Assignment 2: RA: Annotated Bibliography The foundation of a research study comes from an understanding of the theory and from knowledge that is set forth by the literature in the field. Before a researcher can develop a sound and needed research design, he or she must first determine what is already known, how the topic has previously been studied, and where there are gaps in the knowledge and/or techniques that have been used to study the research problem. In this module, you will further explore the research topic that you chose in M1 Assignment 2. Additionally, this will be the time to make any needed changes to your research question before you submit your proposal in M5 Assignment 2 RA 2. For this assignment, you will create a 3- to 4-page document following the directions given below. Using the Argosy University online library resources and the Internet, locate 6 peer-reviewed articles that could be used for the literature review portion of the research proposal in M5 Assignment 2 RA 2. The articles should fall into the following categories: · 2 quantitative studies · 2 qualitative studies · 1 mixed-methods study · 1 theoretical or research design of your choice For each article, cover the following points in 250–350 words: · The problem to be studied · The rationale for the study · The type of research that was conducted (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods) · The data collection strategy · The data analysis tools that were used · A summary of the findings · A statement of how this article will support your proposed study Present your work in a 3- to 5-page Microsoft Word document that follows the following format: · Reference the source in APA format. · Follow the reference with a single block paragraph of 250–350 words comprising your annotation (summary, evaluation, and reflection). · The whole block should be double-spaced and indented. · Repeat for the next article—don’t forget that your articles should be listed in alphabetical order just as you would on a standard APA reference page. All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources. Submission Details: · By Wednesday, September 20, 2017, save your document as M3_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc and submit it to the M3 Assignment 2 RA Dropbox. RA is worth 200 points and will be graded according to the following rubric. Running head: EVALUATING QUANTITATIVE DESIGN 1 EVALUATING QUANTITATIVE DESIGN 2 Evaluating Quantitative Design Sherry L. Crowe Dr. Cynthia Palmisano  Research and Evaluation FP6030 September 13, 2017 Evaluating Quantitative Research PART 1: Comparing Methods Experimental Research Method In the experimental research method, research is approached or viewed as a systematic and scientific process through which a researcher manipulates one or more variables while controlling and measuring any variations in other variables (Stangor, 2011). The variables being manipulated are called the independent variables while ...

1. Assignment 2: RA: Annotated Bibliography
The foundation of a research study comes from an
understanding of the theory and from knowledge that is set forth
by the literature in the field. Before a researcher can develop a
sound and needed research design, he or she must first
determine what is already known, how the topic has previously
been studied, and where there are gaps in the knowledge and/or
techniques that have been used to study the research problem.
In this module, you will further explore the research topic that
you chose in M1 Assignment 2. Additionally, this will be the
time to make any needed changes to your research question
before you submit your proposal in M5 Assignment 2 RA 2. For
this assignment, you will create a 3- to 4-page document
following the directions given below.
Using the Argosy University online library resources and the
Internet, locate 6 peer-reviewed articles that could be used for
the literature review portion of the research proposal in M5
Assignment 2 RA 2. The articles should fall into the following
categories:
· 2 quantitative studies
· 2 qualitative studies
· 1 mixed-methods study
· 1 theoretical or research design of your choice
For each article, cover the following points in 250–350 words:
· The problem to be studied
· The rationale for the study
· The type of research that was conducted (qualitative,
quantitative, or mixed-methods)
· The data collection strategy
· The data analysis tools that were used
· A summary of the findings
· A statement of how this article will support your proposed
study
Present your work in a 3- to 5-page Microsoft Word document

2. that follows the following format:
· Reference the source in APA format.
· Follow the reference with a single block paragraph of 250–350
words comprising your annotation (summary, evaluation, and
reflection).
· The whole block should be double-spaced and indented.
· Repeat for the next article—don’t forget that your articles
should be listed in alphabetical order just as you would on a
standard APA reference page.
All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules
for attributing sources.
Submission Details:
· By Wednesday, September 20, 2017, save your document as
M3_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc and submit it to the M3
Assignment 2 RA Dropbox.
RA is worth 200 points and will be graded according to the
following rubric.
Running head: EVALUATING QUANTITATIVE DESIGN 1
EVALUATING QUANTITATIVE DESIGN 2
Evaluating Quantitative Design
Sherry L. Crowe
Dr. Cynthia Palmisano
Research and Evaluation
FP6030
September 13, 2017

3. Evaluating Quantitative Research
PART 1: Comparing Methods
Experimental Research Method
In the experimental research method, research is approached or
viewed as a systematic and scientific process through which a
researcher manipulates one or more variables while controlling
and measuring any variations in other variables (Stangor, 2011).
The variables being manipulated are called the independent
variables while the ones being observed for variations are the
dependent ones. In this type of research, the researcher uses
control groups with randomized variables. Experimental
researches are objective, and the views or opinions of the
researcher do not affect the results of the study. In other words,
experimental research should lack bias. An example situation
where experimental research method can be applied by a
forensic counselor could be dividing a group of young criminals
undertaking community service into two sub-groups. One sub-
group would be having a counseling session before their service
while the other would be going directly to their activities. This
should help compare which group responds better to the modes
of punishment and shows reduced criminal behavior.
Survey Research Method
On the other hand, survey research involves any measurement
processes that engage the researcher in asking the respondents
questions. This may be in the form of interviews or detailed or
simple questionnaires. Unlike the experimental research
method, surveys do not require any control experiments neither
do they require any changes to be made to variables by the

4. researcher. Moreover, unlike in experimental research where
bias is minimal, bias in surveys may be present due to non-
randomness in samples selected. Nonetheless, surveys are
advantageous in that they avoid the creation of artificial
situations that do not represent real life situations, something
common in the experimental research. A forensic counselor may
use surveys to determine the impact of serving the juvenile
sentence on young criminals.
PART 2: Questions
Research Goal
In the example in part 1 above for the experimental research
method, the goal would be to find out whether counseling
sessions have any impact on the behavioral changes in young
criminals. This is a suitable objective because, as Carter (2004)
suggests, it is specific, measurable, attainable, and realistic and
time bound.
Sampling Technique
This study would be suited by a random sampling technique. In
this technique, every person in the sample frame will have an
equal chance of being selected. According to Carter (2004),
random sampling is easy to use and enables actual and accurate
representation of the larger population. In fact, there is no any
other method in existence that is easier in extracting a sample
from a population than random sampling. Researchers can use
manual lottery method or computer-generated selections. This
study would focus on a small population of less than a thousand
people, and therefore manual lottery method would be preferred.
For instance, a sample of 50 people out of the total population
of 500. Each person would be assigned a unique number from 1
to 500 and then fifty numbers extracted. This would leave each
person with a 10% chance of being included in the sample. This
sample will be best in generalizing on the whole population and
would also ensure the study is not biased.
Research Design
In this case, the experimental research design would be the most

5. appropriate to use. Creswell, (2014) asserts that the rationale
for experiments is to test an idea, treatment or program to see if
it makes a difference. There is a control and a test group, where
the individuals are randomly assigned to two groups. One group
is exposed to the phenomena being tested, and the other one is
not. In this case, there are two sub-groups where one is enrolled
in the counseling session which they attend before embarking
on their actual community service while the other group is not
enrolled to such session but goes directly to their community
service activities. The result for both sub-groups will be
compared to determine whether there was an actual behavior
change impacted by the counseling sessions.
Hypothesis and Expected Results
Hypotheses may be null or alternative. Null hypotheses are ones
who lead a researcher to the belief that there are no
relationships between two or more variables, or there is lack of
scientific information to discredit it. On the other hand, the
alternative hypothesis is to disprove the null hypothesis. In the
case study situation, the hypothesis would be “there is an
improvement in behavioral changes among the group members
attending the counseling sessions." This is an alternate
hypothesis which counters the null hypothesis which would be
“there are no behavioral changes among members attending the
counseling sessions." The expected result for this situation
would be that the counseling sessions before community work
would have a positive effect on the behavioral changes among
the young criminals.
References
Carter, D. (2004). Quantitative psychological research: a
student's handbook. Hove, East Sussex New York, NY:

6. Psychology Press.
Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative,
and mixed methods approach. Thousand Oaks, California:
SAGE Publications.
Stangor, C. (2011). Research Methods for the Behavioral
Sciences (4 Ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Assignment 2: Formulating a Research Question
Research investigators often encounter the following saying: "A
problem that goes unnoticed or ignored is a problem without a
resolution."
Discuss a problem from the field of forensic psychology that
you would like to have resolved through investigative research
methods.
Use the following questions as guidelines for formulating the
actual quantitative research question with respect to the
problem that you identify:
· What is the specific problem?
· What is the evidence of the problem?
· What do you suspect is causing the problem?
· Is the research question clearly expressed without being too
general or too narrow?
· Does the question relate to the identified problem?
· Is the research, based on the research question, feasible?
· Will the research, based on the research question, add to the
body of knowledge in the forensic psychology field?
After you submit your research question, read the responses of
your classmates and critique the research question of at least
two of them. To ensure each of your classmates receives
feedback, please first respond to those who have not received
any from your peers. Use these same questions as critique
criteria in your response to other classmates:
· Is the question clearly expressed without being too general or
too narrow?
· Does the question relate to the identified problem?
· Are there any barriers to the research?

7. · Will the research, based on the research question, add to the
content body of knowledge?
· Were these questions fully addressed?
· What is the specific problem you are encountering?
· What evidence do you have that there is a problem?
· What do you suspect is causing the problem?
Post your response in a minimum of 300 words.
All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules
for attributing sources.
Submission Details:
· By Saturday, September 2, 2017, post your responses to
this Discussion Area.
· Through Wednesday, September 6, 2017, respond to at least
two of your classmates' posts. While responding, compare the
similarities and differences between what you have constructed
and what your classmates have.
Specific problem:
“Post-traumatic stress disorder” may expand after a terrifying
suffering involving physical injury or the risk of physical
injury. You don't have to be bodily hurt to acquire PTSD. You
can acquire it after you observe others—a friend, a relative’s
associate, even a stranger—harmed and threatened.
“The evidence of the problem:”
· Re-experiencing symptoms: potential symptoms of post
traumatic reliving the trauma again and again, counting physical
symptoms like a sweating. This is a general incidence in
citizens who have sadness as well as other nervousness
disorders. Various confirmations recommend that PTSD might
relate to enlarged likelihood of expanding therapeutic disorders.
· Avoidance symptoms: potential symptoms of post traumatic
happen because staying away a person from places, occasions
that are reminders of the occurrence. Avoidance symptoms are
attempts citizens create to avoid the traumatic occasion.
Avoidance symptoms creating an effort to evade trauma-
connected reminders
“Causing the problem:”

8. PTSD is a psychiatric confusion that can happen following the
occurrence and also observing of life-threatening occurrences
like as military combat, terrorist incidents and etc. Some
citizens will have trauma effects that may even get bad over
instance.
“Yes, research question obviously expressed devoid of being
too common and also too narrow because” Particular
psychological interventions that is a type of trauma that have
been considered for the avoidance of mature PTSD aim to teach
victims regarding usual reactions to trauma as well as to
promote them to share their understandings and touching
responses to the occurrence. Debriefing is normally offered in a
gathering inside days behind the occurrence to one and all
exposed to the occurrence. (Raskind, 2014)
“Yes, the question connects to the recognized problem”
Prolonged Exposure treatment forces a long-suffering to vividly
keep in mind every aspect of a distressing experience as well as
express the memories. Prolonged Exposure healing is assisting
him to defeat his survivor’s blame, which is a structure chunk to
him for a subsequently step in existence.
“Yes, the research, related on the study question, feasible
because” Fighting veterans brought the main PTSD to public
concentration. But PTSD that can stem from distressing
incidents, like as mugging, and rape, being kidnapped as well as
also held captive, kid abuse, car misfortunes, train wrecks,
aeroplane crashes, violence’s, or natural tragedies such as
floods and earthquakes. The common of citizens exposed to
such occurrences experience various symptoms of suffering
(sleep difficulties, jumpiness). Most completely get better in a
few weeks and months. PTSD is presently the subject of
numerous researches learning that are funded through the
National organization of Mental Health.
“Yes, the research, related on the study question, include to the
body of information in the forensic psychology area because”
HYPERAROUSAL potential symptoms of post traumatic occur
because complexity sleeping, being simply as well as tense

9. vigilance worried, bad temper, annoyance, panic, (Matthew,
2014) Discussion through the suffering will assist you get extra
manage of your considerations and feelings regarding the
trauma.
Furthermore, this may be difficult at first as well as it might
seem odd to believe about worrying things on reason. Many
citizens feel superior over time, while, as they do imaginable
coverage.
References:
Matthew. (2014). Avoidance Symptoms. Retrieved from
http://ptsd.about.com:
http://ptsd.about.com/od/glossary/g/Avoidance_Sx.htm
Raskind. (2014). Interventions for the Prevention of Post-
traumatic Stress Disorder in Adults After Exposure to
Psychological Trauma. Retrieved from
http://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov:
http://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/index.cfm/search-for-guides-
reviews-and-
reports/?productid=1129&pageaction=displayproduct
Running head: COURSE PROJECT TASK I 1
COURSE PROJECT TASK I 4
Course Project Task I
Sherry L. Crowe
Dr. Cynthia Palmisano
Research and Evaluation

10. FP6030
September 7, 2017
Research Question and Hypothesis
Research Question: Why do children from violent families
exhibit PTSD?
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between
children with PTSD and their family background.
Alternative Hypothesis: Children from violent family
backgrounds are more likely to exhibit PTSD as opposed to
children loving and peaceful families.
A hypothesis is a speculation based on insufficient evidence and
information. A hypothesis can be proven either as true or false
with further testing. A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that states
that no relationship exists between two variables. A null
hypothesis therefore seeks to disapprove a hypothesis. Null
hypothesis is used when drawing conclusions from collected
data by trying to disapprove a drawn hypothesis (Harrell, et al.
2016, 1051). The identified problem is identified in the research
question that seeks to be answered. The relationship between
the hypothesis to the identified problem is that a hypothesis
seeks to identify the relationship between the variables in an
identified problem. The problem of PTSD in children from
violent families can only be understood by explaining the
relationship between these two variables.
The hypothesis mentioned above is feasible because it is
possible to assess the assumptions states through

11. experimentation, observation, and experience. The ability to the
hypothesis to be tested makes the conclusions drawn from the
study to be based on scientific methods of assessment. The
ability to test variables the most appropriate research method is
the most recommendable ways to ensure the feasibility of
hypothesis. From the above hypothesis, it is feasible to conduct
a study on children from violent families and their behavioral
and emotional outcomes later in life. On the other hand, the
hypothesis is testable and measurable because real tests can be
conducted on the variables to support or falsify a stated
prediction. Furthermore, scientific methods of measurement can
be used in to test the hypothesis (Mazzarell, et al. 2017).
Reference
Mark, D. B., Lee, K. L., & Harrell, F. E. (2016). Understanding
the role of P values and hypothesis tests in clinical
research. JAMA cardiology, 1(9), 1048-1054.
Trzeciak, S., Roberts, B. W., & Mazzarell, A. J. (2017).
Compassionomics: Hypothesis and experimental
approach. Medical Hypotheses.