Franzoi lite6e pp_ch13edited Newbill, A

Essentials of Psychology, Sixth Edition
© 2018 BVT Publishing. All rights reserved.
S-1
Chapter 13: Emotion,
Stress, and Health
(Shutterstock)

S-2
Learning Objectives(Slide 1 of 2)
• Describe what emotions are made of
and what functions they serve.
• Compare and contrast the three
theories of emotion.
• Describe which brain regions control
emotions.
• Explain the causes of stress.
• Describe the general adaptation
syndrome.

S-3
Learning Objectives(Slide 2 of 2)
• Discuss potential gender differences
in the stress response.
• Describe how cognitive appraisal
affects stress.
• Explain how situational and personal
factors influence stress.
• Discuss how specific behaviors, social
relationships, and cultural factors can
moderate stress.

S-4
13.1 What Are Emotions?
A positive or negative feeling state that typically
includes a combination of the following:
• Physiological arousal
• Cognitive appraisal
• Behavioral expression
• Common characteristics
– Emotions
• involve the reactions of many body systems.
• are based on genetically transmitted mechanisms but
are altered by learning and interpretation of events.
• communicate information between people.
• help individuals respond and react to changes in their
environment.

S-5
13.1a Emotions Facilitate
Survival
• Evolutionary theories have
emphasized survival value of emotions
– they tend to motivate us to avoid what is
harmful and approach what is beneficial,
– emotional expressions and behaviors
foster communication with others
• Charles Darwin
– Facial expressions are inborn and
universal

S-6
13.1a Emotions Facilitate
Survival
• Paul Ekman
– Can be understood cross-culturally
– Seven primary emotions (anger, disgust,
fear, happiness, surprise, contempt,
sadness)
– People may experience emotional
convergence with partner or close friends

S-7
Test Your Ability to Read
Emotional Facial Cues
(David Matsumoto)
https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/q
uizzes/ei_quiz/results/

S-8
13.1b Emotions Result in
Bodily Responses
• Physiological responses heighten
emotional impact
The autonomic nervous system (ANS)
• Sympathetic
• Prepare body for action
• Functions when you experience strong
emotions
• Parasympathetic
• Calms the body
• May be tied to emotional fainting
• Worrying tied to low activity in PSNS

S-9
13.1b The Dual Functions of the
Autonomic Nervous System
(BVT Publishing)

S-10
13.1c Two Contrasting
Theories of Emotion
• James-Lange theory
• emotion-provoking events induce specific
physiological changes in the ANS, which
our brain automatically interprets as
specific emotions
• Brain perceives physiological responses
as specific emotions
• Cannon-Bard theory
• emotion-provoking events simultaneously
induce both physiological responses and
subjective states that are labeled as emotions
• Similar physical responses result in
different emotions
• Research supports both

S-11
13.1c What Is the Facial
Feedback Hypothesis?
(Figzoi

S-12
13.1c Detecting Lying with
the Polygraph
• https://youtu.be/tpJcBozuF6A
• Former FBI Agent Explains How to Detect Lying
& Deception | Tradecraft | WIRED
• How might such polygraph methods sometimes lead
to errors in detecting liars?

S-13
13.1d What Brain Regions
Coordinate Emotional
Responses?
• The hypothalamus
– Converts emotional signals in the forebrain into
ANS responses and hormone release
• The limbic system
– Amygdala/Thalamus/Hypothalamus circuit: fear
response (skips frontal lobes)
– Amygdala/Frontal Lobes/Hypothalamus circuit:
more complex emotions
• The prefrontal cortex
– Important for the subjective experience of
emotions

S-14
13.1e What Is the Two-Factor
Theory?
According to Schachter and Singer, emotions
are based on two factors:
• States that our emotional states are sometimes
determined by experiencing physiological arousal
and then attaching a cognitive label to the arousal
• perceive themselves experiencing the emotion
that their surroundings tell them they should
be experiencing.
• Physical arousal in situations can lead to
misinterpretation of emotions
– Roller coaster date

S-15
13.1e Three Theories of
Emotion
• James–Lange theory: Events induce
physiological reactions and cause
subjective states.
• Cannon–Bard theory: Events
simultaneously induce physiological
reactions and subjective states.
• Two-factor theory: Events induce
physiological reactions which we
identify as an emotion.

S-16
13.2a What Is Stress?
Our response to events that disturb, or
threaten to disturb, our physical or
psychological equilibrium
• How you perceive and respond to
challenges in life

S-17
13.2a What Are Stressors?
External or internal events that challenge or
threaten us
• Major cataclysmic events
– Pandemics, natural disasters
• Major personal events
– Death of loved one, victim of crime,
marriage, children
– Any type of major event can lead to PTSD
• Daily hassles
– Losing keys, arguing with family, traffic ticket

S-18
13.2b General Adaptation
Syndrome
(BVT Publishing)
Stage 1: fight of flight response to stressor;
cannot last long
Stage 2: some body functions return to normal
while stress hormones still cause body to be on
high alert
Stage 3: body becomes exhausted from stress
state and begins to break down

S-19
13.2c “Fight or Flight” Is Not
the Only Stress
Response
• Men and women display different
responses
• Tend-and-befriend response
– Women more likely to tend and protect
offspring while seeking out others for
comfort and protection
– Can be evolutionary or sociocultural

S-20
13.2d Psychophysiological
Illnesses Are Stress
Related
• The cardiovascular system
– Stress related events can cause heart attack and
strokes (HBP, stress hormones, ischemia)
• The immune system
• Psychoneuroimmunology
• Acute stressors cause general immune response
but lowers specific immune responses
• Chronic stress reduces efficiency of immune
system, making the body more susceptible to
disease
• Chronic stresses causes faster aging

S-21
13.2e Cognitive Appraisal and
the Stress Response
• Cognitive appraisal
• defining if a situation is a threat, how big a threat,
and what resources you have to deal with it
• Primary appraisal
• Assessing if situation is threat and if a response is
needed
• Secondary appraisal
• If needed, decide if you have ability to cope and how
competent your are
• Problem-focused versus emotion-focused
coping
– Overcoming source of problem vs. managing
emotional reactions to stressors

S-22
13.2e Problem-Focused and
Emotion-Focused Coping
(Slide 1 of 3)
Problem-focused coping skills:
• Confronting: Assert yourself and fight
for what you want.
• Planful problem-solving: Develop a
plan of action and implement it.
• Seeking social support: Seek out
others who have information about the
stressor.

S-23
(Slide 2 of 3)
Emotion-focused coping skills:
• Distancing: Redirect your attention to
other things, or try to downplay the
importance of the stressor.
• Self-controlling: Keep your feelings to
yourself.

S-24
(Slide 3 of 3)
Emotion-focused coping skills:
• Escape/avoidance: Fantasize about
the stressor going away.
• Positive reappraisal: Think about
positive aspects of yourself not related
to the stressor.
• Accepting responsibility: Realize that
you are responsible for this problem.

S-25
13.2f What Moderates the
Stress Response?
• Predictability
• If you know a stressor is coming but not
when, you are more stressed
• Perceived control
• Locus of control is internal- less stress
• Brain inhibits stress response
• Procrastination
• Feel loss of control
• Avoidance coping
• Increases stress and health problems

S-26
13.2f Procrastination
and Health
(Psychological Science)

S-27
13.2g Hostile and Pessimistic
Persons Are Reactive to
Stressors
• Type A and Type B behavior patterns
• Type A behavior pattern
• characterized by competitiveness, impatience,
ambition, hostility, hard-driving approach to life
• Contributes to heart disease
• Type B behavior pattern
• characterized by a patient, relaxed, easygoing,
approach to life, with little hurry or hostility
• Pessimists versus optimists
• Pessimists explain uncontrollable negative events as
caused by internal factors that are stable and global
• Optimists explain uncontrollable negative events
as caused by external factors that temporary and
specific

S-28
13.3 What Promotes Health
and Happiness?(Slide 1 of 2)
• Aerobic exercise
• Physical and mental health benefits
• Heightens serotonin, endorphins
• Relaxation training
• Progressive muscle relaxation
• meditation
• Tai chi, yoga
• Social support
• Provides psychological and physical benefits
• Longevity, stronger immune system
• Means for knowledge of stressors, release of
emotions

S-29
13.3 What Promotes Health
and Happiness?(Slide 2 of 2)
• Religion and spirituality
– Help with coping, social support
– Even private spiritual practice may lower risk
of death
– Sense of optimism and acceptance
– Negative consequences of religion: war,
intolerance, feelings of guilt
• Genetics and culture
– People who are more extroverted,
agreeable, less neurotic are happier
– Comfortable life but not rich
– Baseline happiness is genetic (50%)

S-30
13.3e Gross National Product
and Happiness
So, does
money
make you
happy?
(Psychological Science)

S-31
What Makes a Good Life?
Lessons From the Longest
Study on Happiness
http://bvtlab.com/s67pD
(~13 minutes)
In this video, psychiatrist Robert
Waldinger discusses how to increase
happiness.

S-32
5 Minute Progressive
Muscle Relaxation
Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z21Xsl
ddz3Y&t=38s

S-33
Chapter Summary
• Emotion is a positive or negative
feeling state that typically includes
physiological arousal, cognitive
appraisal, and behavioral expression.
• Stress is our response to events that
disturb, or threaten to disturb, our
physical or psychological equilibrium.
• There are a variety of ways to promote
health and happiness.

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