This Powerpoint Presentation is all about the Cells, Photosynthesis, Genes, Reproduction, Genetic Engineering, Genetically Modified Organism,... solely for Educational Purposes.

2. Cells make up all living things and
must carry out certain functions to
sustain life. The primary functions of
living cells include transportation of
molecules, metabolism of energy,
and reproduction. All plant and
animal cells share these basic
functions.


3. Transporting Molecules
The cell membrane regulates
movement of molecules by either
active or passive transport. Small
molecules such as oxygen can
move though the cell membrane
in passive transport.

4. Metabolism
Animal cells create energy by aerobic
respiration and plant sells use
photosynthesis. Both of these processes
produce the nucleotide Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP).
Reproduction
Cell reproduction is vital to the
survival of an organism. One way cells
reproduce is by mitosis, in which an
exact duplicate of the original cell is
produced.

6. What Is Photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the
process used by plants,
algae and certain bacteria
to harness energy from
sunlight into chemical
energy.
 There are two types of
photosynthetic
processes: oxygenic
photosynthesis and
anoxygenic photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis takes in the carbon
dioxide produced by all breathing organisms
and reintroduces oxygen into the atmosphere.

7. 1.) Oxygenic photosynthesis functions as a
counterbalance to respiration; it takes in the
carbon dioxide produced by all breathing
organisms and reintroduces oxygen into the
atmosphere. In his 1998 article, “An
Introduction to Photosynthesis and Its
Applications,” Wim Vermaas, a professor at
Arizona State University surmised, “without
[oxygenic] photosynthesis, the oxygen in the
atmosphere would be depleted within several
thousand years.”

8.  2.) On the other hand, anoxygenic
photosynthesis uses electron donors other
than water. The process typically occurs in
bacteria such as purple bacteria and green
sulfur bacteria. “Anoxygenic photosynthesis
does not produce oxygen — hence the name,”
said David Baum, professor of botany at the
University of Wisconsin-Madison. “What is
produced depends on the electron donor. For
example, many bacteria use the bad-eggs-
smelling gas hydrogen sulfide, producing solid
sulfur as a byproduct.”

9.  Anoxygenic photosynthetic and oxygenic photosynthetic
organisms use different electron donors for
photosynthesis.
 The reactions of plant photosynthesis are divided into
those that require the presence of sunlight and those that
do not. Both types of reactions take place in chloroplasts:
light-dependent reactions in the thylakoid and light-
independent reactions in the stroma.
Light-dependent reactions (also called light reactions)
When a photon of light hits the reaction center, a pigment
molecule such as chlorophyll releases an electron.
Light-independent reactions (also called dark reactions)
ATP and NADPH are rich energy sources, which drive
dark reactions.

11.  Energy Flow In all living cells there is a
continual transformation of energy from
one type to another. Energy cannot be
created or destroyed – simply changed
from one form to another “Law of
Conservation of Energy” or “First Law of
Thermodynamics”
 Energy is present in many forms:
 Light
 Heat
 Chemical
 Kinetic

12.  Cells cannot survive on their own. They
need power to stay alive. They need
energy to perform functions such as
growth, maintaining balance, repair,
reproduction, movement and defense.
This means all living organisms must
obtain and use energy to live. Energy is
the power to do things.
 This power comes in many ways and
forms, but they can all be linked to the
sun. It is the source of all energy.


14. The process of obtaining and using
energy by living organisms are best
explained by three important scientific
terms namely Anabolism, Catabolism
and Metabolism. Take a look at the
illustration below:
Anabolism (constructive anabolism)
This is a process where by living
organisms use simpler substances to put
together, or build complex substances
such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats
for storage. Such an activity is known as
an anabolic activity.

15.  Catabolism (destructive catabolism)
This is when the cells in living organisms,
breakdown complex substances and
molecules into simpler substances, often
to release energy for use.
 Metabolism
This is the sum of all the chemical
reactions (anabolic and catabolic
activities) that go on in the cells of living
organisms. It is a continuous process
because the moment metabolism stops,
the living organism will die.

16.  Energy and Life
Organisms use sugar as a source of energy
to do work. All living things require energy
to do the work necessary for survival and
reproduction. This is true for bacteria,
plants, and animals.
All living things show UNITY (similarities) as
well showing a great deal
of DIVERSITY(differences).

17. Here is what all living things have in common...
 1) All living things are highly organized and contain
many complex chemical substances.
 2) All living things contain one or more cells.
UNICELLULAR- contains just one cell
MULTICELLULAR- contains many cells
 3) All living things use energy.
 4) Living things have a definite form and have a
limited size.
 5) Living things grow.
 6) Living things respond to changes in the
environment.
 7) Living things can reproduce.
 8) Living things eventually die.

18.  RESPIRATION
 REGULATION
 REPRODUCTION
 EXCRETION
 GROWTH
 NUTRITION
 TRANSPORT
 SYNTHESIS

19. Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction requires
fusion of male cells in the pollen
grain with female cells in the
ovule. Sexual reproduction
involves the production of seeds
and fruits from specialized cells
of two plants.

20. Asexual Reproduction-
Asexual reproduction is natural “cloning.” Parts
of the plant, such as leaves or stems, produce
roots and become an independent plant.
Asexual, or vegetative reproduction, occurs
when a 'parent' plant grows new plants from its
roots, stems, or leaves. Traditional types of
vegetative reproduction include:
cuttings
layering (runners)
grafting
fragmentation (buds and root systems)

21.  Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

22.  A morphological
continuity
exists among
flowers, fruits,
and seeds. After all,
it is the ovary of the
flower that
develops into the fruit,
which in turn contains
the seeds.

23. In general, the individual
flower parts form an integrated
structure that must be effective in
pollen donation and receipt.
In any comparison across either
a phylogenetic grouping or a
community, species with large
flowers possessing large petals
also tend to have large sepals,
filaments, anthers, ovary, stigma,
and style.

24.  Some animals produce offspring through asexual reproduction
while other animals produce offspring through sexual
reproduction. Both methods have advantages and
disadvantages.
 Asexual Reproduction
 Asexual reproduction occurs in prokaryotic microorganisms
(bacteria and archaea) and in many eukaryotic, single-celled
and multi-celled organisms.
Different Forms of Asexual Reproduction:
 Fission
 Budding
 Fragmentation
 Parthenogenesis

25.  Fission Budding
 Fragmentation
Asexual Reproduction

26.  Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction is the combination of
reproductive cells from two individuals to
form genetically unique offspring.
Different Form of Sexual Reproduction:
Hermaphroditism
Sex Determination
Fertilization
-External Fertilization
-Internal Fertilization

27.  Hermaphroditism Fertilization
Internal Fertilization
 External Fertilization


28. DNA and RNA are long linear
polymers, called nucleic acids, that
carry information in a form that can be
passed from one generation to the next.
These macromolecules consist of a large
number of linked nucleotides, each
composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and a
base.

29. This flow of information is
dependent on the genetic
code, which defines the
relation between the sequence
of bases in DNA (or its mRNA
transcript) and the sequence
of amino acids in a protein.

30. What is genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering is the process of
manually adding new DNA to an organism.
The goal is to add one or more new traits
that are not already found in that organism.
Examples of genetically engineered
(transgenic) organisms currently on the
market include plants with resistance to
some insects, plants that can tolerate
herbicides, and crops with modified oil
content.

31. How is genetic engineering done?
Genetic engineering, also called
transformation, works by physically
removing a gene from one organism
and inserting it into another, giving it
the ability to express the trait encoded
by that gene. It is like taking a single
recipe out of a cookbook and placing it
into another cookbook.

32.  A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism
whose genetic material has been altered using techniques
in genetics generally known as recombinant DNA
technology.
 A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism
whose genetic material has been altered using genetic
engineering techniques (i.e., a genetically engineered
organism). GMOs are used to produce many medications
and genetically modified foods and are widely used in
scientific research and the production of other goods.

33. Since genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
first appeared at the beginning of the 1990s, they
have been widely adopted in agriculture.
However, their newness has raised a certain
number of societal issues. Whilst their positive
or negative impacts on production and on the
environment continue to fuel debate, the fact
that they are harmless to human health has now
garnered consensus with the scientific
community. Nonetheless, the general public
challenges this.

34. The impact on health, a poorly perceived scientific
consensus
 The World Health Organization (WHO)
considers that GMO-based food presents the
same health risks as ‘classical’ food. This position
is widely echoed by the scientific community,
represented by numerous national and
international bodies, such as The European
Commission, The American Medical Association,
The National Academy of Science (US), The Royal
Society of Medicine (UK), L’Académie des
Sciences française, Die Union der deutschen
Akademien der Wissenschaften (D), etc.

36.  References:
 www.alimentarium.org/en/knowledge/benefits-
and-risks-gmos
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modifie
d_organism
 http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/basic_genetics.shtml
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21171/
 https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/13-1-how-
animals-reproduce/
 https://sciencing.com/cell-life-functions-
7439796.html