Franzoi lite6e pp_ch14edited Newbill, A

Essentials of Psychology, Sixth Edition
© 2018 BVT Publishing. All rights reserved.
S-1
Chapter 14: Understanding
Social Behavior
(Shutterstock)

S-2
Learning Objectives(Slide 1 of 2)
• Analyze how we form impressions
of people.
• Describe how we make attributions.
• Explain how we develop attitudes
about people, things, and events.
• Discuss the three main behavioral
consequences of social influence.
• Discuss the concept of aggression.

S-3
Learning Objectives(Slide 2 of 2)
• Express why we help others.
• Explain how proximity and similarity
lead to attraction.
• Distinguish between passionate love
and companionate love.
• Evaluate the factors that influence
relationship satisfaction.

S-4
14.0 What Is Social
Psychology?
The scientific discipline that attempts
to understand and explain how the
thoughts, feelings, and behavior of
individuals are influenced by others

S-5
14.1 What Is Social
Perception?
• The way we seek to understand other
people and events
• Two areas:
• Impression formation
• Attribution

S-6
14.1a What Is Impression
Formation?
The process of integrating various
sources of information about a person
into an overall judgment
• Physical features are most common

S-7
14.1b Categorizing People Can
Lead to Stereotyping
• Stereotypes
– Beliefs about the personalities, abilities,
and motives of a social group that don’t
allow for individual variation
• Ingroup
– A group to which we belong and that forms a
part of our social identity
• Outgroup
– Any group with which we do not share
membership

S-8
14.1c There Is a Physical
Attractiveness
Stereotype
• The belief that physically attractive
individuals possess socially desirable
personality traits and lead happier, more
fulfilling lives than less attractive people
• Evolutionary explanation
– Looks-for-status in men/women
• Sociocultural explanation
– Men seek beauty and women seek power
because of the history of women's’ social
status

S-9
14.1d Prejudice Is an Attitude;
Discrimination Is
an Action
• Prejudice
– Attitudes toward members of specific groups
that directly or indirectly suggest they deserve
an inferior social status
• Discrimination
– A negative and/or patronizing action toward
members of a specific social group

S-10
14.1d How Does Intergroup
Competition Cause
Prejudice?
• Realistic group conflict
theory
– Competition for scare
resources between groups
creates prejudice
• Ethnocentrism
– Increased hostility towards
outgroups and increased
loyalty to ingroup (Wesleyan University Press)

S-11
14.1d Does Unconscious
Prejudice Exist?
• Explicit prejudice
– Conscious, overt
• Implicit prejudice
– Unconscious
– People consciously regulate positive attitudes
and friendliness towards group
– Group members detect nonverbal behaviors
that cue them into prejudices and make them
feel uncomfortable
• Can monitor prejudices and avoid
stereotypes

S-12
14.1e What Are Attributions?
• The process by which people use information to make
inferences about the causes of behaviors or events
• Internal attribution
• The cause of behavior is inside the person
• External attribution
• The cause of behavior is outside the person
• Covariation model
– More complicated model-based consensus,
consistency, and distinctiveness
• Fundamental attribution error
– The tendency to make internal attributions rather than
external attributions in explaining the behavior of others
– More likely in individualistic societies

S-13
14.1e Implicit Association Test
https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/user/a
gg/blindspot/indexrk.htm

S-14
14.2 What Are Attitudes?
Positive or negative evaluations of
an object

S-15
14.2a Repeated Exposure
and Conditioning
Shape Attitudes
• Mere exposure effect
– tendency to develop more positive feelings
toward objects and individuals the more
frequently we are exposed to them
• Operant and classical conditioning
– Reinforcements
– Stimulus pairing

S-16
14.2b What Is Persuasion?
• The process of
consciously
attempting to
change attitudes
through the
transmission of
a particular
message

S-17
14.2c Cognitive Dissonance
Can Motivate Attitude
Change
• Cognitive dissonance
– A feeling of discomfort caused by performing
an action inconsistent with one’s attitudes
– Often change attitudes to be in line with
behavior
– Example, buying an car
– Some people tolerate inconsistency more
than others

S-18
14.3 What Is Social Influence?
• The exercise of social power by a person
or group to change the attitudes or
behavior of others
• Three main behavioral consequences:
• Conformity
• yielding to perceived group pressure
• Compliance
• Publicly acting in accord with a direct request
• Obedience
• The performance of an action in response to a direct
order

S-19
14.3c Milgram’s Original
Obedience Research
• Obedience
• Stanley Milgram
• Research conducted in the early 1960s

S-20
The Psychology of Evil
http://bvtlab.com/vX9J9
(~23 minutes)
In this video, psychologist Philip
Zimbardo describes how good people
can turn bad.

S-21
The Milgram
Experiment Revisited
http://bvtlab.com/BfDWY
(~27 minutes)
In this video, a replication of Milgram’s
classic obedience experiment is
described.

S-22
14.4 Hurting and
Helping Others
• Aggression
– Any form of behavior that is intended to harm
or injure a person, oneself, or an object
• Helping
– voluntary behavior that is carried out to
benefit another person

S-23
14.4a Gender Comparisons in
Aggressive Strategies
(BVT Publishing)

S-24
14.4c Helping Others Is a
Learned Response
• Observational learning
– Watching others who are helpers
(particularly parents)
• Gender differences
– Men: more likely to help when danger,
audience, attractive female victim
– Women: more likely when help is empathy
social support, caretaking, community,
either gender

S-25
14.4d When Do We
Help Others?
• Latané and Darley’s model of bystander intervention
– Notice>decide if need help> your responsibility?>form of
assistance>help
• Audience inhibition effect
– people are inhibited from helping due to fear of being negatively
evaluated by other bystanders if it turns out not to be an
emergency
• Diffusion of responsibility
– the presence of others in a situation makes one less personally
responsible for events that occur in that situation
• How to increase your chances for help
1. be clear and loud about emergency
2. Choose someone specifically to help and single them out
3. Give specific instructions how to help

S-26
14.4e Helpfulness Can Benefit
Your Own Well-Being
• Helpfulness and happiness
• Helpfulness and psychological and
physical resiliency

S-27
14.5a What Causes Attraction?
• Proximity
• Similarity
• Matching hypothesis
• people are attracted to others who are similar to
them in certain characteristics, such as attitudes
and physical attractiveness
• Attracted to ppl with similar attitudes,
values, and beliefs
• Similar personalities make for better long
term mates

S-28
14.5b What Is Romantic Love?
• Passionate love
– Intense longing for another
– Early stage of relationship
• Companionate love
– Enduring affection
– Deeply intwined in each others lives
– Can also be between close friends

S-29
14.5c Social Disapproval and
Relationship Stability
• Marginalized romantic relationships
– Same sex, interracial, age gap
• What does the research suggest?

S-30
14.5d Being Playful Fosters
Relationship Satisfaction
• Playfulness increases arousal and in
turn satisfaction in relationship
• Nicknames, hobbies, and vacations

S-31
14.5d Choose a video
• 15 Psychological Facts that Will Blow
Your Mind
https://youtu.be/7pDxQPWD3L4
• 19 Simple Psychological Tricks that
Actually Work
• https://youtu.be/l4tWdTmYZoM

S-32
Chapter Summary(Slide 1 of 2)
• Social psychology is the scientific
study of how people’s thoughts,
feelings, and behavior are influenced
by others.
• Social perception is the way we seek
to know and understand other persons
and events.
• Attitudes are positive or negative
evaluations of objects.

S-33
Chapter Summary(Slide 2 of 2)
• Social influence involves the exercise
of social power by a person or group
to change the attitudes or behavior
of others.
• Aggression and helping behavior as
well as attraction and love are concepts
studied by social psychologists.

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