Franzoi lite6e pp_ch10edited Newbill, A

Essentials of Psychology, Sixth Edition
© 2018 BVT Publishing. All rights reserved.
S-1
Chapter 10: Personality
(Shutterstock)

S-2
Learning Objectives(Slide 1 of 3)
• Describe the nature of personality.
• Compare and contrast the four major
perspectives on personality.
• Describe Freud’s structure of
personality, the stages of personality
development, and defense
mechanisms.

S-3
• Explain how Freud’s followers revised
his theory and the limitations of
psychoanalytic theory.
• Compare and contrast Rogers’s
person-centered theory and Maslow’s
self-actualization theory.
• Evaluate how trait theorists study
personality.

S-4
• Describe what type of behavior is
best explained by the social cognitive
perspective.
• Compare and contrast projective and
objective personality tests.
• Discuss the neurological and genetic
determinants of personality.

S-5
10.1a What Is Personality?
Personality is the consistent and
distinctive thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors in which an individual engages
• Consistent across situation over time
• Distinctive- everyone does not act the
same in similar situations

S-6
10.1a Critical Thinking
Has your personality remained constant
or changed over the years?
Write down three personality traits
that others might use to describe you.

S-7
10.1b What Shapes
Personality?
• Culture
– Individualism vs collectivism
• Evolutionary processes
– Since humans are shaped by evolution,
personality is no different

S-8
10.1b Critical Thinking
How has your culture shaped
your personality?
Write down 2 ways culture has
shaped your personality.

S-9
10.2 What Is the
Psychoanalytic
Perspective?
• Freud
• Glove anesthesia

S-10
10.2a Freud’s Model of
Personality Structure
(BVT Publishing)

S-11
10.2c Freud’s Psychosexual
Stages
• Oral (0–1 years)-feeding, weaning
• Anal (2–3 years)- toilet training
• Phallic (4–5 years)- Oedipal/Electra
complex
• Latency (6–11 years)- same sex
friends
• Genital (Puberty onward)-mature
sexual relationships

S-12
10.2d What Are Defense
Mechanisms?(Slide 1 of 2)
• Repression
– people move anxiety-arousing thoughts from the
conscious mind into the unconscious mind
• Rationalization
– offering logical, self-justifying explanations for their
actions in place of the real, more anxiety-producing,
unconscious reasons
• Reaction formation
– allows people to express unacceptable feelings or
ideas by consciously expressing the exact opposite

S-13
10.2d What Are Defense
Mechanisms?(Slide 2 of 2)
• Displacement
– diverts people’s sexual or aggressive urges toward objects than those
that actually stimulate their feelings
• Sublimation
– Similar to displacement but feelings are diverted in to acceptable
outlets
• Projection
– A powerful defense mechanism in which people perceive their own
aggressive or sexual urges, not in themselves, but in others
• Regression
– people faced with intense anxiety psychologically retreat to a more
infantile developmental stage where some psychic energy remains
fixated
• https://youtu.be/zWpZS0WqMWs

S-14
10.2e Variations of
Psychoanalytic Theory
• Adler’s individual psychology
– Individual psychology, sibling rivalry, inferiority
complex, social interest, birth order
• Jung’s analytical psychology
• Collective unconscious, Introverts, Extraverts
• Archetypes- inherited images that are passed
down from our prehistoric ancestors and that reveal
themselves as universal symbols in dreams, religion,
and art
• Horney’s Neo-Freudian perspective
– Challenged Freud views on women, believed
social factors played larger role in personality
development

S-15
10.2e An Overall Evaluation
of Freud’s Legacy
• Contributions
– Influences psychology, sociology,
anthropology, history, literature
– Workings of the unconscious
– Addressing through therapy
• Criticisms
– Based on a handful of cases in his
practice
– Authoritarian
– Biased against women

S-16
10.3 What Is the Humanistic
Perspective?
This perspective emphasizes people’s
innate capacity for personal growth and
their ability to consciously make choices.

S-17
10.3a Rogers’s Person-
Centered Theory
• Unconditional positive regard
– An attitude of complete acceptance toward
another person regardless of what she or he
has said or done; based on the belief in that
person’s essential goodness
• Conditional positive regard
– An attitude of acceptance toward another
person only when she or he meets your
standards

S-18
10.3b Maslow’s Self-
Actualization Theory
• Self-actualization
– Fulfilling one’s
potential
• Peak
experiences
– Fleeting but
intense moments
when a person
feels happy,
absorbed, and
extremely capable

S-19
10.3c Evaluation of the
Humanistic Perspective
• Self-help books
– Based upon self-actualization
• Few testable hypotheses

S-20
10.4a and 10.4b What Is the Trait
Perspective?
A trait is a relatively stable tendency to behave
in a particular way across a variety of situations
• Allport
– Created a descriptive approach to personality that
identifies stable characteristics that people display
over time and across situations
• Cattell
– Simplified by factor analysis to 16 personality
traits (16PF)
• Eysenck
– 3 genetic dimensions (extraversion, neuroticism,
psychoticism)

S-21
10.4c The Five-Factor Model
• Conscientiousness
• Extraversion
• Agreeableness
• Neuroticism
• https://openpsychometrics.org/tests/IPI
P-BFFM/

S-22
Who Are You, Really? The
Puzzle of Personality
http://bvtlab.com/Tf8u9
(~15 minutes)
In this video, psychologist Brian Little
discusses the puzzle of personality.

S-23
10.4d What Is Positive
Psychology?
• Character strength
– A trait that allows optimal functioning in
pursuing a virtue
• Virtue
– a core human characteristic valued,
worldwide, in moral philosophies and
religions
• Values in Action (VIA) Classification
– 24 character strengths

S-24
10.4d Values in Action (VIA)
Classification of Virtues
• Wisdom and Knowledge
– Creativity, curiosity, open-mindedness, love of learning,
perspective
• Courage
– Bravery, persistence, integrity, vitality
• Humanity
– Love, kindness, social intelligence
• Justice
– Citizenship, fairness, leadership
• Temperance
– Forgiveness/mercy, humility/modesty, prudence, self-
regulation
• Transcendence
– Appreciation of beauty, gratitude, hope, humor, spirituality

S-25
10.4e Stability of Personality
(Psychological Bulletin/BVT Publishing)
• personality is much more
stable in adulthood
• trait factors are not great
at predicting specific
behaviors, but rather
average behaviors over
time
• Behaviors are shaped by
personal and situational
factors (aka
interactionism)

S-26
10.5 What Is the Social-
Cognitive Perspective?
A psychological perspective that views
personality as emerging through the
process of the person interacting with
her or his social environment
-roots in classical, operant conditioning,
and observational learning

S-27
10.5a Principles of the Social-
Cognitive Perspective
• Reciprocal determinism
– The social cognitive belief that personality
emerges from an ongoing mutual interaction
between people’s cognitions, their actions, and
their environment
• Self-efficacy’
– A person’s belief about his or her ability to
perform behaviors that should bring about a
desired outcome
– Success breeds self-efficacy, and vice-versa

S-28
10.5a Reciprocal Determinism
(BVT Publishing)

S-29
10.5b What Is Locus
of Control?
• The degree to which we expect that
outcomes in our lives depend on our own
actions and personal characteristics vs.
the actions of uncontrollable
environmental forces
• Internal locus of control
• External locus of control

S-30
10.5c Social-Cognitive
Theorists Study the Self
• Self-concept
– Theory a person construction about self
through social interaction
• Self-esteem
– Evaluation of one’s self-concept as good or
bad
• Self-serving bias
– The tendency to bolster and defend self-esteem
by taking credit for positive events while denying
blame for negative events
– People often rate themselves higher than
their peer with no evidence

S-31
10.5d Evaluation of the Social-
Cognitive Perspective
• Complexity
– Scientifically based-methodology
• Emphasis on cognitions
– Behavior shaped by beliefs and expectations
• Useful applications
– Applied behavioral psychology
• Nonrational behavior
– Spontaneous, irrational, sparked by
unconscious motives

S-32
10.6a What Are
Projective Tests?
• Psychological tests that ask people to
respond to ambiguous stimuli or
situations in ways that will reveal their
unconscious motives and desires
• The Rorschach Inkblot Test
• Thematic Apperception Test

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10.6a The Rorschach Test
• What is one of the
more serious validity
problems with the
Rorschach Test?
(Wikimedia Commons)

S-34
10.6a Thematic
Apperception Test
• What sort of story
do you think this
picture tells?
• Why is the TAT
referred to as a
“projective” test?(Harold Edward Bryant)

S-35
10.6b What Are
Objective Tests?
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI)
– 10 clinical scales
– Measures personality dimensions, clinical dx,
and malingering to look good or ill
• Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
– Extraversion/introversion; sensing/intuition;
thinking/feeling; judging/perceiving
– Questions on validity

S-36
10.6b MMPI-2 Clinical Scales
(Slide 1 of 2)
• Hypochondriasis
• Depression
• Hysteria
• Psychopathic deviation
• Masculinity/femininity

S-37
10.6b MMPI-2 Clinical Scales
(Slide 2 of 2)
• Paranoia
• Psychasthenia
• Schizophrenia
• Hypomania
• Social introversion

S-38
10.7a and 10.7b What Shapes
Personality?
• Nervous system arousal
– Introversion/extraversion
• Brain activity
– Introverts may have higher pain, danger
response; lowered positive affect
– Extraverts may have greater dopamine rewards
and positive emotional pathway activation
• Environmental factors
– 70-40% environmental
– Predispositions, physical health
– Parental involvement

S-39
Chapter Summary
• Personality is the consistent and
distinctive thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors in which an individual
engages.
• The psychodynamic, humanistic, trait,
and social-cognitive perspectives
provide different explanations of
personality.
• Projective and objective tests allow
psychologists to measure personality.

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