This presentation is based on the anatomy of fruit, types of fruit, their description and the reproductive part of fruit which is seed, and the anatomy of seed and the types of germination.

1. Presented by
Fatima 19012506-008
Course code: BOT-307
Course title: Plant
Anatomy
Presented to
Dr. Ejaz Hussain Siddiqi
University of Gujrat

2. Anatomy
and reproductive
part of
fruit

3. WHAT IS
FRUIT?

4. Fruit
• A fruit is a mature, ripened ovary.
• After the fertilization of flowering plants, the ovule
develops into a seed.
• The surrounding ovary wall enlarges and forms a
fruit around the seeds.

5. FUNCTION
OF
FRUIT

6. FUNCTION
• There are two primary
functions of fruit
1. Protection of seed
2. Dispersal of seed
• The fruit serves as a physical
barrier between the seed and
the external environment
during seed development.

7. ANATOMY
OF
FRUIT
• Fruit anatomy is the internal structure of fruits.

8. PARTS OF FRUIT
i. Exocarp
ii. Mesocarp
iii. Endocarp
1. Pericarp
2. Seed/Pip
3. Receptacle

9. ● Pericarp is the ovary wall
which surround the seed.
● It has three regions
1. Exocarp
2. Mesocarp
3. Endocarp
PERICARP

10. PERICARP
1. Exocarp
• The exocarp is the outer wall of the fruit.
• The exocarp, sometimes called the epicarp,
forms the tough outer skin of the fruit if there is.
• It can be thick and tough, as in the case of
oranges, or thin and soft, like a grape.
• 2. Mesocarp
• It is the flashy middle layer of pericarp of fruit.
• It often makes up the bulk of the fruit and is
fleshy.
• It is usually edible part of the fruit.
• It remain flashy throughout.

11. PERICARP
3. Endocarp
• It is the inner layer of pericarp.
• It surrounds the seed.
• It may be membranous as in citrus.
• It may be hard like a peach or soft like a grape.
• In nuts it surrounds the kernel of pecans, walnuts etc.

12. SEED
• At the center of fruit is the seed or pip encapsulated
by the endocarp.
• The word seed was planted in Old English Pip, as the
name for a small fruit seed.
• A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective
outer covering.
• The formation of the seed is part of the process of
reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes,
including the gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.

13. RECEPTACLE
• The receptacle is the thickened part of a stem from
which the flower organs grow.
• In some accessory fruits, for example in pomes or
strawberries, the receptacle gives rise to the edible
part of the fruit.

14. CLASSIFICATION
OF
FRUIT

15. TYPES OF FRUIT
• There are three main types of fruits
1. Simple Fruits
2. Aggregate Fruits
3. Composite of Multiple Fruits

16. SIMPLE FRUITS
• Simple fruits develop from a single flower.
• Gynoecium is monocarpellary or polycarpellary
and syncarpous.
• According to the nature of the pericarp the
simple fruits are divided into two types
1. Simple dry fruits
2. Simple succulent fruits

17. SIMPLE FRUIT
1. Simple dry fruits
• The simple dry fruits are divided
into three main categories.
A. Achenial fruit
B. Capsular fruit
C. Shizocarpic fruit

18. SIMPLE FRUIT
A. Achenial fruit (Indehiscent fruit)
• These are dry and one-seeded fruits which
are indehiscent.
• Indehiscent mean when pericarp ripe, does
not split open to release the seeds.
• The main types of achenial fruits are as
follows
i. Achene
ii. Caryopsis
iii. Nuts
iv. Samara
v. Cypsella
vi. Uricle
vii. Nutlet

19. SIMPLE FRUIT
1. Simple dry fruits
A. Achenial fruit (Indehiscent fruit)
 Achene
• They are formed from monocarpellary
pistil with superior ovary.
• They contain single seed.
• Pericarp is membranous and leathery.
• pericarp is free from testa.
• They are produced by one flower.
• For example: Clematis, Buttercup

20. SIMPLE FRUIT
1. Simple dry fruits
A. Achenial fruit (Indehiscent fruit)
 Caryopsis
• This is the form of achene in which the
pericarp and testa are fused.
• For example: Wheat, Maize, Barly, Oat etc.

21. SIMPLE FRUIT
1. Simple dry fruits
A. Achenial fruit (Indehiscent fruit)
 Nut
• In this type of achenial fruits pericarp is hard
and woody forming a shell.
• It may be partially or completely surrounded
by a hard and membranous structure called
as Cupule.
• It is formed by the fusion of the bracteoles
present below the flower.
• For example: Oak, almond, walnut.

22. SIMPLE FRUIT
1. Simple dry fruits
A. Achenial fruit (Indehiscent
fruit)
 Samara
• This is an achene in which pericarp
develops a membranous outgrowth or
Wing.
• It helps the fruit in its dispersal.
• For example: Elm, Ash.

23. SIMPLE FRUIT
1. Simple dry fruits
A. Achenial fruit (Indehiscent fruit)
 Cypsella
• It is develop from a bicarpellary syncarpous
pistil with an inferior ovary.
• In many cases the persistent calyx forms a tult
of hairs called Pappus at the top of the fruits.
• For example: Sonchus

24. SIMPLE FRUIT
1. Simple dry fruits
A. Achenial fruit (Indehiscent fruit)
 Uricle
• A uricle is like an achene, but the ovary wall
fits loosely around the seed.
• For example: Finger millet and pigweed.
 Nutlet
• A nutlet is a small version of a nut.
• For example: Birch and pecans.

25. SIMPLE FRUIT
1. Simple dry fruits
B. Capsular fruit (Dehiscent fruit)
• These are simple, dry, many seeded and
dehiscent fruits.
• The capsular fruits are divided into
following types
i. Legume
ii. Follicle
iii. Siliqua
iv. Siliqula
v. Capsule

26. 1. Simple dry fruits
B. Capsular fruit (Dehiscent fruit)
 Legume
• This is formed from a monocarpellary pistil with superior
ovary.
• It dehisces along its dorsal and ventral sutures.
• It is characteristic fruit of family Leguminosceae.
• For example: Pea, Beans etc.
SIMPLE FRUIT

27. SIMPLE
FRUIT
1. Simple dry fruits
B. Capsular fruit (Dehiscent fruit)
 Follicle
• It is also formed from a
monocarpellary pistil.
• The ovary is superior and unilocular
like legume.
• But it dehisces along one suture only.
• For example: Larkspur, Magnolia.

28. SIMPLE FRUIT
1. Simple dry fruits
B. Capsular fruit (Dehiscent fruit)
 Siliqua
This is long, narrow, cylindrical fruit.
It is formed from bicarpellary pistil with
superior ovary.
The ovary have two parietal placentas.
It is characteristic fruit of family
Cruciferae.
For example: Mustard, Turnip.

29. SIMPLE FRUIT
1. Simple dry fruits
B. Capsular fruit (Dehiscent
fruit)
 Siliqula
• It resembles silique.
• The only difference is, that it is short
and contain fewer seeds.
• For example: Shapherd’s purse,
Candytuft.

30. SIMPLE FRUIT
1. Simple dry fruits
B. Capsular fruit (Dehiscent fruit)
 Capsule
• It develops from polycarpellary, syncarpous
pistil with superior ovary.
• The ovary may be unilocular or multilocular.
• For example: Poppy, Primrose, Simbal, Datura,
Hibiscus.
• Sometimes it formed from the inferior ovary
e.g. Iris, Campanula.

31. SIMPLE FRUIT
1. Simple dry fruits
C. Shizocarpic fruit
• These are dry and many seeded fruits.
• They break into many on-seeded parts on ripning.
• If these one-seeded parts are dehiscent called as
Cocci, and if indehiscent called as Mericarp.
• The schizocarpic fruit again divided into following
types
i. Lomentum
ii. Double samara
iii. Cremocarp
iv. Carcerulus
v. Regma

32. SIMPLE FRUIT
1. Simple dry fruits
C. Shizocarpic fruit
 Lomentum
• This is a legume modified by the formation of
false septa and constriction between the
seeds.
• For example: some species belonging to
Leguminosceae and some species of Mimosa.

33. SIMPLE FRUIT
1. Simple dry fruits
C. Shizocarpic fruit
 Double samara
• It is formed by the bicarpellary pistil with superior
ovary.
• It breaks up into two mericarps each with a single
seed.
• It have two wings.
• A samara which have three wings called as triple
samara.
• For example: Maple, Acer

34. SIMPLE FRUIT
1. Simple dry fruits
C. Shizocarpic fruit
 Cremocarp
• It develops from a bicarpellary, syncarpous pistil
with an inferior bilocular ovary.
• On ripening it splits longitudinally between the
loci into two one seeded mericarp.
• It remain attached to the top of the central axis
called Carpophore.
• It is characteristic fruit of the family Apiaceae.
• For example: Zeera, Fennel.

35. SIMPLE FRUIT
1. Simple dry fruits
C. Shizocarpic fruit
 Carcerulus
• It develops from bicarpellary or polycarpellary, syncarpous pistil.
• The ovary is superior.
• The original loculi divided into many by the formation of false septa.
• On ripening the loculi separates from one another as mericarps.
• For example: Althea rosia, Malva

36. SIMPLE FRUIT
1. Simple dry fruits
C. Shizocarpic fruit
 Regma
• It is derived from a polycarpellary, syncarpous pistil with
superior multilocular ovary.
• It has single seed in reach locus.
• On ripening the fruit breaks into many one-seeded Cocci.
• For example: castor oil plant

37. SIMPLE FRUIT
2. Simple succulent fruits
• The simple succulent fruits are divided into three main types
A. Drupes
B. Berries
i. Hesperidium
ii. Pepo
C. Pome

38. SIMPLE FRUIT
2. Simple succulent fruits
Drupes
• A drupe is a fruit with a fleshy exterior and a single
hard, stony pit surrounding the seed.
• For example: Cherry, peach, olive, and plum.

39. SIMPLE FRUIT
2. Simple succulent fruits
Berries
• A berry has an entirely fleshy ovary. Tomato, date,
blueberry, banana, pepper, and cranberry are
examples of berries.
• A hesperidium fruit has a leathery rind. Examples
include oranges, grapefruits, lemons, and limes.
• A pepo is a type of fruit defined by a hard rind and a
fleshy inner matrix. Watermelons, cantaloupe,
squash, and pumpkins are pepos.

40. SIMPLE FRUIT
2. Simple succulent fruits
Pome
• A pome has a fleshy exterior and a
center with papery carpels. Apples
and pears are pomes.

41. Aggregate Fruits
• Collection of simple fruitlets,
• Developed from an
apocarpus pistill of single
flower is known as Aggregate
Fruit.
• An aggregate fruit is formed
from numerous carpels of
one individual flower.
• Etaerio:
• Such collection of simple
fruitlets is called as Etaerio.

42. Types Of
Aggregate Fruits
Three types:
i. Etaerio of Achenes
ii. Etaerio of Follicles
iii. Etaerio of Drupes

43. Etaerio of Achenes
Group of achenes
• In Buttercup, achenes are
grouped together on an
elongated thalamus
• In Clematis, achenes are
provided with persistant
feathery styles
• In Strawberry, they are
scattered over surface of an
enlarged, fleshy thalamus.
Aggregate Fruits

44. Etaerio of Follicles
Collections of follicles
• In Calotropis, each etaerio
consists of pair of follicles,
• Developed from
bicarpellary, apocarpous
pistill
• Each follicle consists of
large number of plumed
seeds.
Aggregate Fruits

45. Aggregate Fruits
Etaerio of Drupes
 Groups of drupes
• A number of small drupes grouped
together on a conical thalamus.
• Present in Raspberry and
Blackberry
• In Raspberry, the groups of drupes
are separated from branches On
ripening and becomes dry,
• In Blackberry, thalamus becomes
fleshy and becomes part of fruit

46. Composite Fruits
Fruits develop from a whole
inflorescence.
 Types:
Three types
i. Syconus
ii. Sorosis
iii. strobilus

47. Composite Fruits
• Syconus
• Develops from Hypanthodium.
• On ripening, receptacles of inflorescence
become fleshy and formed the edible part of
fruit.
• The ovaries of flowers develop into nutlets
• Which are embedded in walls of receptacle
• EXAMPLE:
• Fig , Peepal

48. Composite Fruits
Sorosis
• Fruit develops from female spike
• EXAMPLE:
• Mulberry, Pineapple
• In Mulberry, the perianth leaves becomes
fleshy and juicy
• And fuse to form fleshy composite fruit.

49. Composite Fruits
Strobilus
• Fruit develops from cone-like female inflorescence
• The inflorescence consists of a central axis bearing a
number of scales
• Each scale is formed of a pair of stipules
• In axil of each scale, two female flowers enclosed in
bracteole, are present.
• After Fertilization, bracteoles enlarge and project
behind scales.
• Bracteoles giving inflorescence a cone like appearance
• The fruits developing from the ovaries are achenes
• Which are enclosed within bracteoles and scales.

50. REPRODUCTIVE
PART OF FRUIT

51. Seed
• What is seed?
• Reproductive part of fruit.
• Embryonic part.
• Enclosed in a covering called seed
coat have stored food.

52. Why seed is called as reproductive part ?
• Product of ripened ovule
after fertilization ovule
becomes seed.
• Ovary becomes fruit
Seed act as starting material
without seed life would cease.

53. • Container of embryo

54. Functions of seed
• Container of embryo
provides nourishment to
the developing embryo.
• It prevents from
dessication.
• It act as food reservoir
also brings dormancy.

55. Types Of Seed
• Two types
Monocotyledon
Dicotyledon

56. STRUCTURE OF
SEED
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57. Seed Structure
• External Structure
• Seed coat
• Hilum
• Internal structure
• Embryo
• Cotyledons
• Hypocotyl/epicotyl
• Plumule
• radicle

59. External structure
• Seed Coat
• Protects the embryo
Hard
can be of varying thickness
e.g seeds of sun flower and walnuts

60. Hilum
• Scar through which seed is attached to parent plant.
Helps in attachment
Also helps in withdrawl of nutrients and food

61. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF SEED
• Embryo
• Cotyledon
• Epicotyl / hypocotyl
• Plumule
• Radical

62. Embryo
• The embryo is what forms the new plant once the
opportune conditions are present.

63. Cotyledon
• The cotyledon is the first leaf that germinates.
• It is filled with stored food that the plant uses
before it begins photosynthesis.
• Some plants have 1 cotyledon (monocot) and
some have 2 cotyledons
(dicot)

64. Epicotyl /Hypocotyl
• The basis for the plant’s stem.
• It is known as the epicotyl above the
cotyledon and a hypocotyl below the
cotyledon.
• These grow upward in response to light

65. Plumule
• The shoot tip with a pair of miniature leaves .

66. The Radicle
• The part of the seed
where the root develops.

67. HOW SEED CAN
GERMINATE

68. Definition:
“The process that begins with the water uptake by
the dry seed and ends with the emergence of the
embryonic axis, usually the radicle, from its
surrounding tissue”

69. SEED
GERMINATION
Activation Of Embryo
Seed germination is a mechanism, in
which morphological and physiological
alterations result in activation of the
embryo
Elongation:
Before germination, seed absorbs water,
resulting in the expansion and elongation
of seed embryo.
Emergence of Radicle
When the radicle has grown out of the
covering seed layers, the process of seed
germination is completed

70. Seedling
Establishment
And
Post Germination
Process
• Strictly speaking,
germination does not
include seedling growth
after radicle emergence,
which is referred to as
seedling establishment.
• Similarly, the rapid
mobilization of stored food
reserves that fuels the
initial growth of the
seedling is considered a
post germination process.

72. REQUIRMENTS FOR GERMINATION
GERMINATION

73. WATER
GAS
TEMPRATURE
LIGHT.
NITRATES

74. Gases
• Air is composed of about 20%
oxygen, 0.03% carbon dioxide
and about 80%nitrogen gas.
• Oxygen is required for
germination of most species.
• Carbon dioxide concentrations
higher than 0.03% retard
germination,
• While nitrogen gas has no
influence.

75. WATER
• Water is the most essential factor.
• The water content of mature ,air dried
seeds is in the range of 5 to 15%.
• Well below the threshold required for
fully active metabolism.
• In addition ,water uptake is needed to
generate the turgor pressure that powers
cell expansion,
• The basis of vegetative growth and
development

76. • Three categories of photoblastic seeds:
• (1) Positive photoblastic (tobacco, lettuce,
etc. require exposure to sunlight)
• (2) Negative photoblastic (onion, lilly, etc.
do not require exposed to sunlight)
• (3) Non photoblastic (non exposure of
light).
LIGHT
• Generally seeds require darkness to
germinate but sometime it require light
• Photoblastic: Seeds responds to light for
germination named as.

77. TEMPRATURE
• Seed germination is a complex process involving many
individual reactions and phases ,each of which is affected by
temperature.
• The optimum temperature for most seeds is between 15 and
30 calcius.
• The maximum temperature for most species is between 30
and 40 calcius.
• The response to temperature depends on a number of
factors, including the species, variety , growing region,
quality of the seed, and duration of time from harvest.

78. Based on the fate of the cotyledons, two
kind of seed germination occur, and
neither appears to be related to seed
structure.
These two types are illustrated by the
germination of bean and pea seeds.
Although these seeds are similar in
structure and are in the same taxonomic
family ,their germination patterns are quit
different.
Types Of Seed
Germination

79. TYPES OF GERMINATION
Epigeal Hypogeal

80. EPIGEAL GERMINATION
Epigeal germination is
characteristics of bean and pine
seed is considered evolutionary
more primitive than hypogeal
germination.
During germination, the
cotyledons are raised above the
ground

81. EPIGEAL
GERMINATION
Where they continue to provide
nutritive support to the growing
points.
During root establishment, the
hypocotyls begins to elongate in an
arch that breaks through the soil,
pulling the cotyledon and the
enclosed plumule

82. EPIGEAL
GERMINATION
Through the ground and
projecting them into the air.
Afterwards , the cotyledon open,
plumule growth continues and the
cotyledons wither and fall to the
ground.

83. Hypogeal
Germination
Hypogeal germination is characteristics of
pea seeds all grasses such as corn, and many
other species.
During germination ,the cotyledons or
comparable storage organs remain beneath the
soil.
While the plumule pushes upward and
emerges above the ground

84. Hypogeal
Germination
 In hypogeal germination, the epicotyl is the
rapidly elongating structure.
 Regardless of their above –ground or below
locations , the cotyledon or comparable
storage organs.
 continue to provide nutritive support to the
growing points throughout germination

85. Thank You