Franzoi lite6e pp_ch12edited Newbill, A

Essentials of Psychology, Sixth Edition
© 2018 BVT Publishing. All rights reserved.
S-1
Chapter 12: Therapy
(Shutterstock)

S-2
Learning Objectives(Slide 1 of 2)
• Describe the two broad categories of
therapy.
• Discuss the three primary mental
health professions that provide
therapy.
• Compare and contrast
psychodynamic, behavior, cognitive,
and humanistic therapies.

S-3
Learning Objectives(Slide 2 of 2)
• Describe child therapy, group therapy,
and family/couples therapy.
• Discuss the kinds of medication which
are helpful in treating psychological
disorders.
• Explain when electroconvulsive
therapy, psychosurgery, and deep
brain stimulation would be performed
to treat psychological disorders.

S-4
12.1a There Are Two Broad
Categories of Therapy
• Psychotherapy
– The treatment of psychological disorders by
employing psychological methods that include a
personal relationship between a trained therapist
and a client
– Address disordered thinking, behaviors, and
emotions
• Biomedical therapies
– The treatment of psychological disorders by
altering brain functioning with physical or
chemical interventions

S-5
12.1b Three Primary Mental
Health Professions
Provide Therapy
• Psychiatrists (MD)
– Medical doctors
– Can prescribe meds
• Social workers (MSW, DSW)
– Psychotherapy and social services
• Psychologists (PsyD, PhD, EdD)
– psychotherapy
• Counselors, clinicians (MA, LCP, LCPC)
– Can be Master’s level, trained, licensed

S-6
12.2 What Are Psychodynamic
Therapies?
A diverse group of psychotherapies
based on the work of Freud that assert
that psychological disorders stem
primarily from unconscious forces

S-7
12.2a What Is Psychoanalysis?
• Freud
• Insight-oriented
– Understanding one’s own repressions,
defense mechanisms
– Bring the unconscious to consciousness
• Catharsis
– Discharging emotions associated with
unconscious troubling material
– Learn to deal with issues in a more
effective manner

S-8
12.2b What Is Free Association?
• A psychodynamic therapy technique, developed by Freud, in which
clients say whatever comes to mind, without making any effort to
inhibit their speech
– Allows clients to suddenly recall unconscious troubling events
– Freudian slips, changing topics, hesitations
• Transference
– The process by which the client develops feelings for the therapist that
are presumed to reflect the client’s feelings for significant others early
in life (love, dependence, anger, etc.)
• Countertransference
– The process by which the therapist develops feelings for the client that
are presumed to reflect feelings the therapist had for others early in
life
• Resistance
– Anything the client does to interfere with therapeutic progress
(missing sessions, surface issues, etc.)
• Exercise: Jung Free Association words

S-9
12.2c There Are Criticisms of
Psychodynamic Therapy
• Lengthy
– Many years of therapy
• Expensive
• Interpretations cannot be disproven
(therapist is always the expert)
• Alternatives:
– Adlerian therapy
– Jungian therapy

S-10
12.3 What Are
Behavior Therapies?
Psychotherapies that apply learning
principles to the elimination of unwanted
behaviors

S-11
12.3a Some Behavior Therapies
Rely on Classical
Conditioning
• Counterconditioning (classical conditioning)
– involves conditioning new responses to stimuli that trigger
unwanted behaviors
– Systematic desensitization
• gradual exposure to the feared object while remaining relaxed
– Response prevention
• clients are exposed to the situation where they previously
exhibited a compulsive behavior but now are not permitted to
engage in the ritual
• Used to treat OCD
– Aversive conditioning
• aversive response is conditioned to occur in response to a
stimulus previously associated with an undesired behavior
• Antabuse

S-12
12.3a A Sample Desensitization
Hierarchy
Fear Level Scene
10 I imagine seeing a snake.
25 I see a photo of a small snake.
50 I watch a video on snakes.
70 I am standing next to a snake
in a cage.
90 I am standing next to a person
holding a snake.

S-13
12.3a Aversive Conditioning
for Alcoholism(Slide 1 of 2)
(BVT Publishing)

S-14
12.3a Systematic
Desensitization
(Exposure therapy)
(BVT Publishing)
Video:
- https://youtu.be/qDiCfMNgtFg

S-15
12.3b What Is a
Token Economy?
A technique which uses reward and
punishment to modify the behavior of
groups of people
-operant conditioning
-used mainly in institutional settings
-may be too reliant on external (rather
than internal) rewards

S-16
12.3c How Is Observational
Learning Used?
• Modeling
– A behavioral method of psychotherapy in
which desirable behaviors are demonstrated
as a way of teaching them to clients
• Social skills training
– clients are taught how to interact with others
more comfortably and effectively

S-17
12.4 What Are
Cognitive Therapies?
Psychotherapies that focus on
identifying and then modifying
dysfunctional patterns of thought

S-18
12.4a What Is Rational-
Emotive Behavior
Therapy (REBT)?
• Albert Ellis
• People are confronted with their irrational
beliefs
• People are persuaded to change their
thinking
• Exercise:
– REBT worksheet:
https://positivepsychology.com/wp-
content/uploads/Disputing-Irrational-
Beliefs.pdf

S-19
12.4b What Is Cognitive-
Behavior Therapy (CBT)?
• Aaron Beck
• Identifies and changes negative
thinking and behavior
• Cognitive and behavioral principles are
used

S-20
15 Cognitive Distortions

S-21
Cognitive Restructuring in
CBT
http://bvtlab.com/nHYS7
(~6 minutes)
In this video, Aaron Beck discusses how
he used CBT to help a depressed client.

S-22
12.5 What Are Humanistic
Therapies?
Psychotherapies that help people get in
touch with their feelings, with their “true
selves,” and with their purposes in life

S-23
12.5a What Is Client-Centered
Therapy?
• Carl Rogers
– Therapists aren’t “detectives” or “directors”
but facilitators
– the client, rather than the therapist, directs the
course of therapy
• Conditional positive regard
• Unconditional positive regard
– Helps client accept self
– Genuineness, warmth, empathy
– Open-ended questions

S-24
Carl Rogers on Person-
Centered Therapy
http://bvtlab.com/6699e
(~2 minutes)
In this video, Carl Rogers discusses
client-centered therapy.
Exercise: Eliza Chatbot
https://www.cyberpsych.org/eliza/

S-25
12.5b What Is Gestalt
Therapy?
• Frederick Perls
• More directive than client-centered
therapy
• stresses awareness of feelings in the
here and now
• Empty-chair technique
– clients engage in emotional expression by
imagining that the person to whom they would
like to speak is sitting in an empty chair facing
them

S-26
12.6 There Are Other Forms
of Psychotherapy
• Child therapy
• Play therapy
• the therapist provides toys and drawing materials on
the assumption that whatever is troubling them will
be expressed in their play
• Used in many theoretical orientations
• Group therapy
• Some self-help therapies
• Institutional settings
• Family therapies
• Family systems therapy
• Couples therapy

S-27
12.7 Use of Drugs in Treating
Psychological Disorders
(BVT Publishing)

S-28
12.7a What Are Antipsychotic
Drugs?
• Drugs that treat delusions,
hallucinations, and loose associations
• Block dopamine receptors
• Chlorpromazine (Thorazine®),
Risperdal, clozapine (Clozaril®)are
examples

S-29
12.7b What Are Antidepressant
Drugs?(Slide 1 of 2)
• Drugs that treat depression
• Increase norepinephrine and/or
serotonin at receptor sites

S-30
12.7b What Are Antidepressant
Drugs?(Slide 2 of 2)
Three classes of antidepressants:
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)
• e.g., iproniazid, Parnate, Nardil
• Tricyclics
• e.g., imipramine (Tofranil®), doxepin, Norpramin
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
• e.g., fluoxetine (Prozac®), Paxil, Celexa, Lexapro,
Zoloft
• SNRIs
– Cymbalta, Effexor, Pristiq
• Atypical
– Trazadone, Wellbutrin, Bupropin

S-31
12.7c What Are Antianxiety
Drugs?
• Drugs that have a calming effect
• Inhibit the GABA neurotransmitter
• Benzodiazepines: Alprozolam
(Xanax®), Klonipin, Ativan, and
diazepam (Valium®) are examples

S-32
12.7d Is Electroconvulsive
Therapy Used?
• Effective in treating severe depression
– Often when can’t take meds or they don’t
work
– Severe SI
• Side effects
• Confusion
• Memory loss
• Impaired motor coordination
• Up to 80% of patients show marked
improvement

S-33
12.7e Psychosurgery Removes
Portions of the Brain
Rosemary
Kennedy, sister
of President
Kennedy,
underwent
psychosurgery.
(Wikimedia Commons)

S-34
12.7f What Is Deep Brain
Stimulation?
• Stimulating specific brain regions by
surgically implanting electrodes
• Effective in treating severe depression
• People who don’t respond to meds or
therapy significantly

S-35
Parkinson’s, Depression,
and the Switch That Might
Turn Them Off
http://bvtlab.com/gK77S
(~15 minutes)
In this video, neurosurgeon Andres
Lozano discusses deep brain stimulation.

S-36
Chapter Summary
• Psychiatrists, social workers, and
psychologists offer therapies for
psychological disorders.
• There are a variety of effective
therapies, including psychodynamic,
behavior, cognitive, and humanistic.
• Biomedical therapies, mainly drug
therapies, are also effective
treatments.

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