Miles, D.A. and Scott, L. (2017) Workshop: Confessions of a Dissertation Chair Part 1: The Six Mistakes Doctoral Students
Make With the Dissertation. Presented at the 5th Annual 2017 Black Doctoral Network Conference in Atlanta, GA on October 26-29
2017.
16
Conclusions and Summary
This article discussed the differences and definitions between the terms, the contributions of the
study and the significance of the study. This article addressed the two key differences between
the contributions of the study and the significance of the study. First, this article addressed three
key contributions of the study: (a) conceptual/theoretical, (b) empirical, and (c) methodological.
The definition and examples of the three types of contributions of were illustrated.
Last, this article addressed three significance types of the study: (a) theoretical significance, (b)
practical significance, and (c) research significance. The definition and examples of the three
types of significance of were illustrated. In addition, the article discussed the three types of
research significance: (a) continuation, (b) extension, and (c) new inquiry.
We hope this article will act as a guide for helping novice and experienced researchers learn and
understand the district differences between the contributions of the study and the significance of
the study. The researchers hope to build a strong foundation for enlightening both experienced
and novice researchers on the two terms and lessen the confusion.

17. Doctoral Student Workshop: Contributions vs. Significance
Source: Miles, D.A. and Scott, L. (2017) Workshop: Confessions of a Dissertation Chair Part 1: The Six Mistakes Doctoral Students
Make With the Dissertation. Presented at the 5th Annual 2017 Black Doctoral Network Conference in Atlanta, GA on October 26-29
2017.
17
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